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![Page 1: North of Tyne anti-platelet guidelines: use in primary care Jane S Skinner Consultant Community Cardiologist.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cef5503460f949bd096/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
North of Tyne anti-platelet guidelines: use in primary care
Jane S Skinner
Consultant Community Cardiologist
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Purpose of the presentation
• To summarise key points for treatment with anti-platelet agents in primary care North of Tyne
• To include some key evidence to support the recommendations
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Which anti-platelet agents are prescribed in primary care?
• Aspirin
• Thienopyridines– Clopidogrel– Prasugrel
• Dipyridamole
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Indications for anti-platelet agents in primary care
• Secondary prevention in atheromatous vascular disease– Coronary disease– Cerebrovascular disease– Peripheral arterial disease
• Atrial fibrillation
• Primary prevention
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Secondary prevention
• Aspirin 75 mg daily– First line, long term treatment– Not enteric coated– In some patients a higher dose may be
recommended from specialist care eg after CABG
• Clopiodgrel 75 mg od – Only if aspirin is contra-indicated eg allergy
• Combination anti-platelet agents
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Absolute effects of anti-platelet therapy on vascular events
0
5
10
15
20
25
Previous MI Acute MI Previous stroke/TIA
Acute stroke
Other high risk
13.5%
17.0%
10.4%
14.2%
17.8%
21.4%
8.2%9.1%
8.1%
10.2%
Adj
uste
d %
vas
cula
r ev
ents
ATC BMJ 2002;324:71
Anti-plateletPlacebo
Mean months of treatment 27 1 29 0.7 22
Aspirin reduced the risk of serious vascular events (non-fatal MI, non fatal
stroke or vascular death) by about a quarter (ATC BMJ 2002;324:71)
In a more recent meta-analysis aspirin reduced the risk of serious vascular
events by 19% (Lancet 2009;373:1849-60)
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19,185 patients recent acute MI, recent acute ischaemic stroke or
symptomatic PAD
Aspirin 325 mg od versus clopidogrel 75 mg od
CAPRIE Lancet 1996;348:1329-39
Annual risk of a major vascular event 5.32% with clopidogrel vs 5.83% with aspirinNo major differences in terms of safety
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Dyspepsia with aspirin• Review and modify other contributory factors
– Excess alcohol– NSAIDs, steroids
• Investigate if appropriate
• Take aspirin with food
• Reduce aspirin dose to 75 mg od
• Use aspirin in combination with a PPI
• Do not switch to enteric coated
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Recurrent GI bleeding; aspirin plus PPI vs clopidogrel
0
2
4
6
8
10
Recurrent ulcer bleeding Lower GI bleeding
Probability of recurrent bleeding at 12 months
(%)
Aspirin 80mg od plus esomeprazole 20mg bd (n=159)
Clopidogrel 75mg od plus placebo (n=161)
NEJM 2005;352:238-44
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Key messages in long term secondary prevention
• Aspirin first line– Individual high risk patients, clopidogrel on consultant recommendation
• Allergic to aspirin – Consider clopidogrel
• Dyspepsia with aspirin– Routine measures
– Consider the addition of a PPI
• History of upper GI bleeding or ulcer with aspirin– Heal ulcer, HP erradication
– Addition of PPI to aspirin
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Combination anti-platelet agents
• Aspirin plus thienopyridine– Clopidogrel– Prasugrel
• Aspirin plus dipyridamole
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PLATELET ACTIVATION
Cyclo-oxygense
Plaque ruptureOther sources
Eg damaged endothelium
ADP RELEASE ADP RELEASE ADP RELEASE
PLATELET ADP RECEPTOR
PLATELET AGGREGATION
ASPIRIN
THIENOPYRIDINE
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Groups to consider
• Coronary artery disease
• Cerebrovascular disease
• After a recent acute vascular event
• After intervention
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Patients with acute MI• Thienopyridine plus aspirin
– ST elevation MI and unstable angina / non ST elevation MI
– With or without percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
– Irrespective of type of stent• Bare metal or drug eluting
• Routinely for 12 months
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NEJM 2001;345:494NEJM 2001;345:494
Aspirin vs aspirin plus clopidogrel in ACS without ST elevation
Aspirin vs aspirin plus clopidogrel in ACS without ST elevation
Clopidogrel + ASA
Clopidogrel + ASA
33 66 99
Placebo + ASA
Placebo + ASA
Months of Follow-UpMonths of Follow-Up
11.4%11.4%
9.3%9.3%
20% RRRP < 0.001
N = 12,562
20% RRRP < 0.001
N = 12,562
00 12120.000.00
0.020.02
0.040.04
0.060.06
0.080.08
0.100.10
0.120.12
0.140.14
Cu
mu
lati
ve H
azar
d R
ate
Cu
mu
lati
ve H
azar
d R
ate Δ2.1%Δ2.1%
Excess of 1 life-threatening and 6 major bleeds per 1000 patients treated with clopidogrelExcess of 1 life-threatening and 6 major bleeds per 1000 patients treated with clopidogrel
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Stable patients having elective PCI
• Aspirin 75 mg od plus• Bare metal stent
– Clopidogrel 75 mg od for 1 month (up to 12 months on cardiologist advice)
• Drug eluting stent – Clopidogrel 75 mg od for 12 months then review
• Left main stem stent– Clopidogrel 75 mg od lifelong unless advised by a
cardiologist
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Clopidogrel or prasugrel in combination with aspirin?
• Clopidogrel in many• Prasugrel
– May be substituted for clopidogrel in some, always started in hospital
• Prasugrel only in selected patients having PCI– Primary PCI for STEMI– Stent thrombosis occurred whilst treated with clopidgrel– Diabetes– Not if higher risk of bleeding, or after previous stroke
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0
5
10
15
0 90 180 270 360 450
HR 0.81(0.73-0.90)P=0.0004
Prasugrel
Clopidogrel
Days
End
poin
t (%
)
12.1
9.9
HR 1.32(1.03-1.68)P=0.03
Prasugrel
Clopidogrel1.82.4
1o EP: CV Death / MI / Stroke
TIMI Major NonCABG Bleeds
TITAN
Wiviott et al., NEJM 2007; 357: 2001-5
TRITON-TIMI 38
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Aspirin vs aspirin and clopidogrel in stable patients
CHARISMA New Engl J Med 2006;354
p=0.22
Primary Efficacy Outcome = MI, Stroke, or CV Death)
Median follow up 28 mths
Moderate bleeding2.1% clopidogrel vs 1.3% placebo
Initiation of combination treatment with aspirin and clopidogrel is not
recommended in stable patients with vascular disease
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MHRA Drug Safety Update July 2009
MHRA Drug Safety Update April 2010
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MHRA Drug safety update April 2010
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O’Donoghie et al. Lancet 2009;374:989-997
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CV
dea
th, M
I or
str
oke
Days
CLOPIDOGREL PPI vs no PPI: Adj HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.80-1.11
PPI use at randomization (n= 4529)
Clopidogrel
Prasugrel
PRASUGREL PPI vs no PPI: Adj HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.84-1.20
Primary endpoint stratified by use of PPI
O’Donoghie et al. Lancet 2009;374:989-997
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Key messages for combination of aspirin and thienopyridine in CAD
• Initiated in hospital– After MI / unstable angina
– After PCI
• Duration depends on:– Whether MI / unstable angina
– Type of stent if elective PCI
• Not continued long term (beyond 12 months) with some exceptions – Advised by cardiologist
• Do not stop early without discussing with a cardiologist
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Patients after acute ischaemic stroke
• Aspirin 75 mg od and dipyridamole MR 200 mg bd after acute ischaemic stroke
• Dipyridamole – For at least 2 years, but may be continued indefinitely – Relatively poorly tolerated: GI S/E, dizziness, myalgia, headache,
hypotension, hot flushes and tachycardia– Might be limited to higher risk patients on specialist advice– No benefit in reducing coronary events
• If aspirin allergy / not tolerated– Clopiodgrel monotherapy not dipyridamole monotherapy
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ESPRIT• Patients
– 1363 aspirin plus dipyridamole 200mg bd (extended release in 83%)
– 1376 aspirin alone
• Mean dose aspirin 75 mg od (range 30 to 325)• Mean follow up 3.5 years• Primary outcome
– Vascular death, non fatal MI, non fatal stroke, major bleeding complication
ESPRIT Lancet 2006;367:1665-73
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ESPRIT main results
ESPRIT Lancet 2006;367:1665-73
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MATCH
• 7599 patients• Ischaemic stroke or TIA within last 3 months
plus 1+ previous ischaemic stroke, MI, angina, diabetes, symptomatic PAD in last 3 years
• Aspirin plus placebo vs aspirin plus clopidogrel• Primary outcome: ischaemic stroke, MI,
vascular death, or rehospitalistation for acute ischaemic event
MATCH Lancet 2004;364:331-337
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MATCH Lancet 2004;364:331-337
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Carotid stenting
• Planned in secondary care
• Aspirin 75 mg od plus clopidogrel 75 mg od for 4 weeks after the procedure– Aspirin long term
• Usually Aspirin 75 mg od plus clopidogrel 75 mg od for 7 days before the procedure
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Key messages for anti-platelet agents in patients with acute
ischaemic stroke / TIA• National Clinical Guidelines for stroke• Aspirin and dipyridamole standard secondary
prevention treatment following ischaemic stroke
• For patients unable to tolerate dipyridamole – Aspirin alone
• For patients unable to tolerate aspirin– Clopidogrel alone
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Primary prevention• Not licensed
• Recent meta-analysis (ATT collaboration. Lancet 2009;373:1849-60)– 12% proportional reduction in serious vascular events
with aspirin compared to placebo, due mainly to a reduction in non fatal MI by 23%
– Absolute reduction: 0.51% vs 0.57% per year– Increased risk of GI and major extracranial bleeds
0.1% vs 0.07% per year
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ATT collaboration. Lancet 2009;373:1849-60
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ATT collaboration. Lancet 2009;373:1849-60
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Key messages for aspirin in primary prevention
• Less frequently recommended now• Might consider in those at very high risk, but
only after considering the risks and benefits• Only consider if blood pressure is controlled <
150/90• High risk patients intolerant of other
preventative treatment such as statins may have more to gain
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Anti-platelet agents and surgery• Minor surgery
– Low bleeding risk, bleeding can be easily managed
– Anti-platelet agents do not need to be withdrawn
• Endoscopy patients
• Major surgery– Assess risks and benefits
– Clopidogrel is more likely to cause significant bleeding problems
– Seek specialist advice, especially with combination agents and with prior stents
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Other issues
• Anti-platelet agents and anticoagulants
• Anti-platelet agents with NSAIDs
• Thromboembolic prophylaxis in patients with AF– Warfarin vs aspirin– Dependent on thrombo-embolic risk– Taking into account the risk of bleeding
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Thrombo-embolic prophylaxis in AF: Anti-platelet agents vs anticoagulation
• Use ‘scoring’ system to assess risk of thrombo-embolism
• Take into account bleeding risk and patient preferences when agreeing treatment
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Summary
• Anti-platelet agents for prevention in patients with or at risk of vascular disease– Indications – Risks
• Single agents
• Combination agents