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  #1     3 Weeks Ago

Faiza Dar Junior Member

 

Join Date: Jun 2012Posts: 21 Thanks: 9Thanked 3 Times in 3 Posts

Solved Questions from past papers

Q: Write a note on life and literary works of Taha Hussain.

Introduction:Taha Hussein (1889- 1973)was one of the most influential Egyptian writers and intellectuals. He was a figurehead for the modernist movement in Egypt and was considered dean of contemporary Arabic literature and a pioneer of enlightenment.

LIFE:Born in AI-Minya province, Upper Egypt, on November 14th, 1889 he became blind due to illness at a very early age of two years. He went to an Islamic kuttab (a traditional school where children learn to read, write, and recite the Quran), and then was sent to Al-Azhar University, where he was educated in religion and Arabic literature. He studied under Nalino and Javedi in criticism. He also learnt French

language. In 1914 he got the degree of Ph.d by writing Zikraa Abi Al-Aalaa.He traveled to France on scholarship. He studied history and Greek literature and composed thesis on Ibne Khuldoon. He served as Arabic professor in jamia Al-ahlia. In 1950he became education minister.

His Literary Works:Taha Hussein's works can be divided into three categories:1) Scientific study of Arabic literature and Islamic history:In 1962, Taha wrote On Pre-islamic poetry ( الجاهلي الشعر In this book, he .(فيbrought some different and opposite ideas and views against rigid and conservative ideas and became criticized by many literary persons namely Mustafa Sadiq Al-Rafie and Mamen Al-Aziz. After some time On Pre-islamic poetry ( الجاهلي الشعر was .(فيbanned by Egyption Parliament due to its novel and odd ideas. A year later, he published a presumably softened version of the book under a different title, Fī al-adab al-jāhilī.2) Creative literary works with social content combating poverty and ignorance,He wrote many novels like The Tree of Misery البؤس The Call of the Curlew, شجرة

الكروان الحق The True Promise , دعاء etc. The true Promise is his famous andالوعدmonumental novel in which he proved by historical incidents and evidences that Allah’s promise is true. In his novels, he expresses an astounding sensitivity, insight and compassion in that age for a person with his background. His arguments for justice and equality are supported by deep and honest understanding of Islam. Equally remarkable are his sympathy with his downtrodden compatriots and his understanding of the deepest emotions and thoughts of woman as girl, lover, wife and mother.3)Political articles:Taha Hussain became the editor-in-chief of a newspaper “Al-katib-al-Misri” and wrote many political articles which were published in the same newspaper. He also produced “The Sufferers: Stories and Polemics األرض فى in which he wrote stories of ”المعذبونsuppression of Egyptions during political demise in Egypt. He also remained editor of newspaper “ASSIASIAH” . In 1925 he wrote “Qadat ul Fikr”(leaders of thought) and mentioned some western thoughts and behaviors.

Greek Influence on Taha’s Work:A great influence of Greek culture can be seen on Taha’s works. He issued "Selected Pages" from Greek Dramatic poetry (1920), "The Athenian System" in 1921, and "Leaders of Thought" in 1925. “The Athenian System” was an incomplete attempt at an expose of Greek poets and their works. “Leaders of Thought” was a meticulous translation of one of the most important texts of Greek history of civilization. He deals with the religious impact on thought in the Middle Ages, then moves on to the Modern Ages of multi influences.

His Prominent literary Works:Among his most prominent works are:• Wednesday talk ( األربعاء a collection of essays on literary criticism (حديث• On Pre-islamic poetry ( الجاهلي الشعر (في

• The Sufferers: Stories and Polemics األرض فى المعذبون• A Man of Letters, a novel أديب• The Days (3-Part Autobiography) األيام• An Egyptian Childhood• The Future of Culture in Egypt مصر فى الثقافة مستقبل• The Tree of Misery البؤس شجرة• The Call of the Curlew الكروان دعاء

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  #2     3 Weeks Ago

Faiza Dar Junior Member

 

Join Date: Jun 2012Posts: 21 Thanks: 9Thanked 3 Times in 3 Posts

Q:Explain the significance of pre-Islamic poetry and its importance in understanding the language of Quran.

Pre Islamic Poetry:Pre-Islamic poetry is the master piece of pre Islamic literature. Indeed poetry is considered history of pre Islamic Arabs. In pre Islamic era the best poetry was used to be hanged with the wall of Kaaba. Hammaad –The Rhapsodist has collected some of the Qasaids in the volume named as ― “Mualqaat.Its Significance:Pre Islamic era was the age when poetry had reached the apex of its brilliance. The poet was the most respectable person in tribe. To safeguard the honor and respect of the tribe, the poets were always at the forefront. Ahmad Hassan’s view:Ahmed Hassan Zyat in his book ―Tarik h Adab Arabi has mentioned that ― “Whenever there emerged a poet in a tribe, it was taken as a blessing of Providence. The appearance was celebrated as the people of other tribe used to congratulate the tribe in which the poet was emerged”.Clement Huart’s view:Clement Huart in his book ―Literary History of Arabs has mentioned that “there were many poets the evidence of whom was the final say in order to decide to encamp or decamp a certain place. The booty which was collected in fights with other tribes was distributed by no person other than the poet.”Poetry as source of depiction of pre Islamic conditions:

Another significance of pre Islamic poetry is that it depicts the social, political, cultural and moral condition of the society of Arabs before the emergence of Islam. Through this poetry of Dour-e-Jahlia, we know that Arabs were racially prejudiced without any central government or authority. The ordinary Arab out of the love for his tribe did not leave any stone unturned. Relevance to Quran: The poetry was given so much importance that Allah bestowed on the Holy Prophet(PBUH) His miracle in the form of a lucid and eloquent Holy Quran. It is an established fact that the miracle bestowed by Allah to different Prophets were according to the art, which was at its apex in that era. Poetry was most significant thing in the pre Islamic era. So Quran is the miracle of Allah, to show and answer the eloquent and lucid poets of Arabs.

Importance of Pre Islamic Poetry In Understanding Holy Quran

Socio Economic Culture:The interpretation of Holy Quran sometimes require a peep into the socio economic setup of that era and the poetry of that era is very good depiction and manifestation of the socio economic circumstances of that time. So, poetry was consulted to know thecustoms and traditions of that era.Understanding of Ghraib:There are many strange words or Gharaib in the Holy Quran which were alien to Arabs because these were no more in use in there day to day life. However these words were used by the poets in their poetry. So, in order to understand these Gharaibs , the interpreters and Mufasareen used to consult the pre Islamicpoetry. To understand Waduhaa the Mufasareen sought help from Pre Islamic poetry.Explanation of Ayats:Hazrat Abdullah bin Abbas was asked to explain some Ayats of the Holy Quran, He made allusion to the pre Islamic poetry to make it comprehendable for the people who asked him to explain them.Source to understand Grammar:The pr Islamic poetry was the master piece in the Arabic literature therefore this poetry provided as being a source for the grammar and it was used as a guideline.Source to know the superiority of Quran:Pre Islamic poetry also shows when it is compared with the Holy Quran that Holy Quran is the best of the lot and superior in its style, eloquence and lucidity than the pre Islamic poetry.

  #3     3 Weeks Ago

Faiza Dar Junior Member

  Join Date: Jun 2012Posts: 21 Thanks: 9Thanked 3 Times in 3 Posts

Q: Write a note on modern trend in Arabic literature.

How and when Arabic literature was revived?Arabic literature which was facing its downfall for the last five centuries was revived in Egypt. After the invasion of Napoleon, Arabs especially Egypt came in direct contact with French or west. Now all the trends which were introduced in Arabic literature were determined by this very fact. This revival of Arabic literature is called “Al-Nahdat Al-Adab” . During the 20th century the Arabic literature was affected by the political turmoil and upheavals which were taking place in the Arab world. A cursory look at the trends in all genres will make the situation and picture more clearly to us.1-Poetry:-Poetry was an area in which the new trends were emerged during 20th century. Overall these are four main groups of poet in modern era of Arabic poetry.1-Neo–Classical2-Pre–Romantic3-Romantic4-Committed PoetsFirst part of 20th century witnessed that most of the poets wrote romantic poetry. Poetry of Adb-e-Mehjar was part of it. Jabran, Abu Alia Mazi, Mikhail Naemia etc. were from famous Mehjari poats. Ibrahim Naji, Khalil Matran and Ahmad Zaki Abu Shadi were some other poets of romantic group of poets.However, after world war-I, the political situation took new turn. The forceful creation of Israel was a sort of injury inflected on the heart of Arabs by the western world. Romantic poetry lost its charm and was replaced by the committed poetry. Now it was regarded necessary that there should be an objective or commitment of the poetry. No poetry can be said as according to the circumstances and charm full until an objective is not tried to achieve. Some poets resort to write for the favor of Nationalism. Mahmood Dervaish, who got unmatchable fame, was a ‘Palestinian Poet’ who wrote for the propagation of Nationalism. Another innovation was the introduction of ‘Free Verse’ by the poet named Badr Shakir Al-Sayab.2-Modern Arabic Novel In 20thCentury:-Modern novel or novel of 20th century also witnessed two trends. These trends are as following:1- Neoclassical movement to revive the old traditions of past. Maqama and Thousand and One Night is an example.2- Modern movement which emphasized on imitating the French novel.

Notable novel writers include:1-Jurji Zaidan2-Jabran3-Mekhail Naemia4-Najib Mehfooz.

Najib Mehfooz, from Egypt got a Nobel Prize in literature in 1988.

3-Drama In 20th Century:-Though Drama in Modern era was started to be written in 19th century, it took major trends in 20th century by getting influenced by the French Drama. Art of tragedy was introduced in Arabic Literature. Tofique Al Hakim is one of the most famous Drama writers of his times. He wrote “Pyjmalion” in which he discussed backwardness of Arabs. His dramas ‘seven sleepers’ and epilogue of ― ‘One Thousand and one Night’ became very famous.

Some New Topics in Arabic Literature:

With new trends in Arabic Literature, new topics began to be discussed in prose and poetry. These new trends were according to the atmosphere of different countries. Some new trends are:• Patriotism• Nationalism• Opposition of Imperialism• Democracy• Liberal thoughts• Voice of public• Depiction of wars• Slogan of universal peace• Need of renaissance• Emphasis on basic rights• Love and its basic demands• Literature free from columns and classical regulations• Political, economic and geographical description of regionsIn modern era every attempt was taken to adorn Arabic literature with accordance of needs and trends in modern and completely changed world.

  #4     3 Weeks Ago

Faiza Dar Junior Member

 

Join Date: Jun 2012Posts: 21 Thanks: 9Thanked 3 Times in 3 Posts

Q: Write comprehensive note on Quran, its miracles, language with special influence on the subsequent literature.

Quran---a Heavenly revealed Book:The Holy Quran is last heavenly revealed book. It is in pure Arabic language. It can be divided in two main parts; one is Makki and second is Madni. Most of the Mkki surahs consist of fundamental beliefs of Islam like Tauheed, Resalat, life hereafter etc. On the other hand Madnio surahs are consisting of orders relating to ethics, social life and Islamic government.

Miracles of Holy Quran:-

1- Inimitable:-The Holy Quran was revealed in an era when the Arabian Peninsula was full of the lucid and eloquent poets. But Quran as it was ‘kalam’ of Rehman was superior to the poetic work of the poets. Quran challenges everybody to bring even a very small verse in competition to Quran. 2-Quran–Safeguarded by Allah Almighty:-Even after 1400 years time, the Holy Quran is safeguarded and intact. This is indeed a marvelous miracle of the Holy Quran that Allah Almighty has safeguarded this book by employing ‘His Wisdom’. Even a minute change can not occur in this Holy Book, this indeed is the blessing and miracle of Allah.3-Impact of Quran For The Who Understand It Is Miraculous:-The Holy Quran‘s lucidity made it even more effective for the people who try tounderstand it. When Labid bin Rabia tried to complete (in poetic sense, he tried to add another stanza) Sura-al-kusar but could not do so. He understood that this cannot be the kalam of a man. So, he wrote ‘This is not written by any man‘ and embraced Islam. 4-Quran neither A verse nor A Prose:-Another miracle is that Quran has been revealed in such a way that it looks like neither a prose nor like a verse, as depicted by Dr. Taha Hussain. It flips qasidah, totally, when Sura Rehman is revealed and understood. All the magnificence shows that Quran is also a miracle in its context and style.

Impact of Quran on Subsequent Literature:Impact of Holy Quran on the subsequent literature can be enunciated by mentioning following points.1-Impact on language2-Impact on prose3-Impact on creating new fields of knowledge4-Introduction of new narrative style1-Impact on Language:-The Holy Quran introduced new words in it e.g. Al QayamAl RakuhAl Sajood

Ghraibs were used by Quran. Imam Raghib Asfahani has counted many Ghraibs which were mentioned in the Holy Quran. These Ghraibs were no more use of the ordinary Arab people.

2-Impact on Prose:-As the Holy Quran was revealed and preached by the Holy Prophet (PBUH), soon it spread in far off areas which came under the sway of Muslims. Their expenses were recorded by the revenue board of the Caliphate.Secondly, the letters written by the Holy Prophet (PBUH) ‘Maktubat e Nabvi’ and ‘Khutbat e Nabvi’ followed a specific style which was propagated in Islamic Caliphate.

3-New Fields of knowledge:-After the revelation of the Holy Quran, it was propagated to the far off areas. Non Arabic people committed blunders while pronouncing the Holy Quran. This necessitated the introduction of new fields of knowledge in order to understand Holy Quran.The new fields e.g.Ilm e lughatIlm e FiqahSarf e Nahv Istanbat Were introduced by the Muslims.

  #5     3 Weeks Ago

Faiza Dar Junior Member

 

Join Date: Jun 2012Posts: 21 Thanks: 9Thanked 3 Times in 3 Posts

Q: Discuss the contribution of Al Jahiz in various fields of literature.

Introduction:-His full name was ‘Abu Usman Umro Bin Behr Al-Jahiz, born in Bsara. He was a famous Arab scholar, believed to have been an Afro-Arab of East African descent. He was an Arabic prose writer and author of works on Arabic Literature, biology, zoology, history early Islamic philosophy, Islamic psychology etc.He spent a life of 100 years where he saw many ups and downs yet he was the most glaring personality of Arabic literature as he has been designated the title of ‘Imam ul Adab’ in a book of Al Qairwani. The name of that book is ‘Al Umda’

Contribution:He contributed a lot in Arabic literature. Although the number of works he produced during his lifetime range in supposed number from one hundred and forty to three hundred and fifty, Al-Jahiz certainly wrote enough to change what was acceptable to

write about in Arabic literature from the ancient themes of the nomadic life, to any topic that inquiring minds care to explore on the written page. Not only did the scholarly works of Al-Jahiz change the very face of Arabic literature, but they also paved the way for scientific discoveries that were fleshed out more than a thousand years after his death, in the work of Charles Darwin and other Evolutionary Biologists of the nineteenth century, a world away in Europe.Books:Some say he wrote one hundred and forty works, others cite the number three hundred as an estimated figure, and still others say that the works cannot ever be numbered since so many have been lost during the twelve hundred years since his era. His books have been praised by ‘Ibn Al Amid’ in these words “ the books of jahiz teach us knowledge and duty” .One such undeniable fact is the overwhelming prolificness that characterizes Al-Jahiz’s remarkable body of contributions to Arabic Literature. Some of his books are given as under:I – kitab al Haivan (About animals):The Kitab ul Haiwan is an encyclopedia of seven volumes of anecdotes, poetic descriptions and proverbs describing over 350 varieties of animals. It is considered as the most important work of Al-Jahiz.II – Kitab al Bukhala(book of Misers):It is a collection of stories about greedy. Humorous and satirical, it is the best example of Al-Jahiz’s prose style. It is an insightful study of human psychology.

III – Kitab al Biyan wal tbeen (Arabic culture and literature):Kitab al Biyan wal tbeen is one of his last works in which he approached various subjects such as epiphanies, rhetorical speeches, sectarian leaders, princes as well as giving a sardonic treatment to foolish and crazy people. This book is considered one of the earliest works in Arabic literary theory and literary criticism.Translator:He was a prolific intellectual and translator. He translated the works of Persian and Greece in Arabic.Leader in Prose:When we see the second group of prose writers, without any doubt and dispute, Jahiz was the leader of this group.Literary tradition:Another contribution of Al Jahiz is that he was the first who started to pen down the literary tradition in Abbasid era. This was done by him because of the reason that many non Arabic crept in because of the territorial expansion. Mistakes and flaws in the Arabic of non indigenous people were avoided by Al Jahiz by ensuring what was pure Arabic work. Conclusion:It can be seen from the long life of al-Jahiz, that he was no doubt the product of the Golden age of Abbasid rule which, as Nicholson says, was marked by a great intellectual development. Al-Jahiz has long been a source of literary and intellectual inspiration for the generations of Arab writers that have followed in his wake.

  #6     3 Weeks Ago

Faiza Dar Junior Member

 

Join Date: Jun 2012Posts: 21 Thanks: 9Thanked 3 Times in 3 Posts

Q: Discuss salient features of pre Islamic poetry with special reference to the literary importance of Al-Muallaqat.________________________________________Introduction:Pre Islamic era, known as “Dour-e-Jahlia” in other words it is the era of highly brilliant activities in poetic field. Many a notable poets can be traced back to that era. The poet enjoyed an unmatchable fame and respect in this era. As depicted by F I Malik in his book “Muqalat”’“Whenever a poet used to emerge on the scene in any tribe, the people considered it the blessing of Allah Almighty as he was the defender and leader of the tribe in all the circumstances to come.”

Salient features:Pre-Islamic poetry is the master piece of pre-Islamic literature. Al-Muallaqat is the work (poetic) compiled by “Hammad Al- Rawya.” This poetry is consisted of Qasaids, long poems of the poet of pre Islamic era. These are known as “Muallaqat” as it indicates these qasaids were hanged on the wall of Ka’abah. Pre-Islamic poetry has many salient features. Some of them are as under:1-Weeping:There were great stories of love and courtship in pre-Islamic era. The poets were very keen in describing there loves. Sometimes they used to weep at the remembrance of separation of their beloveds and they began to weep bitterly. As Imra ul Qais said:“Qifa nbki…………………fahoumal”

2-Wisdom:Pre-Islamic poetry yields the quality of wisdom. There are many sayings of wisdom in pre-Islamic poetry. Zuhair bin Abi Salma can be refered in this regard. As he said:“Wa man yaja’lil maroof…………….wa yandim”

3-Depiction of Nature:Nature depiction is also the quality of pre-Islamic literature. The poets were in habit of depicting natural scenes. They depicted these scenes so artfully that a man could visualize the original thing that was depicted by the poet. As Imra ul Qais said:“Wa qadi ghtadi………….min ale”

4-Romance:

Romance was a very important feature of pre-Islamic poetry. The poets were usually stuck by the fire of love and sexual disharmonies. So they used to describe these features in poetry. As Imra ul Qais said:“Iza qamata………..alqaranful”

5-Great Observation:Pre-Islamic poetry also consisted with great, true and keen observations. The poets were very keen observers and their descriptions were true and based on reality. As Labeed said:“Ara-l-aisha……………yanfade”

6-Bravery:Events of bravery were in great abundance in pre-Islamic era. The poets as well as other people used to consider life just a game and their wistful desires were only to win the game. As Antar Bin Shadad said:“Fashakaktu……………bimuharram”

7-Pride:Pride is also one of the prominent salient features of pre-Islamic poetry. The poets used to relate their events of bravery to enhance their sense of dignity. Umar bin Kulsoom was famous in this art. As he said:“Ala la yajhalan………….aljahileena”

8-Eulogy: Pre-Islamic poetry is remarkable for its depiction of Eulogy. The poets were in habit of praising kings. As Labeed bin Rabee composed a verse in the praise of Allah:“Alaa kulla sha’een ma khla allah -----batloon wa kullu na’eemin la mahalata zaa’elu”.

Conclusion:Pre-Islamic poetry was simple. It was void and empty from any philosophical thoughts. The poets were in habit of using simple lines to express their views. And the most important thing of pre-Islamic poetry is that it was composed and extracted from the atmosphere.

Q:Write a note on the life and literary works of Ahmad Shouqi.

Introduction:Ahmad shouqi was one of the greatest Arabic poet laureate. He was an Egyptian poet and

dramatist who pioneered the modern Egyptian literary movement, most notably introducing the genre of poetic epics to the Arabic literary tradition. He was nicknamed Amir al- Sho'araã which literary means the prince of poets,

Life:Crown of poets and poetry Ahmad Shawqi was born in 1868 at Cairo. He got his early education from Madrassa tul Haqooq in Cairo.Upon graduating from high school, he attended law school, obtaining a degree in translation. Shawqi was then offered a job in the court of the Khedive Abbas II, which he immediately accepted.After a year working in the court of the Khedive, Shawqi was sent to continue his studies in Law at the Universities of Montpellier and Paris for three years.While in France, he was heavily influenced by the works of French playwrights, most notably Molière and Racine. He returned to Egypt in 1894, and remained a prominent member of Arab literary culture until the British forced him into exile in southern Spain, Andalusia, in 1914. Shawqi remained there until 1920. After coming back , he again started his literary works with great zeal and zest. He died in 1932.

Literary Works:

Poetry:Ahmad Shawqi was a momentous and worldwide famous poet. His poetry was filled with ripen thoughts, good political, patriotic and nationalistic approaches. He introduced new trends in poetry in the form of epic and wrote patriotic and general incidental long poems such as “waddi neel”. His style is very unique and common sense. His words are common and simple. His meaning extracting way is very graceful.His Poetry can be divided into two periods:1)Before exile2)After exileBefore exile his basic object was to oblige the King and remained stuck with royal family. In this era he only praised kings and other royal members.After exile he began to write poems in nationalistic style. His focus became common interest of his country and its population.In the service of Islam , Ahmad wrote “Al hamziah wa Nabwiyya” and “Nahj al-Burda”.

Plays:Shawqi was the first in modern Arabic literature to write poetic plays. He wrote five tragedies:• Majnun Laila (literally "The Mad about Layla"), his first play.• The Death of Cleopatra• 'Antara• Ali bek el-Kabeer

• Qambeez (Cambyses II), 1931and two comedies:• Es-Set Huda (Madam Huda)• El-Bakhila (the Miser)in addition to a prose play: the Princess of Andalusia.

Prose:Shauqi wrote symbolic and metaphorical prose. The only difference between poetry and prose was that in prose there was no rythm like the Markets of Gold.

Novels:Shawqi wrote several novels. A few survived among which:• The Last Pharaoh, translated by Poet Ahmed Seddik

Conclusion:Ahmad Shawqi’s contribution in literature is great . During first world war he wrote poetry to evoke nationalism, patriotism and emotions for Jihad among the people of Egypt and other Muslim world. So he was called Ameer u Shuraa, Shair e Misar wal Mashriq and Shair ul Muslimeen.

__________________Kon Kaisa hai yehi fikr rahi tmam umar...Khud kaisi hon kabhi bhool kr b na socha

#17

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Faiza Dar

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Q: Write a comprehensive note on Arabic Literature in Sub-continent.

Introduction:Arabic literature in the Sub-continent starts with the arrival of Muslims in Sub-continent. Arabic literature is found both in poetry and prose in this area. The Indian continent did not participate to such an enormous extent as was done by other poets of non Arabic areas such as Iran, Iraq, Egypt, and Syria. Whatever was the work done by the poets in Indian Sub-Continent was mostly lost unfortunately. Poetry:

1)Muhammad Bin Abdul Aziz:Muhammad bin Abdul Aziz is the one who saw the era when Vasco de Gama invaded the southern India and he had fought against Raja Samri. He explained all the incidents in a Razmia nazm composed of 503 verses. This is master piece in the literature of Arabic in Sub-Continent.

2)Gulam Ali Azad Bilgrami:

Gulam Ali Azad Bilgrami was born to a well to do family. In the age of 25, he went to Saudi Arabia for performing hajj and remained there for 2 years to learn Arabic. After his return to the home land he started writing poetry in Arabic. He is considered the greatest poet of Sub-continent. His major works are:

1-Subht ul Marjaan fi Asaar Hindostan2-Dewan Azad3-Mukhtarat Dewan Azad4-Tasliya ul Lail5-Shafa ul Lail6-Al Sahjra Al Tabiya

Some other poets of Sub-continent:Whatever poetry is available to us shows following are some other important figures who contributed in this genre of literature:1-Syed Abdul Jalil Bilgrami2-Molvi Fazl-e-Haq Khair Abadi3- Ameer Khusru4-Shah Ahmad Share‘e5-Qazi Abdul Muqtadar6-Nasir-ud-Din Chiragh

7- Syed Ali Khan Ibn-e-Masood8-Masood bin Saad

Prose:

In prose we find the prominent works of Qazi Sana Ullah Panipati, Shah Wali Ullah, Sayed Abul Hassan Nadvi and Sayyad Gulam Ali Azad Bilgrami.

1)Qazi Sana Ullah Panipati:Qazi Sana Ullah was a well known writer and was born in 1143 A.H. at Panipat. He got his education from Maulana Muhammad Abid and some other contemporary scholars and he wrote interpretation of the Holy Quran.His famous works are:1) Ma la budda minhu2) Irshad ul talibeen3) Assaif ul maslool4) Risalah fi hukm il fana5) Haqiqat ul Islam6) Al tafseer ul mazhari

2)Shah Wali Ullah Shah Wali Ullah was born at Delhi in 1114 A.H. He was a prolific writer as well. He wrote a total of fifty-one works of merit, twenty-eight in Arabic and twenty-three in Persian. Some of these are still unsurpassed in the domain of Islamic literature. His famous books are:1) Hujja tullah ul balighah2) Al fouz ul kabeer3) Trajim abwab ul bukhari4) Fatah ul khaibar5) Izala tul akhfaa an khilafat ul khulafaa6) Fata ur rehman fi tarjmat ul quranSome other prose writer:Some other prominent prose writers in Arabic literature of Sub-continent are:1) Abdul Hayy’ee Lukhnawi2) Syed Abul Hassan Nadvi3) Siddiq Hassan KhanConclusion:These above mentioned Indian Arabic scholars, poets and writers played a great part in the field of literature. It is matter of pride for Sub-continent. What adds to this pride is the fact that the banner of Arabic language and literature is still held high in the South Asian continent by a number of scholars of Arabic.

__________________Kon Kaisa hai yehi fikr rahi tmam umar...Khud kaisi hon kabhi bhool kr b na socha

#18

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Faiza Dar

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Q: Write A Short note on Azad Bilgrami” the greatest Arabic poet in the Sub-continent.

Introduction:-

Gulam Ali Azad Bilgrami was born to a well to do family. In the age of 25, he went to Saudi Arabia for performing hajj and remained there for 2 years to learn Arabic. After his return to the home land he started writing poetry in Arabic. He is considered the greatest poet of Sub-continent.

Hasan-ul-Hind:-

He was the greatest poet of Hindustan and was given the title of Hasan ul Hind‘ like Khakani was given the title of ‘Hasan Al Ajam’. He got his education in Aahadith and Islamic law from Abdul Wahab Tantavi. He learnt the art of poetry from Syed Abdul Jalil Bilgrami who was also his maternal uncle.

Azad As Use In Name:-Ghulam Ali used ‘Azad’ as his Takhalas and this was liked by his teacher Abdul WahabTantavi.

Ghulam Ali Azad Bilgrami has also written in Persian language.

Dewans:-He left many dewans behind him. Some scholars believe that he left 7 dewans behind him. In his book ‘subht ul marjaan fi asaar hindostan’ he has mentioned about many mufasreen and figures that have done some great service for the cause of Islam. In total he has mentioned about 150 people in his book.

Subht ul Marjaan fi Asaar Hindustan;-This book was published in 1885 and in one of its poem ‘Mirat Al Jamal’ the poet has praised all the body parts from starting head to the toe. This poem shows the class of the poet. This book can be divided into four chapters:

1) On the excellence and eminence of India2) Biographies of Indian scholars3) On rhetoric , both in Sansikat and Arabic literature4) On love, both from the Indian and Arabic point of view

Use of Poetic Techniques:Another very interesting thing about ‘Azad’is the use of similes and metaphor. In one of his verse he has written a word ‘sari’ which means walk, but at the same time he has used this word to make an allusion to the word ‘sahri’ which is the dress of Indian women. Azad has performed his immaculate work in all the forms of poetry i.e. Nazem, Masnavi,Rubai etc.

His Views about Love:He was a great lover of Holy Prophet and about his feelings of love for this great personality, Azad said:

“Sha’n ul muhibbu ajeebun fi sabathuAl hijru yaqtuluhu wal waslu yuhyeehu”

“Matter of lover is strange in love, separation kills him and linking makes him alive.”

At another place he says about his love:

“Lawaeemi qatt’at akbadahunna mataRa’ainahu fi kamal il husniwattiya”

“Ashamer upon me cut off their hearts when they saw himin full bloom of beauty and adornation.”

His Work:-1-Subht ul Marjaan fi Asaar Hindostan2-Dewan Azad3-Mukhtarat Dewan Azad4-Tasliya ul Lail5-Shafa ul Lail6-Al Sahjra Al Tabiya7-Al Sabah Al Sariya8-Shamamah Al Amber9-Mazhar Al Barkat

__________________Kon Kaisa hai yehi fikr rahi tmam umar...Khud kaisi hon kabhi bhool kr b na socha

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Faiza Dar

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Q: Write down an article about the literature of Al Mahjar with special reference to the contribution of Jibran Khalil Jibran.

What is Mehjar Literature?

The turn of new century witnessed the emergence of a “New Look” in Arabic literature. Its exponents were the emigrants from the Levant to the Americas. These emigrants form a distinct school of writing. The writings of these Mehjar poets were influenced by western romantic poetry and their own social, political, economic and cultural background. Mehjar literature was a revolt against old traditions of Arabic literature.

When it emerged?

Mehjar Litrature or Adab ul Mehjar flowered to eminence between the two World Wars. The literary efforts of Mehjar poets received support and encouragement more markedly in the twenties from Pen Association, founded in New York in 1920 by emigrant writers.

Prominent Features:Mehjar literature was a bridge between he East and the West, between old and new era. Its prominent features are:1)Total freedom2)Individual style3)Nationalism4)Humanity5)Love of Nature6)Simplicity and musical style 7) Religious freedom8)Pictorial quality

Eminent Poets:

Jibran Khalil Jibran, Mikhail Nuaima, Abdul Masih Haddad, Amin Rehani, Iliya Abu Mazi and Nasib Arida were the most eminent poets of Mehjar literature. These poets revolted against all what was traditional in Arabic prose and poetry and demanded to express life as it is reflecting human emotions.

Jibran Khalil Jibran:

Jibran Khalil Jibran who inspired a whole generation of writers developing Mehjar literature was born of poor parents. He migrated to the United States in 1985. He was a wayward genius whose works have been translated in many other languages. He was the distinguished product of Al Hikma school in Beruit.

His contribution to Mehjar literature:

He was the driving force behind the formation of Pen Association and was elected its

president. His output is wide and varied. He wrote eight books in Arabic and equal number in English. His famous works are:1) Al MawakeebAs love and yearning for the homeland, where simplicity and spiritualism were a way of life, was a prominent feature of Mehjar literature, the Mehjar poets depicted the flaws of urban life in their works. Jibran too, in this book, enumerates the flaws of urban life and ends by migrating to the woods.2) Arais ul MuroojThis is one of the first good collections of Arabic short stories. It contains three stories about life and social problems in Lebanon. Social disparity formed the main theme of his short stories.3) Al Arwah ul MutamaridaThis is his second collection of short stories in which Jibran lashes out against religious and political vested interests.4)Al Ajniha tul MutakasiraThis book is inspired by Jibran’s love for the girl of his dreams whom he met on coming to the Lebanon from United States.5)Dama wa IbtisamaDama wa Ibtisama is a poetic prose. It is important for its contents that dwell on universal problems such as man’s conflict with fate and the theory of transmigration of souls.Conclusion:Jibran was the most prominent figure of Adab ul Mehjar. He led the revolt against conventional style of Arabic prose and poetry. It is to his credit that he linked literature to life at a time when it was more or less ignored in Arab works. His contribution in Mehjar literature made him an outstanding man of letters.

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