Nosocomial Infection

Nosocomial infection


outlines• What is meant by nosocomial infections?

• Methods of transmission of nosocomial infections.

• Which bacteria can cause nosocomial infections?

• What are the sites of nosocomial infections?

• Problems of nosocomial infections.

• Control & prevention


What is meant by Nosocomial infection?

It is hospital-acquired infection.

It comes from two Greek words:

1-(Nous) means : Disease.

2-(Komeion)means: To take care of.


Definition cont

These infections appear:

- 48 hours or more after hospital admission.

- Within 30 days after discharge.


Methods of transmission

• Contact transmission.

• Droplet transmission.

• Airborne transmission.

• Common vehicle transmission.

• Vector borne transmission.


Contact transmission

The most common method & it has two types: Direct-contact transmission.

- Physical transfer of microorganisms between the host and infected person.

Indirect-contact transmission.

- contact of the host with a contaminated intermediate object


Methods of transmission cont• Droplet transmission.- Germs from droplets deposit on the host’s body.

• Airborne transmission.- Droplets from the patient remain

suspended in air for along period of time.

- Dust particles contain the infectious agent.


Methods of transmission cont

• Common vehicle transmission.

• Vector borne transmission.


Bacteria causing nosocomial infection

Gram-positive bacteria:1- Staphylococcus aureus:

2- Enterococci:


Bacteria cont Gram-negative bacteria:1- E-coli:

2- Enteric gram negative rods:


Bacteria cont

3- Coagulase-negative staphylococci:

4- Pseudomonas aeruginosa :


Factors predisposing a patient to nosocomial infections:

• Immunodeficiency.

• Chronic pulmonary disease.


Factors cont

• Patient’s treatment.

• Recurrent blood transfusion.

• Chronic anaemia.


Sites of nosocomial infection

• Urinary tact infection.

• Surgical site infection.

• Nosocomial pneumonia.

• Bacteraemia.


Sites cont

• Urinary tact infection.

- The most common site for nosocomial infections. - Symptoms: Doudy offensive urine.

• Nosocomial pneumonia.- Occurs especially in patients depend on

ventilators in intensive care units.


Sites cont

• Surgical site infection.

- Usually acquired during the operation itself.

- The main risk factor is: The extent of contamination during the surgery.

• Bacteraemia.

- Occasionally , Bacteria infecting urinary tract invade the blood stream to cause septicemia.


Problems of nosocomial infection

• Prolong of hospitalization.

• Nosocomial infections are costly. Many countries spend much money :

- USA: 4.5 billion dollars per year.

- England: 3.6 million pounds per year.


Problems cont

• Delaying wound healing.

• Delaying rehabilitation.

• Causing mortality.


Problems cont

• Increasing exposure to antimicrobial therapy and its potential adverse effects.


prevention

• Handwashing.

• Cleaning surrounding environment.

- Sterilization of equipments used in the hospital .


Prevention cont

• Gloves

• Aprons.

- Play an important role in reducing risk of transmission of microorganisms.


Prevention cont

• Patient isolation.prevent transmission of microorganisms from patient to

other patients , health-care workers & visitors.

• Vaccination of health care workers.


Control of nosocomial infection

• Controlling nosocomial pneumonia.

• Controlling surgical wounds infection.


Control cont• Controlling blood stream infection.


Thank You

Nosocomial Infection

Documents

Transcript of Nosocomial Infection