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Notable Properties of Specific Numbers

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18980 = 22×5×13×73 = 52×365Number of days in the roughly 52-year cycle of the Mayan Calendar Round. This is the least common multiple of 260=13×20 and 365=5×73. See also

5126, 550420 and 1872000.

19683 = (33)3 = 27×27×27This is 3④3 or 3^^3 by the lower (left-associative) version of the hyper4 operator. It is also a "googol" in base 3: 103=3 and 1003=9, so "10100" in base

3 is 39=19683.19683 is the largest "Dudeney number", defined as a perfect cube whose digits add up to its cube root: 1+9+6+8+3=27 and 273=19683. There are 5

others: 13, 83, 173, 183, and 263. It is easy to see104 that there is an upper limit for Dudeney numbers: for example, if it had 7 digits, its cube root wouldhave to be at least 100 (because 1003=1000000) but 7 digits can't add up to any more than 7×9=63.

See also 196883 and 4.434×1038.

19756The number of days in the "Exeligmos" or triple saros cycle. 19756 days is very nearly equal to 726 draconic months or 669 synodic months.See also 20819 and 161178.

20000The Minor planet number of Varuna, a fairly large object in the Kuiper belt originally known as "2000 WR106". Varuna is about as large as the Dwarf

planet Ceres. The notable round number 20000 was assigned to it early in 2001, commemorating the 200th anniversary of the discovery of Ceres and therecognition of the fact that Varuna was significant because of its size:

The past six weeks have witnessed, not only the discovery, but also precovery observations back to 1954 and a size and albedo measurement, of the largest cubewano found so

far. At 900 km, the transneptunian object 2000 WR106 has a diameter that is essentially the same as that of (1) Ceres, the largest member of the cisjovian belt. The

coincidence of this recognition (cf. IAUC 7554, 2001 Jan. 2) with the Ceres bicentennial makes it particularly appropriate (cf. MPC 41901, 41911, MPO 7698) that 2000 WR106

should be numbered (20000).79

See also 50000 and 134340.

20405An estimate (as of Oct 2014) of the number of protein-coding genes in the genome of the nematode worm C. elegans. See 959.

20819The number of days in a more accurate version of the metonic cycle suggested by Adam Goucher [209]). 20819 days is very nearly equal to 57 mean

tropical years or 705 synodic months.See also 19756 and 121991.

22024This is the central sum in the following "mirror image equality" by Benjamin Vitale120:

13×13 + 42×42 + 53×53 + 57×57 + 68×68 + 97×97 = 79×79 + 86×86 + 75×75 + 35×35 + 24×24 + 31×31

If desired, 22024 can be placed in the center, and will be symmetrical if expressed as the sum "22000 + 2 + 00022".

22026.465794806... = e10

e10 is the highest value on the LL scale of most log-log slide rules that have such a scale. (However, a few go as high as 1010.)

24601The prisoner number of Jean Valjean, the prisoner who is freed in the prologue of Les Misérables. If this number is appears as a prisoner number in

another work (examples include The Simpsons episodes "The Principal and the Pauper" and "Black Widower", and South Park's "Cartman's Silly Hate Crime2000"), it is in tribute to the Victor Hugo novel. See also 525600.

25575 = 33×775This is the product in a multiplication problem involving all prime digits (2, 3, 5, and 7). The problem is called a "cryptarithm" and is posed this way:

All digits are prime. Fill them in. __ __ __ x __ __ """""""""""""" __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ """""""""""""" __ __ __ __ __

The solution puts 775 on the first line, 33 on the second, 2325 on each of the partial-product lines, and 25575 on the final line. This puzzle goes back atleast as far as W. E. Buker, American Mathematical Monthly 43 (Oct 1936), was reprinted in Martin Gardner's Mathematical Games column in Feb 1962(crediting "25 years ago by Joseph Ellis Trevor"), and later in the book "Mathematical Quickies" by Charles W. Trigg (1985).

25772.1300(precession of the Earth's axis)As of 2003, the best known value of the Platonic Year, or precession cycle, in mean solar years, according to Fukushima [172]. The error is ±0.0015

years (less than a day!). This is the time it takes for the orientation of Earth's poles to go one full circuit in its circular path. The movement is caused bythe tidal influence of the Moon and Sun (and to far lesser extent, other planets like Venus and Jupiter) on the Earth, which has a gyroscopic precession

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effect because of the Earth's bulging a bit around the equator. The value is approximated as 25600, 25800, 25920 or 26000, depending on the purposeand source. The raw data value from which this is derived is the "general precession in longitude" in computer models, 5028.7955 ± 0.0003 arc-minutesper Julian Century8. A Julian Century is 36525 mean solar days, so the precession period is computed by (360 × 3600 / 5028.7955) × (36525 /365.242189670).

25800An often-seen approximation to the precession cycle.

25920 = 6×12×360According to those ancient astronomers who knew of the "precession of the equinoxes" (now known to be movement of the Earth's axis of rotation,

see 25772.1300), the ascending and descending nodes of the Sun move 1 degree through the zodiac every 72=6×12 years. This produces a cycle of 25920years for the entire period. This isn't too far off from the modern value. An "age" of 2160 years, 1/12 of the full period, is also given much significance.See also 2592.

26000An approximation to the precession cycle.

27000 = 30×30×30 = 33×103

There is a kind of nice approximation to π: 84823/27000 = 271×313/(2×3×5)3 = 3.1415925925926... It's probably just a coincidence, but anotherlarger one is 6109800817/1944810000 = 74203×82339/(2×3×5×7)4 = 3.1415926578946...

27000 is approximately the number of days in an expected lifetime for most readers of this page (and 75 "Babylonian" years of 360 days each). Seealso 405000).

27876This is 110110011100100 in base 2, and that sequence of 1's and 0's is the beginning of the "paperfolding sequence" A14577: 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, ...

which defines the sequence of left and right turns in a Heighway dragon. The sequence can be generated by starting with a single 1, then repeatedlyapplying the steps "add a 1, then add the previous bits inverted and order-reversed". So from 1 we get 1 1 0 → 110; then 110 1 100 → 1101100; then1101100 1 1100100 → 110110011100100, and so on. If at each step we convert the binary number to decimal we get: 1, 6, 108, 27876, 1826942052,7846656369001524324, 144745261873314177475604083946266324068,49254260310842419635956203183145610297351659359183114324190902443509341776996, ...

3024030240 = 25×33×5×7, and is a 4-perfect number: Its divisors add up to exactly 4 times the number itself. Curiously, it also has the same digits, and

most of the same divisors, as 40320. See also 120, 154345556085770649600 and 2.518504×101906.

31337A prime number, and one of many misspellings of the word "elite" ("eleet"; see table at leet) used by those who wished to hide their conversations

from automatic detection on bulletin-board systems in the 1990's. This "language" possibly evolved partly from inverted calculator-display text (see71077345).

See also 1337, 9001, and 900901.

32761The largest perfect square of the form 2p-7. See 91.

32993This is a Leyland number because it is 152+215; and it is also prime, therefore a Leyland prime.

34000The width of the English Channel at its narrowest point, in meters.See 3.1418708596056 and 137.035.

34560This is 5!×4!×3!×2!×1!, or "5 superfactorial". See also 3456.

36525Number of days in a Julian century, see 365.25.

40320This is 8! (8 factorial), 8×7×6×5×4×3×2×1, and is the number of minutes in 4 weeks. It would also be the number of minutes in a month, if months

were exactly 4 weeks long. I'm no revolutionary — I'm not suggesting we should change the calendar — but I do strongly believe February should be designated "International Factorial

Appreciation Month", to be observed in all years except leap-years. Alas, all my pleas have fallen on deaf ears (-: See also 10080, 604800, 3628800 and 86400000.In 1963 (July the 27th) a set of bell ringers in Loughborough, Leicestershire, England became the first in history to ring eight tower bells in all

possible permutations. Each bell was rung 40320 times, for a total of 8×8! = 322560 blows, with each different combination of the 8 notes occurringexactly once42. The feat took almost 18 hours, and remains the longest performance of its type ever completed110.

An approximate value (in kilometers per second) of the Earth's escape velocity109. This will get you into orbit around the Sun, additional velocity isneeded to escape the solar system altogether.

4058540585 = 4!+0!+5!+8!+5!, the largest number that is the sum of the factorials of its own digits103. It is called a factorion and was discovered in 1964

by Leigh Janes.102 The only others in base 10 are 1, 2 and 145.

41616 = 2042

This is a square and also a triangular number: 41616 = 2042 = 288×289/2. Such numbers are fairly rare: 1, 36, 1225, 41616, 1413721, 48024900,1631432881, ... (Sloane's A1110). See 204 for more.

43200Often related to 86400, 432000, etc. by people studying ancient and/or mystical things. Also, it has been noted that the great pyramid in Egypt has

a perimeter of 3023.16 feet at its base, and estimated height (before erosion) of about 481.40 feet. If you multiply these by 43200 you get (almostexactly) the circumference of the Earth and its polar radius. See also 432, 432000, 4320000


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44724The number of days Jeanne Calment lived; see 122.

4536045360 has 100 factors (including 1 and itself); no smaller number has as many. Its prime factorization is 24×34×5×7. To get one of the 100 factors of

45360, pick one number from each column in this table:

A B C D

1 1 1 1

2 3 5 7

4 9

8 27

16 81

and multiply them together to get a factor. Since you have 5 choices in each of the first two columns and 2 choices in the other two columns, the totalnumber of choices you can make is 5×5×2×2=100. Notice that these numbers (5,5,2,2) are one more than the exponents in the prime factorization of45360 (24345171). You can count the number of factors of any number just by taking the exponents in its prime factorization, adding one to each, andmultiplying together. For 45360, the exponents are (4,4,1,1). Any other number with a prime factorization with two 4's and two 1's for exponents willhave the same number of factors, including 2×34×54×13 = 1316250 and 2×5×74×114 = 351530410 and so on. Based on this, you can see that:

If N sets a record for most factors, no prime numbers are skipped in its prime factorization. It's easy to see why: if (for example) 24×32×5×11 werea record-setter, then the smaller 24×32×5×7 would set the same record.Similarly, the exponents in the prime factorization of a record-setter get smaller but don't get larger. For example, 24×3×52×7 definitely isn't arecord-setter because the smaller 24×32×5×7 would set the same record.

For more about factors record-setters, see 12, 60, 360, 840, 1260, 720720, 3603600, 245044800, 278914005382139703576000,2054221614063184107682218077003539824552559296000 and 457936×10917.

50000The Minor planet number of Quaoar, a fairly large object in the Kuiper belt originally known as "2002 LM60". Quaoar is about as large as the Dwarf

planet Ceres and is notable for having an orbit that is much more circular and much less inclined than that of Pluto, but of similar size (orbiting in 289years, versus 248 for Pluto). The notable round number 50000 was assigned to it in late 2002, apparently for similar reasons as the assignment of 20000to Varuna. See also 134340.

51381The highest value of k for which 2k-1 + k is known to be prime, or is considered a "probable prime". The other lower values of k are 1, 3, 7, 237 and

1885. There ought to be about log(N) such k values for k < N, but since 2k grows so quickly, it is very difficult to find more. It also happens to be difficultto prove whether there is or is not an infinite number of such k's.

63241.077084266The number of astronomical units in a light year, calculated using the IAU value of the former.. In my old Macintosh space flight program Orion, I

used 216 as an approximation to this. The number of inches per mile (63360) is a closer approximation, giving folks in the United States an easy way tovisualize the size of a light year. See the main light year entry and also 1.609344.

63360The number of inches in a mile: 12×5280. Its factorization is 27×32×5×11. (More about its origins at 5280.)

65504 = 215 × 2047/1024The largest finite value that can be represented in the 16-bit floating-point format "s10e5", also called "half" or "fp16", used in professional computer

graphics. This format uses all the IEEE-754 rules with a 5-bit exponent and 10-bit mantissa. (More details here.)

65536

This is 216 = 224 = 2222

, which is 2 ^^ 4 using the hyper4 operator. Also, since 2 ^^ 4 is 2 ^^ (2 ^^ 2), 65536 is 2 ^^^ 3 where ^^^ is thehyper5 operator.

69105Appears in Zork and several later Infocom adventure games:

On the ground is a pile of leaves.> count leavesThere are 69,105 leaves here.

The usage of the number probably originated from the MIT hacker culture74; see 69.

74088In Through the Looking-Glass by Lewis Carroll, the White Queen says that her age is 101 years, 5 months and a day. If the date is chosen carefully,

this can work out to be 37,044 days, and if the Red Queen were born on the same day, their total would be 74,088 which is 423.

82000This number is all 1's and 0's when written in base 2, 3, 4, and 5: 8200010 = 101110005 = 1100011004 = 110111110013 = 101000000010100002. (From

the Numberphile video why 82000 is extraordinary)

8294482944 = 210×34, (8×9×4)2, or 82×92×42, the square of the product of its odd-numbered digits starting from the left. Only 1 and 784=72×42 share this

property. If you multiply these three (1×784×82944) the answer is ((1×2×3×4×5×6×7×8×9)/(1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9))2.This led one D. G. Leahy to link 82944 and other cult numbers (including 37 and 666) to an old approximation of the fine structure constant.


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86400 = 24×3600The number of seconds in a day.86400 = 1×2×3×4×5×6×5×4×3×2×1; see 3628800 (Source: Stephen Swanson).In Biblical time, the number of weeks (approximately) in the time before the Flood. The Bible lists ten people during this period, of whom Adam and

Noah are the 1st and 10th, and gives the ages of each when the next was born. According to the oldest known version of that account (which is in theHebrew Torah and most Christian Bibles but differs from the Septuagint and Samaratan versions) the number of years before the flood was 1656(Genesis-5:3 through 5:29 and 7:11: Adam 130; Seth 105; Enos/Enosh 90; Cainon/Kenan 70; Mahalalel 65; Jared 162; Enoch 65; Methuselah 187; Lamech 182; Noah 600); this is almostexactly 86400 weeks (you have to fudge the math a bit: assume every 23 years has 5 leap years; then every 23 years would be exactly 1200 weeks;1656=23×72 so there are 1200×72=86400 weeks.

There is also a link to 432000: since the Babylonian calendar had 5-day weeks, 86400 weeks would be 432000 days in the Babylonian calendar. Under432000 there is a description of the Babylonian flood story (Gilgamesh) and a period of 432000 years, which (as in the Biblical version) is expressed interms of ten people who lived during the period prior to the flood.

The Babylonian story is older and it is generally acknowledged (by anthropologists, theologically neutral historians and such) that the Bible version isdescended from it. It has been proposed that the sum was preserved and transformed, as the story traveled from the Babylonian to the Hebrew culture,in the following way: 432000 years became 432000 days, which then became 86400 5-day weeks, which was then reinterpreted as 86400 7-day weeks,which became 1656 years. This explanation works well because only the last step need be approximate, and the exact answer (86400 days = 1655.84years) rounds up to 1656.

See also 31556952.

86400.001(1)mean solar dayThe number of SI seconds in a mean solar day is a little bit more than it should be (24×60×60 = 86400) because the speed of rotation of the Earth is

gradually slowing down, and the SI second was calibrated at a time when Earth rotated faster. During the years 1995 to 2012, the number of SI secondsin the mean solar day varied between 86400.000 and 86400.002.

Over very long timescales, the two major causes of changes in the length of the day are Tidal acceleration and Post-glacial rebound, buth describedin the tropical year entry.

Recorded observations of occultations (when the moon passes in front of a star) enable us to know the precise speed of the Earth's rotation back tothe early 1700's. Over that period, the length of the day has varied between 86399.997 and 86400.004 seconds (with the lowest value in 1867, and thehighest value only 45 years later, in 1912). These may be caused by the "weather" in the Earth's core, as well as earthquakes, and long-term changes inocean currents and surface weather. A related effect is the shifting of the poles (Chandler wobble).

During the past 50 years, atomic clocks allow us to measure much more short-term effects49. There are very fast (from one week or month to thenext) somewhat random-looking variations caused by air and water currents; these typically have a magnitude of less than a millisecond125.

100000A unit of the (Asian) Indian number name system. It is called lakh when needed (primarily in Indian dialects of written English), a name that derives

from Sanskrit laksha. See also 10000 and 10000000.

103680 = 28×34×5See 897612484786617600.

121991The number of days in a more accurate version of the metonic cycle described by William Williams [131]). 121991 days is very nearly equal to 334

mean tropical years or 4131 synodic months.See also 20819 and 161178.

129600The number of days in 360 Babylonian "years" (see Prophetic Year); see also 453600.

134340The Minor planet number for Pluto. Like Ceres and many of the asteroids, Pluto was considered a planet for many years until it was discovered that

there are many other bodies in similar orbits. After it was reclassified as a Dwarf planet, Pluto was given a number in the sequence used for theasteroids. Ceres' number is 1.

See also 20000, 50000 and 134340.

134774The number of days from a given day in the year 1601 to the same day in 1970. This is relevant to computer date conversion, see 11644473600.

140800This number has a property which exemplifies some of the many, obscure and somewhat arbitrary investigations into number theory that can be

explored by anyone with the interest (and perhaps a personal computer). 140800 has the property that when expressed in each of 8 bases, the productof its digits equals the base times the sum of its prime factors. (The bases are all huge, and range from 198 to 2720.) There are many other similar (andsome even more obscure) bits of number theory discussed on the Internet on Kevin Brown's math pages. See also 239.

142857 = 33×11×13×37This is the 6 digits after the decimal point in the fraction 1/7 (see 7). The decimal expansions of the fractions 1/7, 2/7, 3/7, 4/7, 5/7, and 6/7 all

consist of the digits 142857 repeated, and arranged in different ways. The multiples of 142857 are similar: 142857, 285714, 428571, 571428, 714285,and 857142 (see also 456790123).

Notice the factorization: add 7 and you get 33×7×11×13×37 = 999999, which is of course related to the facts that 33×37=999 and 7×11×13 = 1001.A Kaprekar number: 1428572=20408122449, and 20408+122449=142857.

161178The number of days in a more accurate version of the saros cycle found by Hipparchos (according to Ptolemy, as related by John Narrien [132]).

161178 days is very nearly equal to 5923 draconic months or 5458 synodic months.See also 19756 and 121991.

175560175560 is a rather remarkable example of a product of two non-overlapping sets of consecutive integers: 19×20×21×22 = 19×22×5×3×7×2×11 =

5×11×23×7×3×19 = 55×56×57. See 720 for other examples; see also 17297280 and Sequence A064224.


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186282.39705122... = 299792458 / 1609.344The speed of light in miles per second.

196560(the Leech lattice)The number of vertices that define the Leech lattice in 24 dimensions. This lattice is the basis of a sphere packing in 24 dimensions which has been

proven to be the best possible. It is also closely related to the Monster group, 26-dimensional Lorentzian space-time and bosonic string theory, and thefact that 12+22+32+...+242=702 (see 4900).

196883 = 47×59×71Richard Borcherds won the Fields Medal (the math equivalent of the Nobel prize) in 1998 for his proof of an amazing coincidence involving this

number.Some years after the Monster group was discovered, it was shown that the minimum number of dimensions of a crystal lattice whose symmetry

rotations and reflections form the Monster group is 196883. It was then noticed that this is only one less than the number 196884 that occurs in theelliptic modular function responsible for the Ramanujan constant and connected to the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem.

There was much speculation about whether these two adjacent integers 196883 and 196884 appear for a reason (that is to say, is there aconnection between the Monster group lattice symmetry and the FLT-related elliptic functions?). It turns out the answer is yes — and for showing thisBorcherds won the Fields Medal.82

See also 19683.

196884 = 22×33×1823A term in a polynomial that comes up in relation to the so-called Ramanujan constants. See also 196883.

217728This is 603+123, more artistically expressed as (3×4×5)3+(3+4+5)3. See also 134217728.1260 years is approximately the lifetime of an eclipse in a saros series.Numerology knows no limits. While researching 217728 I found the following false claim: "In Revelation Chapter 12 there are five numbers; 12, 24, 3,

1296, and 2, which when multiplied together total 217728." 217728 is actually 12×24×3×126×2, so at first it looks like the numerologist missed the 9 keyon his calculator as he was entering 1296. (Not hard to believe, as he goes on to say that "217728 also equals 81 times 2268"; it is actually 81×2688.)But, if you actually read Rev 12, you find that the numbers mentioned there are (in order) 12, 7, 10, 7, 1/3, 1260, 2; there is also a "half" in Rev 12:14.You may or may not choose to count the fractions; our numerologist seems to have counted "a third" in Rev 12:4 as a 3. Apparently he decided tocombine the 7+10+7 into 24 (perhaps because they occur in the same verse), and dropped the 0 on 1260 to make 126. That would at least make theproduct equal 217728, but the basic claim still isn't satisfied. If he had done it "right" his product would have to be 12×7×10×7×(1/3)×1260×2 = 4939200,

or 14817600 if you don't count the 1/3 as a number, or 44452800 if you count it as a 3, and various other non-217728 values if you add a 1/2 or 31/2from Rev 12:14 (see 1260 for more on Rev 12:14).

For more about numerology, see 666.

246924 = 193+(2×19)3+(3×19)3

Someone recently searched for this number and found this page — even though I did not write anything about it (until now). We aim to please hereat Munafo Robotics, so I added this entry.

The question as encountered by the reader was:

If a, b, and c are in the ratio 1:2:3, and a3+b3+c3=246924, what is the value of c?

We can solve this type of problem directly by noting that (for example) if you double a, the values of b and c have to double as well, and then all thecubes go up by a factor of 8 so the sum of cubes also goes up by 8. In other words, we can back-solve from the sum of cubes and the known ratios:

a3+b3+c3 = 246924a3+(2a)3+(3a)3 = 24692436 a3 = 246924a3 = 246924/36 = 6859a = 19c = 3a = 57

See also 8000 and 16777216.

262144 = 4321

(4 hyperfactorial)This is another way to define an exponent-based factorial function (the best-known version is the hyperfactorial). This "power-tower factorial" grows

much faster than hyperfactorials because the height of the "tower of exponents" keeps growing: 1, 21=2, 321=9, 4321

=262144, 54321

=

6.206069882×10183230, 654321

= 10(4.829261049×10183230), ... (however, Pickover's superfactorial grows a lot faster).

Expressed as "432", this number is a pair with 234

in two different ways: using the digits 2, 3 and 4; and using the digits 1, 2, and 8 (because 432 = 218

and 234 = 281). See also 2.417851...×1024, 101.0979×1019

, and 6pt1.86×103148880079.

333000The mass of the Sun divided by that of the Earth, according to NASA in 2013. See also 354710, 1304000, and 1.32712442099(10)×1020.

354710The solar mass ratio (ratio between the mass of the Sun and that of the Earth) in the 1809 calculations of Carl Friedrich Gauss; see 0.01720209895

and 365.2568983.

362880 = 9!9 factorial, 1×2×3×4×5×6×7×8×9, is the number of ways to arrange the 9 digits 1 through 9. This is the number of solutions to a single 3x3 section of

a Sudoku puzzle (see 3546146300288 and 6.6709×1021).

370262


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The first of a set of 111 consecutive composite numbers: Every number from 370262 through 370372 is composite. This is the first time there are 100or more composite numbers in a row. The preceding prime, 370261, and the following prime 370373, together set a record for largest gap betweenprimes. For every number of digits, there are about 4 primes that set a record like this. The sequence is: 2, 3, 7, 23, 89, 113, 523, 887, 1129, 1327,9551, 15683, 19609, 31397, 155921, 360653, 370261, 492113, 1349533, 1357201, 2010733, 4652353, 17051707, ... (Sloane's A2386). See also1693182318746372.

400000 ≈ 2.51214

The ratio between broad daylight and a clear night under a full moon. It is a rather impressive feat of nature that the human eye can handle thisrange so well. The expression "2.51214" refers to the differences between the Moon's and Sun's apparent visual magnitudes (which is 14) and the ratiorepresented by one unit on the logarithmic magnitude scale.

405000 = 304/2(base-30 Hindu time divisions)The nimesha, 1/405000 of a day, is a division of time in one (of several) Hindu system of measurement. This one is notable for involving consecutive

powers of 30. (this one uses powers of 60).

1 nimesha = 213 msec

15 nimesha = 1 kashita 1 kashita = 3.2 sec

30 kashita = 1 kala 1 kala = 96 sec

30 kala = 1 muhurta 1 muhurta = 48 min

30 muhurtas = 1 ahoratra 1 ahoratra = 1 day

30 ahoratra = 1 month

The nimesha breaks the pattern of powers of 30, but sometimes a unit of "half-nimesha" is used (see 2202). As I have shown, one can also extend thesystem in the other direction by adding the 30-day month, which is the more commonly-used month in Hindu calendars. Continuing further you get 900days (roughly 2.5 years), 27000 days (73.92 years, which is curiously just about a lifetime), and 810000 days, 2217.7 years or a little longer than thetime for precession to go from one zodiac sign to the next. See also 26244000000, 4665600000000.

432000 = 120 × 3600432000 years is also 120 sars (a sars is 3600 years), the length of the kali-yuga, which in Hindu mythology is the length of the age in which the early

writers placed themselves. There are several longer lengths of time in the same mythology; see 4320000.A Babylonian version of the flood story (analogous to that in Genesis) tells of ten kings who ruled during the period prior to the flood; the total length

of that period is 432000 years. (See 86400 for a link to the Biblical version.)In pre-Christian Germanic mythology, there is sort of a reference to the number 432000: 800 men at each of 540 gates of Wodan's palace.Similarly, in the Viking doomsday tale of the Day of Ragnorook, 800 divine warriors emerge from each of 540 doors of Valhalla.Since 120=5×24, 432000 seconds is exactly 5 days (see also 86400).See also 432, 43200, and 4320000000.

453600 = 360×1260Number of days in a Biblical prophetic period: three and a half prophetic "years" of 129600 days (see 3.5 and 1260). It is also 10 times the highly-

composite number 45360.

500000A number with a specific name, crore, in Iranian usage until recently 67. This is the largest number-name I know of that is not a power of 10 (a word

like mebibyte, meaning 220=1048576 bytes, refers to a quantity of something specific, not the number itself. Huge number like the Mega and theGraham-Rothschild number are not used with other words to make a composite name). In India, crore is still in current usage but means 10000000. Seealso 144, 1728, 10000 and 100000.

510510510510 is a primorial: 510510 = 2×3×5×7×11×13×17. It is also the product of four consecutive Fibonacci numbers: 510510 = 13×21×34×55. The digits

repeat because 1001 is the product of the 3 consecutive prime numbers 7×11×13.

525600Number of minutes in a year, if you take a year to be exactly 365 days. This number is repeated several times in the song "Seasons of Love" in the

stage musical Rent. At 11 syllables, it is the longest number name that I know of that has been set to music. It beats out 8675309 (which is sung "eight

six seven five three oh nine") by three syllables. See also 24601, 10000000000 and 101010.

533265Number of days in the approximate Sothic cycle, 1460 Julian years of 365.25 days each, that was adopted by the Romans for the Julian calendar (see

1508.0833 for more).

550420This is 365×1508, and is very nearly equal to 1507 tropical years. It is also the number of days in 29 full *calendar rounds of the

Mayan/mesoamerican people (see 18980). There is written evidence that the Mesoamericans knew this and thus, that their estimate of the length ofthe tropical year was 365.242203...

See also 365, 5126, 1872000 and 23040000000.

604800604800 = 60×60×24×7, the number of seconds in a week. It is also 10!/6. See also 10080, 40320, 86400 and 86400000.

663552The number of positions that can be reached on an ordinary 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube using only 180o turns. In group theory terms, the order of the 2, R2,

F2, B2, U2, D2> subgroup is 663552.In the Thistlethwaite cube-solving algorithm from 1981 [145] this subgroup is the last stage in a series that progressively descends from larger-index

to smaller-index subgroups of the whole Rubik's Cube group; once reaching an element of this group the cube is solved using only half-turns. See also19508428800, 21119142223872000, and 43252003274489856000.

640320 = 2001×320 = 26×3×5×23×29


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One of the numbers that comes up in relation to the Ramanujan constant, also notable for being easy to remember.

665280 = 12×11×10×9×8×7A quadruple factorial and a highly-composite number.

689472 = 26×34×7×19It takes this many Hebrew years for the Hebrew calendar to repeat itself. The factor of 19 is the metonic cycle, 7 is the number of days in the week,

and the other factors (a total of 26×34 = 5184) come from the units of division used to approximate the length of the synodic month (see29.5305941358)

713580The number of atoms in a poliovirus, as modeled by the simulation program VirusX. See also 7.525×1010.

720720The first of about 20 successive factorization record-setters that have a repeating digit pattern. 720720 has 240 divisors; the next record-setters are

1081080, 1441440, 2162160, 2882880, 3603600, and so on. The digits repeat because the numbers are multiples of 1001, and multiples of 1001 occur asdivisibility record-setters because 1001 is the product of 3 consecutive prime numbers.

900901The all-numeral leetspeak spelling of googol.

945000 = 360×(1290+1335)This is the number of days from the date given in Ezekiel 31:1 (as generally accepted: Sivan 1, 3174; see Book of Ezekiel) until September 11, 2001.

The sum 1290 + 1335 is numerically significant, see 1260; also 360 is the number of days in the Prophetic Year (see 129600). A symbolic connectionbetween Ezekiel 31 and 9/11 is seen in passages such as "...because it was proud of its height, I handed it over to the ruler of the nations, for him todeal with according to its wickedness. I cast it aside, and the most ruthless of foreign nations cut it down and left it. ..." (Exekiel 31:10-12, NewInternational Version).

999998This is 2 less than a power of 10, and more significantly the square of 127 times 62. This causes an exceptional pattern of digits in the square root of

62.The factors of 999998 consist of a 2, a 31, and two 127's; all but the 2 are Mersenne primes. David Wilson, via math-fun114, has suggested there

might be a connection between this and the square root of 62 phenomenon, based roughly on the following:

127 is a little less than 27,√62 is a little less than 23,so 127√62 is a little less than 210;which coincides with 1000 being a little less than 1024.

This looks promising, since 127√62=999.99899... is indeed very close to 1000. However, there is no Mersenne connection to any of the other specialsquare root digit patterns, including the many examples in other bases shown in the 7.874007874... entry.

999998 is also closely related to the properties of the metric conversion constants 2.54 and 39.37, described at 99.9998.See also 998.

999999 = 33×7×11×13×37Fermat's Little Theorem states that if p is a prime number and not a factor of n, then np-1 - 1 is divisible by p. When n = 10 and p = 7 we get 107-1 - 1

= 106 - 1 = 999999 which is divisible by 7. This gives us the first "interesting" repeating decimal fraction, 1/7.If p is 2 the formula is trivial; in all other cases p is odd and we can express np-1 - 1 as:

np-1 - 1 = (n(p-1)/2 + 1) (n(p-1)/2 - 1)

which gives at least two other factors; in the case of 999999 these are 999 and 1001. By Fermat's Little Theorem, at least one of these must be divisibleby 7 (in this case it's 1001).

See also 999.

1000000(a million)One million. This number is probably associated with the concept "really big number" by more people than any other number (see also thousand and

billion).One million is at about the limit of direct physical perception. You can just barely put 1,000,000 dots on a large piece of paper and stand at a

distance such that you can perceive each individual dot as a distinct dot, and at the same time be within viewing distance of the other 999,999 dots. (Ihave actually done this, just for fun!). Because it is near the limit of physical perception, I use 1000000 as the boundary between the class 1 and class 2numbers.

The English name million comes from French (and Old French) milion, probably from Old Italian milione, which is a colloquial way of saying "bigthousand".54

1304000The volume of the Sun divided by that of the Earth, according to NASA in 2013. See also 333000.

1048576(the SI Mebi- prefix)The square of 1024, and another power of 2 that is close to a power of 10. There is an SI prefix for 1048576, mebi (abbreviated Mi). (There are

more prefixes in this table: standard names and SI prefixes.)

1419869A near miss to Fermat's Last Theorem, 1419869 = 135+165 = 175+12. (And, you can remove the exponents — 13+16 = 17+12)Fermat's Last TheoremFermat was reading the Arithmetica by Diophantus, and he conjectured that there are no solutions to the equation

An + Bn = Cn


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for positive integers A, B and C and positive exponent n>2. He then wrote, in the margin of his copy of Arithmetica, his famous (or infamous!) comment:

Cubum autem in duos cubos, aut quadrato-quadratum in duos quadrato-quadratos, et generaliter nullam in infinitum ultra quadratumpotestatem in duos eiusdem nominis fas est dividere: Cuius rei demonstrationem mirabilem sane detexi hanc marginis exiguitas non caperet.(Latin: [For] a cube [to be the sum of] two cubes, or a 4th power [to be the sum of] two 4th powers, or in general [for] any [number that is a power] greater than a square [to be]

divided into [a sum of] two like [powers], is not possible: I have discovered a truly remarkable proof which this margin is too small to contain.)

Thus began almost 400 years of speculation and intensive effort by the mathematics community to discover what, if any, idea Fermat might have hadwhen he made such a claim, and more importantly, whether the "theorem" (actually a conjecture) was in fact true.

Certain exponents (values of n) are easy to prove. For example, if the exponent n was a product of primes n=pq, and if there was a solutionAn+Bn=Cn, then it could be re-written (Ap)q+(Bp)q=(Cp)q, or Dq+Eq=Fq where D=Ap, E=Bp, and F=Cp. Thus, if the "theorem" is proven for any exponent q,all multiples of q also get proven.

And Fermat himself wrote a proof that if x2+y2=z2 and x,y,z are positive integers, xy/2 cannot be a square. From this it follows that A4+B4=C4 has nosolution in positive integers A,B,C. That leaves only the odd prime exponents. In the late 1700's, Euler (almost) proved the case n=3, but his proof hadflaws which had to be fixed posthumously. The case n=5 was proven next, but it took until 1825 and the work of several leading mathematicians.

Work got progressively more complex; by 1847 all odd primes up to 31 had been proven; many more were proven by hand and then computertechniques were used to prove all primes up to 4000000. The actual complete proof came in 1993 and 1994 and was based on the study of ellipticcurves, something seemingly unrelated to Fermat's Last Theorem.

There are of course many "near misses" to the theorem. The smallest and best-known is 103+93=123+1=1729.

1609344 = 25.4×12×5280The number of millimeters in a mile (an exact integer, see 1609.344). Reader Neil Croll pointed out to me that this is also equal to 9×11×127×128.

1658880

1658880 = 520×421

×322×223

×124×025

. It is a member of Somos' sequence A52129 associated with the constant 1.66168.... See also 576.

1969920 = 24×1080×76 = 28×34×5×19(used in the Hebrew calendar)The number of divisions of the day in the Talmudic (traditional Jewish law) measurement system used for astronomy, including the Hebrew calendar

(see 29.5305941358):

0.0439 seconds = (moment) עגר 1

עגר 76 קלח 1 = 3 1/3 sec = (part) קלח 1

קלח 1080 (hour) העש 1 =

העש 24 = 1 day

Another, more symmetrical system is used in the Talmud for non-astronomical periods of time:

0.26 seconds = (moment) םיעגר 1

םיעגר 24 םיטע 1 = 6.25 seconds = (time) םיטע 1

םיטע 24 טונוע 1 = 2 minutes 30 seconds = (period) טונוע 1

טונוע 24 (hour) העש 1 =

העש 24 = 1 day

2003001See 1001, 2001 and 6469693230.

2097152This is 1283 and is also equal to 1253+503+253+153+33. That's not particularly special, but if you multiply everything by 4 you get the sum mentioned

here.

1872000 = 13×20×20×18×20The number of days in the "long count" cycle of the Mayan calendar (also subsequently used by the Aztec and Toltec cultures), a bit less than 5126

years. This cycle is 13 bak'tun, where a bak'tun is a period of 20 k'atun, a k'atun is 20 tun, a tun is 18 unial (pronounced wee nal), and a unial is 20 k'inor days. The unial is the same length as the Mayan "week", a period of 20 days each with a distinct name; 18 such periods plus the 5-day uayeb period ofprayer and mourning made up the haab, or vague civil year. When this is combined with the 260-day tzol k'in, a larger cycle of 18980 days (52 haab)results, this is the least common multiple of 365 and 260, and thus is the number of days that elapses before the tzol k'in and civil year repeat with thesame alignment. The tzol k'in itself was comprised of a 13-day cycle overlaid with the 20-day unial; see Residue Number System. Mayans were alsoaware of the need for leap years. See also 260, 2012, 550420, 23040000000 and 10331233010526315789473684112000.

2415020.31352The Julian date of the astronomical epoch used to define the start of the "Besselian year". It corresponds to approximately 7:31 PM on December 31,

1899 (GMT). See also 365.242198781.

2436204.5The Julian Date of midnight in the early morning of January 1, 1958. This is the epoch (similar to an astronomical epoch or calendar epoch) of the

timescale variously called Tm, AM, A3, and TA(BIH). This was the first international atomic time scale, defined by the BIH (InternationalTimeBureau), andcapable of being used by observatories around the world to coordinate astronomical observations.

See also 2436204.5.

2443144.5003725The Julian Date of the moment that is 32.184 past midnight in the early morning of January 1, 1977. This is the epoch (similar to an astronomical

epoch or calendar epoch) of the time standards TCB (Barycentric Coordinate Time), TGC (Geocentric Coordinate Time), and TT (Terrestrial Time). All ofthese measure time in "seconds" (but not minutes, hours, days or any larger unit), and they all use the SI second, but they tick at different rates due togeneral relativity (most significantly, gravitational time dilation). TT measures time as experienced by an atomic clock on the Geoid (the equipotentialsurface equivalent to mean sea level), and is the slowest of these because it is in the Earth's and all larger gravity wells.


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As compared to TT, TGC (which is outside the Earth's gravity and rotation but remains at rest relative to the Earth, and therefore is stillexperiencing frame acceleration) runs faster by 22 milliseconds per year; and TCB (which does not move with the Earth, but moves with the SolarSystem's barycentre) runs faster by about 490 milliseconds per year. When TDB and TCG are plotted against each other at sufficiently high precision (seethis image: recent differences in time scales one sees a sinusoidal variation with amplitude ± 2 milliseconds in TCB. (As noted at 127, "Relativisticvariation of TCB and TDB exaggerated by factor of 1000". TDB (Barycentric Dynamical Time) is a scaled version of TCB designed to run at the samespeed as TT, and thus useful for astronomical purposes like coordinated observation of Solar System events by telescopes at different locations onEarth.)

2451545This is the Julian day number of January 1, 2000. It is sometimes seen in astronomical ephimerides, referred to as "J2000".

2573380See the 137.035 article (Michael Wales conjecture).

26467982646798 = 21 + 62 + 43 + 64 + 75 + 96 + 87, a sum of its digits raised to consecutive powers51. See 135.

3039345 = 32×5×17×29×137Last denominator in the greedy Egyptian fraction expansion of 4/17 = 1/5+1/29+1/1233+1/3039345. This is an example of why the greedy algorithm

doesn't work too well.

3603600This divisibility record-setter is really easy to remember because it has 360 factors (360 itself is a record-setter), and includes two 360's in its digits.

The repetition of 360 relates to 1001. And its prime factorization is reasonably easy to remember if you learn it as 32×42×52 × 7×11×13; that should alsohelp if you're trying to find its divisors without using trial-and-error.

3628800 = 10!10! = 10×9×8×7×6×5×4×3×2×1 = 3628800 can also be expressed as 6!×7×6! because 6! = 720 = 10×9×8. (Source: Gary Rosys) See also 5040. 10! seconds is

exactly 42 days; see also 10080, 604800 and 86400000.There are no other factorials that can be broken up in this way, beyond the trivial case of 2! = 1×2×1, but see 86400.Call the middle number x (so, in the 10! case, x=7). Then the product of interest is (x-1)!×x×(x-1)!. The latter (x-1)! is also expressed of the form

(x+1)×(x+2)×(x+3)×..., so we have:

1×2×3×...×(x-2)×(x-1) = (x+1)×(x+2)×(x+3)×...

The numbers (x+1), (x+2), etc. on the right side of the equation have to be composite, because if any of them is prime then they would not be a primefactor of the product on the left. The formula works for 7 because the numbers right after 7 (8, 9, 10) are not prime.

Also, all of the prime factors on the left side have to occur on the right hand side. Since the left side includes all the primes up to (x-1), all of thoseprimes have to occur on the right. In the case of 7, the needed primes are 2, 3 and 5, which is not very many. Let p be the largest prime on the left.For example, if x is 13, p is 11. A multiple of p has to occur on the right, and the first multiple of p is 2p. This requires a fairly big gap in the distributionof primes. When x is bigger than 7, there will always be some other prime on the right side, that is greater than x and less than 2p. Proving this part is alittle tough.

3628800 is also the number of seconds in 6 weeks:

6 × 7 × 24 × 60 × 60= 6 × 7 × (8×3) × (3×4×5) × (10×2×3)= 6 × 7 × 8 × 3×3 × 4 × 5 × 10 × 2 × 3= 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × 6 × 7 × 8 × 9 × 10.

Here is video by Numberphile: 10 factorial.See also 86400000.

First page . . . Back to page 14 . . . Forward to page 16 . . . Last page (page 25)

Quick index: if you're looking for a specific number, start with whichever of these is closest: 0.065988... 1 1.618033... 3.141592... 4 12 16 21 24 29 39 46 52 64 68

89 107 137.03599... 158 231 256 365 616 714 1024 1729 4181 10080 45360 262144 1969920 73939133 4294967297 5×1011 1018 5.4×1027 1040 5.21...×1078

1.29...×10865 1040000 109152051 101036 101010100

— — footnotes Also, check out my large numbers and integer sequences pages.

Robert Munafo's home pages on HostMDS © 1996-2015 Robert P. Munafo. about contact mrob mrob27 @mrob_27 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Details here. s.11


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