Impact of Disruptive Enabling Technologies on Creative Education
Not its own industrial sector Enabling Convergent Disruptive
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Transcript of Not its own industrial sector Enabling Convergent Disruptive
• Not its own industrial sector• Enabling • Convergent • Disruptive
Agr
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Vertical industrial sectors
Nanotechnology
Societal implications
Industrial sectors depend on materials and devices made of atoms and molecules, so all can be improved by NS and NT
Time scales
• Protein unfolding:• CPU clock speed:
• Surfactant dynamics:• Molecular collisions:
• Atomic vibrations:
Smaller size faster response
50-100s
10-9 s
10-10 s
10-12 s
10-14 s
Historical Perspectives of the Atom
• Concept of atom 2600 years old. Hindu philosopher: atoms are infinitesimal, indivisible parts of matter
• Estimation of atom size 2200 years ago: 10-10 (0.1 nm)
• Leucippus and Democritus (4th and 5th century): concept of atomism: matter is comprised of “imperceptible, individual particles that differ only in shape and position”
• Modern concept of atom (1660’s): Boyle’s study of gases – matter is “composed of discrete particles, separated by a void”
• Dalton (1805): elements are made of atoms, which can not be divided into smaller particles or destroyed in chemical reactions
– 1 Da: one atomic mass unitDemocritus
Pre-18th Century – Colored Glass
• Roman period (30 BC - 640 AD)– Lycurgus Cup (4th century AD) – gold and silver
nanoparticles responsible for change in color
• Medieval period (500 – 1450 AD)– Stained glass – gold and silver nanoparticles trapped in
glass matrix
• Renaissance Period (1450 – 1600 AD)– Deruta Deramicists – Au, Ag, Cu nanoparticles to produced
colored metallic glazes on pottery
19th Century - Photography
• Humphry Davy (ca. 1800): used light sensitive
compound AgCl for stenciling letters – AgCl
decomposed into Ag NPs when exposed to
light
• Joseph Niepce (1827): first successful
photograph
• Loius Daguerre (1839): first commercially
viable print, daguerreotype
• Tabot (1840): Developed method for coating
paper with AgCl to create first negative
photographic image
• Michael Faraday (1857): First preparation of
gold colloids. He determined that colorful
appearance of colloidal solution due to “gold
reduced to exceedingly fine particles…”
http://www.forensicgenealogy.info/History_of_Photography.html
An early Daguerreotype print
Catalysis
• Early catalysis (ca. 3000 B.C.): Soap as the product of a catalytic process
• Kirschof (late 17th century): first demonstration of controlled catalytic process –acid hydrolysis of starch to produce glucose
• Davy (ca. 1800 ): first demonstration of heterogeneous catalytic reaction – heating of Pt wire in air to produce water
• Sabatier (ca. 1900): discovered process of catalytic hydrogenation – catalysts are composed of “finely divided particles”
Zeolite catalysts (1960): Plank and Rosinski use zeolite to convert petroleum to gasoline more efficiently
http://www.physorg.com
SEM image of molybdenum disulfide produced by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
20th Century – pre-1950
• Mie Theory (1908): Theory of light scattering that related optical properties of particles to their size.
• Electron microscope (1931): Knott and Ruska - enabled visual observation of objects smaller than wavelength of visible light
• Transistor (1947): Bardeen, Shockley and Brattain – beginning of microelectronics
The transistor developed at Bell Labs in 1947
ww
w.porticus.org
20th Century – 1950’s
• Erwin Mueller (1951) improves electron microscope and becomes the first man to “see” an atom.
• Discovery of DNA (1953): Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin
• Tunneling Phenomena (1958): Leo Esaki discovered that electrons could “tunnel” through a potential barrier
• “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” (1959): Feynman lecture that posed the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale
http://abyss.uoregon.edu
20th Century – 1960’s
• Ferrofluids (1960): NASA researchers discover nanosized magnetic iron particles in solution could be controlled with magnet
– Hard drives– Sensors– Drug delivery– Hazardous waste clean up
ww
w.cm
g.o
rg
Illustration of Moore’s Law
Nanoscale ferromagnetic particles in synthetic oil controlled by magnetic field
http://www.slipperybrick.com
• Moore’s Law (1965): Gordon Moore noted that number of transistors per IC had doubled every two years
20th Century – 1970’s
• John People’s Gaussian software (1970): Pioneered the use of computers to predict behavior of atoms and molecules
• First use of term “Nanotechnology” (1974): Norio Taniguchi in reference to “production of technology to get extra high accuracy and ultra fine dimensions . . . on the order of 1 nanometer.”
• Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (1977):Light scattering technique used for nanoscale study of chemical reactions of molecules in electrochemistry, catalysis, materials synthesis, and biochemistry
http://www.eiclabs.com
SERS: To enhance emitted light from a molecule it can be attached to a metallic surface.
20th Century – 1980’s
• Self-assembled monolayers (SAMS)
– Jacob Sagiv (1980) – octadecyltrichlorosilane assembly on glass
– David Allara (1983) – monolayer assembly of thiol groups on gold
• Scanning tunneling microscope (1981): Binning and Rohrer – allowed observation and control of nanoscale particles, atoms, and molecules
http://ww
w.ifm
.liu.se/
Monolayer assembly on gold surface in thiol solution
STM image of Si(111) surface
http://www.omicron.de
20th Century – 1980’s
• The “Buckyball” (1985): Smalley, Curl,
and Heath – Discovered C60
nanoparticle
• Atomic Force Microscope (1986):
Binning and Gerber – 3-D images of
surface topography at high
magnification
http://www.udel.edu
C-60 molecule
AFM image of biopolymer surface
20th Century – 1980’s
• Single-electron tunneling transistor (1987):
Fulton and Dolan build first nanodevice to
demonstrate controlled movement of individual
electrons
• Quantum Dots (1988): Brus et. al., nano-sized
crystal semiconductor materials that
demonstrate quantum confinement effect
CdSe nanocrystals by Rosenthal group
http://www.ptb.de
A SET by PTB group in Germany
20th Century – 1990’s
• Manipulation of atoms (1990): Eigler and Schweizer used STM to arrange individual Xe atoms on surface
• Discovery of carbon nanotubes (1991): Sumio Iilima at NEC discovered multiwalled CNTs. Two years later signle-wall CNTs were fabricated at IBM
Standing-wave patterns in the local density of states of Fe adatoms on Cu(111) surface.
http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/stm.html
http://www.almaden.ibm.com/st/past_projects/nanotubes/
SWCNT
20th Century – 1990’s
• Inorganic materials assembled from DNA and gold colloids (1996): Mirkin and Letsinger - Bio-inorganic architecture at the nanoscale
• Development of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (1999): Mirkin uses AFM tip to write with chemicals at the nanoscale
www.llnl.gov
Dip-Pen Lithography patterns