Not So Old StuffNot So Old Stuff1750 - 19141750 - 1914

The Big PictureThe Big Picture1.1. How are the events of this time How are the events of this time

period interconnected? Ex. period interconnected? Ex. Industrial Rev. and imperialismIndustrial Rev. and imperialism

2.2. Why did nationalism grow Why did nationalism grow during this time period?during this time period?

3.3. How and why does change How and why does change occur?occur?

Industry and Industry and ImperialismImperialism Two Consequences of IndustrialismTwo Consequences of Industrialism

Countries with industrial technology were Countries with industrial technology were able to easily conquer those without the able to easily conquer those without the industrial technologyindustrial technology

Factories needed access to raw materials Factories needed access to raw materials and markets to sell those products and markets to sell those products (colonies)(colonies)

Industrial imperialists turned towards Industrial imperialists turned towards Africa and Asia after the New World Africa and Asia after the New World was freed of European controlwas freed of European control

The Industrial The Industrial RevolutionRevolution Began in Britain and then spread to Began in Britain and then spread to

Belgium, France, Germany, Japan, and Belgium, France, Germany, Japan, and U.S.U.S.

Agriculture RevolutionAgriculture Revolution Growth of food outputGrowth of food output New cropsNew crops Crop rotation rather than 3-field systemCrop rotation rather than 3-field system Mechanized technology for plowing, Mechanized technology for plowing,

seeding, reaping, fertilizing – used less seeding, reaping, fertilizing – used less laborlabor

Technological Technological InnovationsInnovations Before IR – inefficient domestic systemBefore IR – inefficient domestic system

Flying shuttle, spinning jenny, cotton gin – led to Flying shuttle, spinning jenny, cotton gin – led to the textile industry taken out of home and into the the textile industry taken out of home and into the millsmills

Steam Engine – required coalSteam Engine – required coal Inventions:Inventions:

TelegraphTelegraph TelephoneTelephone Light bulbLight bulb Combustion Engine (car)Combustion Engine (car) RadioRadio Airplane – Orville and Wilbur WrightAirplane – Orville and Wilbur Wright

Medical – x-rays, vaccinations, Darwin-natural Medical – x-rays, vaccinations, Darwin-natural selectionselection

Factory SystemFactory System Factories became highly efficientFactories became highly efficient Interchangeable parts – Eli WhitneyInterchangeable parts – Eli Whitney Assembly line – Henry FordAssembly line – Henry Ford Factory workers worked long and hard Factory workers worked long and hard

– 16 hour days – young children – – 16 hour days – young children – women worked hard, yet still expected women worked hard, yet still expected to fulfill traditional dutiesto fulfill traditional duties

Charles DickensCharles Dickens

New Economic and Social New Economic and Social PhilosophiesPhilosophies

New Industrialized Class systemNew Industrialized Class system New Aristocrats – wealth from IndustrializationNew Aristocrats – wealth from Industrialization Middle Class – managers, accountants, Middle Class – managers, accountants,

ministers, lawyers, doctorsministers, lawyers, doctors Factory workersFactory workers

Adam SmithAdam Smith – Free Market System – – Free Market System – private ownership; products should be sold private ownership; products should be sold in a free and open market; laissez-faire in a free and open market; laissez-faire capitalism – would lead to better capitalism – would lead to better opportunities to everyoneopportunities to everyone

Karl MarxKarl Marx – German economist and – German economist and philosopherphilosopher Wrote Wrote The Communist ManifestoThe Communist Manifesto – –

foundation of socialism and communismfoundation of socialism and communism Working class would eventually revolt and Working class would eventually revolt and

take control of the means of production take control of the means of production Believed that the government, courts, Believed that the government, courts,

police, church were on the side of the rich police, church were on the side of the rich and against the workersand against the workers

Luddites – British workers that revolted but Luddites – British workers that revolted but some were executed.some were executed.

People began to see the inhumane side People began to see the inhumane side of the factory systemof the factory system

Two Basic OpinionsTwo Basic Opinions Capitalism is good, just needs reform to Capitalism is good, just needs reform to

minimize the bad effects – US, Britainminimize the bad effects – US, Britain Capitalism is bad and needs to be Capitalism is bad and needs to be

replaced (with Socialism) – Russia replaced (with Socialism) – Russia Most of Europe mixed the two: Socialism Most of Europe mixed the two: Socialism

and Capitalismand Capitalism

Capitalism and Enlightenment CombineCapitalism and Enlightenment Combine Britain passes Factory Act of 1883 – Britain passes Factory Act of 1883 –

limited work hours, restricted child labor, limited work hours, restricted child labor, required safe work conditionsrequired safe work conditions

Labor unions were formedLabor unions were formed Eventually improved standard of living and Eventually improved standard of living and

social mobilitysocial mobility Women left factories and returned to Women left factories and returned to

traditional roles in the hometraditional roles in the home Women’s suffrage movementWomen’s suffrage movement

Many however fled Europe to N. and S. Many however fled Europe to N. and S. America looking for improvement or America looking for improvement or escaping cruelties at home.escaping cruelties at home.

In search of Natural ResourcesIn search of Natural Resources European countries exploited their European countries exploited their

colonies for their natural resources; colonies for their natural resources; Europe became extremely wealthy at their Europe became extremely wealthy at their colonies expensecolonies expense

The rest of the world became exposed to The rest of the world became exposed to Europe and European ideasEurope and European ideas

Limited raw materials depleted faster than Limited raw materials depleted faster than at any time in human historyat any time in human history

European JustificationEuropean Justification Europe was very ethnocentric and viewed Europe was very ethnocentric and viewed

other cultures as barbarian and uncivilizedother cultures as barbarian and uncivilized Social Darwinists (Charles Darwin) - the Social Darwinists (Charles Darwin) - the

dominant race would rise to the top – “the dominant race would rise to the top – “the survival of the fittest”; since Britain was the survival of the fittest”; since Britain was the most powerful, then they were superior to most powerful, then they were superior to other racesother races

Rudyard Kipling wrote “White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling wrote “White Man’s Burden” – Europeans had a moral obligation dominate – Europeans had a moral obligation dominate or “teach” other people how to be more or “teach” other people how to be more civilized.civilized.

European Imperialism in IndiaEuropean Imperialism in India India – Mughal Empire – in decline due to fighting India – Mughal Empire – in decline due to fighting

wars and religious conflict (Islam and Hinduism); wars and religious conflict (Islam and Hinduism); European traders already there for tea, sugar, European traders already there for tea, sugar, silk, salt and jutesilk, salt and jute

France and England – rivaled in N. America, France and England – rivaled in N. America, Europe and India (England wins all three)Europe and India (England wins all three)

British East India Company defeat the French in British East India Company defeat the French in the Bengal regionthe Bengal region Continued to weaken MughalsContinued to weaken Mughals Set up administrative regions all throughout IndiaSet up administrative regions all throughout India 1798 – Ceylon (Sri Lanka) falls to Britian1798 – Ceylon (Sri Lanka) falls to Britian Early 1800’s N. India fall to BritainEarly 1800’s N. India fall to Britain

SepoySepoy Indians who worked for BritishIndians who worked for British Became increasingly alarmed by the company’s Became increasingly alarmed by the company’s

progression; did not respect the local customsprogression; did not respect the local customs Sepoys tried to rebel, but was crushedSepoys tried to rebel, but was crushed British parliament steps in and took control of British parliament steps in and took control of

India away from the East India Company; all of India away from the East India Company; all of India became a crown colony; the last Mughal India became a crown colony; the last Mughal emperor was sent into exileemperor was sent into exile

India became model of British imperialism; India became model of British imperialism; upper castes were educated – dreamed of upper castes were educated – dreamed of freeing India from Britainfreeing India from Britain

Indian National Congress – began the path Indian National Congress – began the path toward independence (wouldn’t happen until toward independence (wouldn’t happen until after WWII)after WWII)

European Imperialism in ChinaEuropean Imperialism in China Britain introduced China to opium which leads to Britain introduced China to opium which leads to

a widespread and destructive drug habita widespread and destructive drug habit Manchu emperor issued edict banning the sell or Manchu emperor issued edict banning the sell or

use of opium; seized British Opium in Canton in use of opium; seized British Opium in Canton in 18391839

Opium War – Britain’s military overwhelmed Opium War – Britain’s military overwhelmed China; signed Treaty of Nanjing – Britain was China; signed Treaty of Nanjing – Britain was allowed to expand opium trade in Chinaallowed to expand opium trade in China

1843 – Britain declared Hong Kong as a crown 1843 – Britain declared Hong Kong as a crown possession.possession.

22ndnd Opium War – China Defeated Opium War – China Defeated Britain fought more for trading rights rather than Britain fought more for trading rights rather than

the establishment of coloniesthe establishment of colonies

The world realized that China was weakThe world realized that China was weak The Chinese knew that their government The Chinese knew that their government

was weakwas weak White Lotus Rebellion (failed)White Lotus Rebellion (failed) Taiping Rebellion (failed)Taiping Rebellion (failed)

Sino-French War – lost Vietnam to FranceSino-French War – lost Vietnam to France Sino-Japanese War – gave Japanese Sino-Japanese War – gave Japanese

control of Taiwan and trading rights (Japan control of Taiwan and trading rights (Japan also defeated Korea)also defeated Korea)

Spheres of influence – France, Germany, Spheres of influence – France, Germany, Russia, Britain all had a slice of China; not Russia, Britain all had a slice of China; not quite coloniesquite colonies

The Boxer RebellionThe Boxer Rebellion Boxers – anti-Manchu, anti-European, anti-Boxers – anti-Manchu, anti-European, anti-

Christian; organized themselves in response to Christian; organized themselves in response to the Manchu govt.’s defeatsthe Manchu govt.’s defeats

Used guerilla warfare tactics – slaughtered Used guerilla warfare tactics – slaughtered missionaries and took over foreign embassiesmissionaries and took over foreign embassies

Foreign reinforcement quickly put down the Foreign reinforcement quickly put down the rebellion – Manchus were forced to sign Boxer rebellion – Manchus were forced to sign Boxer Protocol – formally apologize and pay Protocol – formally apologize and pay Europeans and JapaneseEuropeans and Japanese

Manchu Dynasty ended – a republic was Manchu Dynasty ended – a republic was establishedestablished

European Imperialism in JapanEuropean Imperialism in Japan Commodore Matthew Perry shocked Japan Commodore Matthew Perry shocked Japan

out of their isolationism with his steamboatout of their isolationism with his steamboat Treaties that favored USTreaties that favored US

Treaty of KanagawaTreaty of Kanagawa Japanese nationalists revolted against Japanese nationalists revolted against

shogun that signed these treaties and shogun that signed these treaties and restored Emperor Meiji to powerrestored Emperor Meiji to power

Westernization – Japan would emerge as a Westernization – Japan would emerge as a world powerworld power

Universal Military Service of all men – Universal Military Service of all men – samurai warrior class was abolishedsamurai warrior class was abolished

After their own Industrial Revolution, After their own Industrial Revolution, Japan could compete equally with Japan could compete equally with Europe and U.S.Europe and U.S.

Became their own imperial power: Became their own imperial power: Defeated China – controlled Korea and Defeated China – controlled Korea and

Taiwan Taiwan Russo-Japanese War – kicked Russia out Russo-Japanese War – kicked Russia out

of Manchuriaof Manchuria

European Imperialism in AfricaEuropean Imperialism in Africa Between 1807 and 1820 – The slave Between 1807 and 1820 – The slave

trade was abolished (but slavery still trade was abolished (but slavery still existed)existed)

Some former slaves returned to Africa Some former slaves returned to Africa (US Slaves emigrated to Liberia)(US Slaves emigrated to Liberia)

Europe would then turn to control Africa Europe would then turn to control Africa

South AfricaSouth Africa Dutch first established ports in Cape TownDutch first established ports in Cape Town British seized Cape Town and the Boers British seized Cape Town and the Boers

(Dutch) moved interior (Transvaal-(Dutch) moved interior (Transvaal-discovered gold and diamonds)discovered gold and diamonds)

Boer War – British wins and annexed S. Boer War – British wins and annexed S. Africa and gains control over the resources Africa and gains control over the resources (gold and diamonds)(gold and diamonds)

1910 – Union of South Africa – had their 1910 – Union of South Africa – had their own constitution (only white men could own constitution (only white men could vote); African National Congress – effort to vote); African National Congress – effort to oppose British colonialismoppose British colonialism

EgyptEgypt Ottomans Ruled Egypt – very weakOttomans Ruled Egypt – very weak Napoleon tries to conquer – Muhammad Ali Napoleon tries to conquer – Muhammad Ali

defeats French and Ottomans and gains controldefeats French and Ottomans and gains control Ali begins westernization and industrializationAli begins westernization and industrialization Suez Canal construction begins with help of the Suez Canal construction begins with help of the

French (connects Med. Sea with Indian Ocean)French (connects Med. Sea with Indian Ocean) Egypt need money and started selling stock in Egypt need money and started selling stock in

its canal – Britain bought it, and controlled the its canal – Britain bought it, and controlled the canal and moved its way into Egypt (however canal and moved its way into Egypt (however Egyptians remained in political power)Egyptians remained in political power)

France went to Nigeria and Italians became France went to Nigeria and Italians became interested in Africa as wellinterested in Africa as well

Race of Colonization of AfricaRace of Colonization of AfricaBerlin Conference – set up rules of Berlin Conference – set up rules of

European colonization of AfricaEuropean colonization of AfricaAlmost entire continent was Almost entire continent was

colonized by Europe – had direct colonized by Europe – had direct control over colonies (except Britain)control over colonies (except Britain)

Had no concern of boundary lines Had no concern of boundary lines as far as cultural groups and as far as cultural groups and disrupted traditional tribal boundary disrupted traditional tribal boundary lineslines

American RevolutionAmerican Revolution France and Britain battle over lands in N. France and Britain battle over lands in N.

AmericaAmerica French and Indian War (in Europe called the French and Indian War (in Europe called the

Seven Years’ War) – Britain wins and pushes Seven Years’ War) – Britain wins and pushes France to the North and England’s territory France to the North and England’s territory pushed Westwardpushed Westward

Britain wanted colonists to help pay for the warBritain wanted colonists to help pay for the war Acts were passed to increase revenue for the warActs were passed to increase revenue for the war No representation in England’s parliamentNo representation in England’s parliament

Thomas Paine – Common Sense – encouraged Thomas Paine – Common Sense – encouraged colonists to support independence movement colonists to support independence movement

France volunteers to help colonists (to avenge France volunteers to help colonists (to avenge the Seven Years’ War)the Seven Years’ War)

French RevolutionFrench Revolution Huge War Debt – needed to raise taxesHuge War Debt – needed to raise taxes Calls the Estates General meeting (hasn’t Calls the Estates General meeting (hasn’t

met in 175 years)met in 175 years) 11stst Estate – Clergy (church workers) Estate – Clergy (church workers) 22ndnd Estate – Noble families Estate – Noble families 33rdrd Estate – everyone else; 95% of population Estate – everyone else; 95% of population

(peasants, middle class, etc.)(peasants, middle class, etc.)

33rdrd estate unhappy with no new estate unhappy with no new constitutional rights declared themselves constitutional rights declared themselves the National Assembly – storms the Bastille the National Assembly – storms the Bastille (a huge prison); Anarchy begins(a huge prison); Anarchy begins

The Declaration of the Rights of ManThe Declaration of the Rights of Man Abolished feudal systemAbolished feudal system Right to worshipRight to worship Took king and his family to Paris so they Took king and his family to Paris so they

couldn’t interferecouldn’t interfere Creates first modern nation-stateCreates first modern nation-state

National Assembly ratifies a new National Assembly ratifies a new constitution (constitutional monarchy – kept constitution (constitutional monarchy – kept the king as executive power)the king as executive power)

Due to family ties, Austria and Prussia Due to family ties, Austria and Prussia invade France to restore the monarchyinvade France to restore the monarchy

New constitution – Convention – abolished New constitution – Convention – abolished monarchy, France is a republic, Jacobins monarchy, France is a republic, Jacobins imprison royal family and beheads the kingimprison royal family and beheads the king

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror Committee of Public Safety – led by Committee of Public Safety – led by

Maximilien Robespierre and the JacobinsMaximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins Beheaded thousands of French citizens for Beheaded thousands of French citizens for

anti-revolutionary ideasanti-revolutionary ideas

France takes back the Committee and France takes back the Committee and beheads Robespierre; new constitution – beheads Robespierre; new constitution – the Directory – Five man Govt.the Directory – Five man Govt.

One of the men in the Directory was One of the men in the Directory was NapoleonNapoleon

Napoleonic CodeNapoleonic Code Made France an aggressorMade France an aggressor

France (Napoleon) builds an empire France (Napoleon) builds an empire across Europeacross Europe

Invaded Russia but was forced back, Invaded Russia but was forced back, caused the demise of his army and caused the demise of his army and was forced to go into exile – tried to was forced to go into exile – tried to return from exile and attempt to regain return from exile and attempt to regain power but was defeated at Waterloopower but was defeated at Waterloo

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna Tried to rebalance European powersTried to rebalance European powers Restored Monarchs (what France had Restored Monarchs (what France had

worked so hard to overcome)worked so hard to overcome)

Latin America Latin America IndependenceIndependence Haiti – 1Haiti – 1stst independent nation independent nation

90% of population were slaves; 90% of population were slaves; Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture – a Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture – a former slave – leads a Haitian former slave – leads a Haitian revoltrevolt Yellow fever killed many FrenchYellow fever killed many French L’Ouverture was captured, but his L’Ouverture was captured, but his

lieutenant Dessalines, declares lieutenant Dessalines, declares Haiti a republicHaiti a republic

South AmericaSouth America Napoleon appointed his brother to Napoleon appointed his brother to

Spanish crown, however colonists Spanish crown, however colonists remained loyal to their Spanish remained loyal to their Spanish KingKing

Simon Bolivar – appointed leader Simon Bolivar – appointed leader in Venezuelain Venezuela Formed national congress – declared Formed national congress – declared

themselves independent from Spainthemselves independent from Spain Won freedom for Gran ColumbiaWon freedom for Gran Columbia Wanted a huge S. American country Wanted a huge S. American country

(like the U.S.)(like the U.S.)

Jose de San MartinJose de San Martin ArgentinaArgentina Creole Military officer in Spanish ArmyCreole Military officer in Spanish Army Joined O’Higgins of Chile and took the Joined O’Higgins of Chile and took the

revolutionary movement through Chile and Peru revolutionary movement through Chile and Peru (where he joined forces with Bolivar)(where he joined forces with Bolivar)

BrazilBrazil Portuguese family fled to Brazil (Napoleon Portuguese family fled to Brazil (Napoleon

invaded Portugal)invaded Portugal) Pedro – king’s son, considered Brazil his Pedro – king’s son, considered Brazil his

home and when the family returned, he home and when the family returned, he stayed declaring them independent from stayed declaring them independent from PortugalPortugal

Pedro II – coffee exporter; abolished slaveryPedro II – coffee exporter; abolished slavery Landowners revolted and established a Landowners revolted and established a

republicrepublic

Effects of IndependenceEffects of Independence Did not cause widespread freedomDid not cause widespread freedom Slavery and peasants still existedSlavery and peasants still existed No middle classNo middle class Catholic Church was very powerful and Catholic Church was very powerful and

supported the wealthy landownerssupported the wealthy landowners Economies of LA was still dependent Economies of LA was still dependent

on Europe (did not diversify and still on Europe (did not diversify and still participated in Europe’s mercantilism)participated in Europe’s mercantilism)

Chile, Brazil and Argentina were Chile, Brazil and Argentina were exceptionsexceptions

Unification of Italy and Unification of Italy and GermanyGermany

Refer back to the packet Refer back to the packet of Notes you have!!!of Notes you have!!!

Other Political Other Political DevelopmentsDevelopments RussiaRussia

Czars had absolute powerCzars had absolute power Most were serfs with no rightsMost were serfs with no rights Secret police were used to squash Secret police were used to squash

rebellionrebellion Alexander II – Emancipation Edict – Alexander II – Emancipation Edict –

abolished serfdom – serfs were given abolished serfdom – serfs were given land but had to pay huge payments to land but had to pay huge payments to government to keep; some moved to government to keep; some moved to citiescities

Small middle class begin to emergeSmall middle class begin to emerge

Russian artists:Russian artists: Tolstoy – Tolstoy – Anna KareninaAnna Karenina and and War and War and

PeacePeace Dostoyevsky – Dostoyevsky – The Brothers KaramazovThe Brothers Karamazov Tchaikovsky – Tchaikovsky – Swan LakeSwan Lake and and The The

NutcrackerNutcracker Russian intellectual class begin to speak Russian intellectual class begin to speak

against monarchyagainst monarchy Forms The People’s Will and assassinate Forms The People’s Will and assassinate

Alexander IIAlexander II Alexander III – Russification – everyone Alexander III – Russification – everyone

was expected to learn Russian language was expected to learn Russian language and convert to Russian Orthodoxyand convert to Russian Orthodoxy

Nicholas II – Socialists were Nicholas II – Socialists were organizing; suffered loss of organizing; suffered loss of Japanese-Ruso war (lost Japanese-Ruso war (lost Manchuria); Manchuria); Bloody SundayBloody Sunday – troops – troops fired on a peaceful protestfired on a peaceful protest

Czar attempted reforms (created Czar attempted reforms (created prime minister and duma-a body prime minister and duma-a body intended to represent the people); intended to represent the people); reforms were too latereforms were too late

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire Continuous fight with Russia over the Continuous fight with Russia over the

Balkans and the Black Sea.Balkans and the Black Sea. Greece, Egypt, Arabia – successful Greece, Egypt, Arabia – successful

independence movementsindependence movements Crimean War – Britain and France try Crimean War – Britain and France try

to keep the Ottoman Empire going so to keep the Ottoman Empire going so that Russia would not overtake the E. that Russia would not overtake the E. Mediterranean seaMediterranean sea

Russia is defeated in the Crimean WarRussia is defeated in the Crimean War

U.S. Foreign PolicyU.S. Foreign Policy Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine – President Monroe – President Monroe

wanted to ensure that Europe would not wanted to ensure that Europe would not recolonize the Americas; Britain backed up recolonize the Americas; Britain backed up in fear of Spain trying to recolonizein fear of Spain trying to recolonize

Latin America saw this as a way of U.S. Latin America saw this as a way of U.S. imperializing against themimperializing against them

U.S. built Panama Canal – after Panama U.S. built Panama Canal – after Panama was encouraged to declare independence was encouraged to declare independence from Columbiafrom Columbia

Spanish American WarSpanish American War – U.S. helped Cuba – U.S. helped Cuba and Puerto Rico revolutionaries; US and Puerto Rico revolutionaries; US defeated Spanish Navy and gained control defeated Spanish Navy and gained control of Guam, Puerto Rico and Philippines; Cuba of Guam, Puerto Rico and Philippines; Cuba was given independence, in exchange the was given independence, in exchange the US built two naval bases in CubaUS built two naval bases in Cuba

IMPORTANT:IMPORTANT:

Read Pulling It All Read Pulling It All Together: pg 214-216Together: pg 214-216