NORTH CAROLINA OCEAN ENERGY - NCBIWA Energy Alternatives.pdfMARINE HYDROKINETIC ENERGY Global...
Transcript of NORTH CAROLINA OCEAN ENERGY - NCBIWA Energy Alternatives.pdfMARINE HYDROKINETIC ENERGY Global...
NORTH CAROLINA OCEAN ENERGY
Nicholas De Gennaro PhD PE D&D Civil & Coastal Engineering
Mike Muglia North Carolina Coastal Studies Institute
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Introduction -- The NC offshore NC Energy resource
and presentation objective
Marine Hydrokinetic- Western Boundary Current
Marine Hydrokinetic –Ocean Thermal Energy
Wind
Petroleum
Summary
Conclusion
MARINE HYDROKINETIC ENERGY
Global potential
Form Annual
generation
Tidal energy >300 TWh
Marine current power >800 TWh
Osmotic power Salinity gradient 2,000 TWh
Ocean thermal energy Thermal gradient 10,000 TWh
Wave energy 8,000–80,000 TWh
Source: IEA-OES, Annual Report 2007[3]
How Much Energy is Available from Marine Renewable Resources?
MHE North Carolina Western Boundry Current -Part of the
Coastal Studies Institute Renewable Ocean Energy Program
Gulf Stream underwater turbines
Wind
Waves
Offshore Energy Storage
Ocean Thermal
Oil and Gas
Extensive Observations and Modeling:
This work gives us information on the potential of offshore energy
Extensive Ocean
ObservationsJennette’s Pier: Wave energy test site
Waverider Buoy: Real time wave measurements
CODAR HF Radar Sites: Long distance ocean
surface current measurements
WERA HF Radar Sites: High resolution ocean
surface current measurements
Moored 150 kHz ADCP: Long-term full water
column ocean current measurements
Moored 300 kHz ADCP: Long-term full water
column ocean current measurements
RV Neil Armstrong Transects: Benthic mapping,
several ocean/atmospheric measurements
METS Buoy
Glider Paths
North Carolina
Expanding Observing Capabilities
Innovative System Components
o A Hermetically Sealed Magnetically Geared MHK Generator and NC Manufacturing for Source Laminated Steel Parts for Use in Magnetic Gear Assembly
o Tethered Co-axil Turbines for Hydrokinetic Energy Harvesting
Gears, Controls, and InterfacesNC State Research
• Bio-mediated Soil for Mitigation of Scour at Foundation Supporting MHK Devices in Marine Environment
• Load Capacity Model & Durability of Micropiles Anchoring MHK Devices
• Structural Health Monitoring of Micropiles for Anchoring MHK off the NC Coast
• Instability of MHK Structure on Sloping Seabed Coupled with Evolving Morphology Due to Sediment Transport
• Dynamically Coupling the Impact of MHK Devices on Wave Field & Sediment Transport
Innovative System ComponentsAnchoring Systems and Seabed Stability
Geotechnical Research
Marine Hydrokinetic Energy
Concept
Gulf Stream Current
Energy Extraction System
Important engineering considerations include
the type of turbine, mooring, and anchoring
system to be used;
the total water depth and bottom type
where turbines will be installed;
the current variations with depth;.
The Largest
Solar Collector is the Ocean
Approximately 1016 watts (10,000 tetra watts) of solar
power reaches the earth’s surface, while the power level
demanded by modern civilization is 1013 watts.
The sun provides us with well over 1000 times more
energy then is needed by all of civilization, thus all we
need to do is harness 0.1 percent of the sun’s energy
reaching the earth for all our energy needs.
The productive ocean region for OTEC is where the surface water is between
78 and 82F all year and the underlying water is between 35 and 40F.
A temperature difference of only 36°F can yield usable energy.
Take for example the Gulf Stream off the North Carolina coast;
it has been estimated that OTEC units spaced a mile apart in
this current and operating with an efficiency of only 2%, could
produce 30 x 1012 kw/hr per year - 13 times the total U.S.
consumption of electric power in 2015 continuous with no
down time.
History
Over the past one hundred years, several small OTEC
plants have been built
The idea was first proposed by D’Arsonval in 1881, but it
was his student, another French physicist, Georges
Claude, who put the idea into practice. In the 1920’s and
1930’s, Claude built and tested several small
experimental ocean thermal power plants
The operation of an OTEC plant requires
no special scientific challenge as its basic
processes are well understood
Just as a fossil fuel
plant runs on hot
combustion, The
OTEC plant runs on
heat from the ocean.
In both plants there is
a “working fluid”.
The fossil fuel plant
uses water and the
OTEC system uses a
fluid with a lower
boiling point, like R717
or ammonia. In both
plants the working
fluid must be cooled
after it has expanded
and driven the
turbines.
Concept -Floating OTEC Plant An OTEC plant might
be built on a large
floating platform
measuring perhaps
400 feet in diameter
and extending several
hundred feet down
into the water.
The location of the
OTEC plants in a
common environment
should make it
possible to mass
produce their
components - to build
them all to one set of
specifications.
A 100 MW floating OTEC plant
already has been designed.
the most challenging comonent of
and plant is the Cold Water Pipeline
1000 meters long would have a 10
meter (diameter.
Lockheed Martin has developed a
method of fabricating this fiberglass
pipe while on a floating OTEC
platform at sea.
OTEC----- LAND BASED
There may be a potential advantage associated with pumping large quantities of cold
water to the surface. This deep water could cool surface water which may reduce the
intensity of hurricanes and reverse some of the ocean temperature rise.
WIND -- Expectation & Development
We often hear:
Offshore wind power can help to reduce energy imports,
reduce air pollution and greenhouse gases
(by displacing fossil-fuel power generation)
And It will, create jobs and local business opportunities.
Hard to argue against these statements –
OFF SHORE WIND HISTORY
Europe is the world leader in offshore wind power, with
the first offshore wind farm being installed in Denmark in
1991.
By January 2014, 69 offshore wind farms had been
constructed in Europe with an average annual rated
capacity of 482 MW for a total of 16GW (16,000MW)
At the end of 2017, the total worldwide offshore wind
power capacity was 19 GW.
All the largest offshore wind farms are currently in
northern Europe, especially in the United Kingdom
Denmark and Germany, which together account for over
75% of the total offshore wind power installed
worldwide.
As of September 2018, the 659 MW Walney
Extension in the United Kingdom is the largest
offshore wind farm in the world.
Technology & FoundationsThe size and capacity off each turbine unit is
continuing to increase. The average offshore
wind turbine installed in 2014 had a 377 foot
diameter rotor on a 279 foot tall tower.
The average capacity of offshore wind turbines
installed in 2014 was 3.4 MW.
In 2017 Westermost Rough was the first
offshore wind farm in the world to make
commercial use of 6 MW turbines with 75 meter
blades (490 foot diameter) standing 600 feet
above the water surface.
How Huge is 600 Feet?
Offshore turbines require different types of bases for
stability, according to the depth of water. To date a
number of different solutions exist:
A monopile (single column) base, six meters in
diameter, is used in waters up to 30 meters deep.
Gravity Base Structures, for use at exposed sites in
water 20–80 m deep.
Tripod suction caisson structures, in water 20-80m
deep.
Conventional steel jacket structures, as used in the
oil and gas industry, in water 20-80m deep.
For locations with depths over about 60–80 m, fixed
foundations are uneconomical or technically
unfeasible, and floating wind turbine anchored to the
ocean floor are needed.
Construction of Monopiles
At the end of 2011, the European
Wind Energy Association had set a
target of 40 GW installed by 2020
however as of 2018 there is 19 GW
world wide
The Dogger Bank originally
projected to produce up to 9 GW of
power in 2012, was scaled down to
7.2 GW in 2014
and again scaled down even further
to 4.8 GW in 2016
It is not yet under construction.
Block Island project- The first and only
offshore wind farm constructed in the
USA.
It is the 30-megawatt,
5 turbine system,
It went online in 2017
using 6 Megawatt Turbines
OFFSHORE WIND IN THE UNITED STATES
The project was fully designed and permitted by
2012. It went to bid for construction in 2014.
Firms from the US did not win one contract
– Semans ( a German company) won most of the
mechanical work.
The project is still not slated to start construction.
No power company would come forward to make
the PAA. The project is in limbo and may not be
constructed after spending millions of dollars in
grants and public funding.
Cape Wind is the only large scale wind farm
designed and fully permitted but it is not yet
constructed.
If the project is constructed, it will have a maximum
generating capacity of 478 MW using 3 MW
turbines.
Delaware took steps to develop offshore wind power, selecting Blue Water Wind
to construct a 200 MW facility in 2012. As of this date no offshore work has been
implemented.
In Maine, a deal to build a wind farm fell apart after the state’s governor elected to
reopen the bidding process to other developers.
A Norwegian energy company, Statoil originally won the project.
In 2008 New Jersey had a goal of installing 1000MW of offshore wind
energy by 2013. NJ selected Deepwater Wind to build a 350 MW facility
and offered rebates and tax incentives. To date no offshore progress has
been made after spending millions.
Proposed Off Shore Wind in North Carolina
A Spanish energy conglomerate won the rights
to develop an offshore wind farm off Kitty Hawk
with a $9 million bid to the federal government.
Kitty Hawk could be the first of several
commercial-scale offshore wind farms in NC.
There are two other North Carolina leasing units,
Wilmington East and Wilmington West, that will
be offered for lease at a later time.
The Kitty Hawk auction goes back to 2010,
when the agency began working to identify
suitable ocean parcels for wind farm
development in NC
However – A Temporary Moratorium on Wind
Projects is Proposed in North Carolina
Legislature
There are reasons why the projected progress of offshore wind power has not
progressed as predicted. But I don’t have time nor is it the scope to get into those
reasons here.
But our objective in this presentation is to see how the renewable technologies such as
discussed earlier and wind can move forward.
So how can offshore wind power and MHK become beneficial and move forward in
the US and especially in NC?
At this time the US wind industry cannot compete economically with the
EU.
As of January 2017, German wind turbine manufacturer Siemens and
Danish wind turbine manufacturer Vestas together have installed 80% of
the world's offshore wind power capacity.
In order for the offshore wind industry in the US to become competitive
the wind and petroleum industries should cooperate and combine
technology and resources.
In further cooperation, since the wind and petro industry have significant
funding and production in place, they should be required to contribute to
research and prototype facilities of other alternatives such as Marine
Hydrokinetic as part of the their continued development.
This way all forms of energy would have a seat at the table.
This may reduce the competition and bickering among groups since no
viable forms of energy production will left out.
How would this work?????
First we must realize that there is no such thing as wind energy by
itself.
This is because wind energy is unpredictable and has an
uncontrolled output.
Therefore wind energy must be permanently paired with a
balancing secondary fuel source, which almost always is Gas (i.e.
natural gas) or a storage technology.
So, what actually exists
in the real world is a Wind+Gas/storage package.
In other words, the more wind we have, the more other sources
must be developed.
At this time we have the two divergent camps and they fight each other
continuously; one wanting renewables the other pushing forward on petroleum.
This conflict drives up the cost of both technologies without additional befit and
with long delays in implementation.
The take away here is petroleum and wind can be synergistic and also be
helpful to upcoming and new technologies which will not have production plants
for a least 15 years and reach full maturity for 30 years.
Offshore Wind Farms could be a power
source and petroleum platforms
The Gullfaks and Snorre fields on
the Norwegian Continental Shelf
are working on powering the
offshore gas industry with
offshore wind power from floating
offshore wind turbines.
This is the first time an offshore
wind farm is directly connected to
oil and gas platforms.
The aim of the project is to
reduce the use of gas turbines by
supplying the platforms with wind
power.
Developers are experimenting with different designs in the
hope of driving down costs.
Such as Foundations that twist three piles around a central
column, similar to structures used for offshore oil and gas
platforms.
As turbines get larger, these multi-pile designs may be more
stable and cost effective.
Given the similarity between the foundations
and substructures needed for offshore wind development
and those used by the oil and gas industry, combining the
existing manufacturing workforce and infrastructure
technology can make the US offshore wind program
completive with the EU.
Foundation Development
As with off shore petroleum, Turbines are
much less accessible when offshore
(requiring the use of a service vessel for
routine access, and a jack up rig for
heavy service such as gearbox
replacement).
Maintenance organizations perform
maintenance and repairs of the
components.
Some wind farms located far from
possible onshore bases have service
teams living on site in offshore
accommodation units similar to those
used by the petroleum industry.
Access to turbines is by helicopter or service
access vessel.
Petroleum Resource Verification
Big movements in the price of oil can have significant effects in the general economy
countries with the most oil within their borders are set to benefit as demand for crude
continues to rise.
It is important to determine if there is a significant petroleum resource off our coast. Then
we can make informed decisions on the energy sources that should be developed.
Then the issue of seismic testing surfaces.
Before I get into some of the perceived environment impacts of seismic survey, I would
like us to understand that LD completed surveys forty years ago with no environmental
impacts or public concern.
Similar more comprehensive seismic surveys will be needed to understand the
subsurface conditions to design the piling system to support for offshore wind turbines
and there does not seem to be public concern for these surveys.
There is strong evidence that man made air blast impulses required for
seismic surveys, have no significant effect on marine mammals.
The most comprehensive research studies were conducted by
Woodside Institute in 2007 in and around Scott Reef off of the north
west Australia coast.
Additionally:
Studies were done by leading researchers from all over the world.
They examined the impacts of a seismic survey on marine life and
concluded that it caused:
• no significant, long-term impact on fish behavior in either caged or
wild fish
• no hearing impacts (temporary or permanent) in fish
• no long-term effects on fish or coral populations
• no observed physiological effects or mortality in other marine fauna.
Seismic Testing Impacts
In Canada in 2004, teams of scientists prepared
major literature reviews of the primary and
secondary literature that reported on experimental
studies and field monitoring of the effects of sound,
particularly seismic sound, on marine organisms.
These have been published as a Review of
Scientific Information on Impacts of Seismic Sound
on Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Turtles and Marine
Mammals.
These studies have not found evidence that
suggests any link between seismic surveys and
adverse impacts on marine life.
Environmental Impacts of Seismic Testing
Final Summary
There does not seem to be any logical reason to impede the required
seismic survey necessity to determine the structures required for wind
turbine foundations or the available petroleum resource
Since the wind and petroleum industry have significant funding, as part
of the continued development of the these energy sources they should
be required to contribute to research, prototype, and production
facilities of other alternatives such as Marine Hydrokinetics (Ocean
Thermal Energy and Energy Current Turbines).
Such cooperation would save money, time, and reduce political
controversy.
It would increase our energy resource development more efficiently.
.
CONCLUSIONS
One of the important conclusions that we confirmed with this research is that
each of the presented alternates have positive attributes and pit falls.
But also each of the alternatives have unique qualities that can be used for the
benefit of the other alternatives.
If the public and legislators allow a coordinated effort among the energy sources
to work together and share cost instead of a fight for total control all will benefit.
The overall cost energy will be reduced and work will be implemented sooner.
Nicholas De Gennaro PhD PE & Mike Muglia
It takes an enormous number of wind turbines to even
roughly approximate the average output of a single gas
well. For example (see here), to match the energy
output of the One offshore gas well, it would take 7700
offshore wind turbines —
covering an area the size of the state of Rhode Island!
There is much more offshore oil and gas activity on
Australia’s west coast than on its east coast, but the
rates of humpback population increase are almost
identical. There is no evidence that seismic surveys off
Western Australia have harmed Australia’s humpback
whale populations.
Summary-Benefits and Opportunities of OTEC
Immense Resource: OTEC is solar power, using the oceans as a thermal storage system for 24-hour production. Unlike other
renewable energies, the maximum available energy from OTEC is not limited by land, shorelines, water, environmental impact,
human impact, etc.
Baseload Power: OTEC produces electricity continuously, 24 hours a day throughout the entire year. Large, baseload OTEC plants
could actually start to replace fossil-fuel-fired power plants without compromising grid stability.
Dispatchable Power: OTEC is dispatchable, meaning that its power can be ramped up and down quickly (in a matter of seconds) to
compensate for fluctuating power demand or supply from intermittent renewables. For this reason, OTEC is complementary to other
renewables like solar and wind, and could enable further penetration on the grid while helping to maintain its stability.
Security: OTEC offers the opportunity of tapping an immense energy resource that is not controlled by other nations.
Renewable: OTEC is conservatively believed to be sustainable at four or more times man’s current total electrical energy production.
Electricity without CO2
Additional Product's: Cold nutrient rich sea water can be used for aquaculture potable water air conditioning Fuel productions –
electrolysis of sea water can produce hydrogen fuel . When burned will produce H2O
Clean Energy: OTEC has the potential of being a very clean alternative energy – unique for a firm power source capable of providing
massive energy needs. The environmental risk with OTEC is very low.
Offshore: OTEC production occurs offshore. Land resources are not needed other than for on-shore landing. OTEC is not competing
for other vital resources such as food and fresh water.
Europe has poured $1.2 trillion into the green energy
industry to fight global warming, but its carbon dixoide
(CO2) emissions and power bills just keep rising. The
German government estimates that it will spend over
$1.1 trillion financially supporting wind power, even
though building wind turbines hasn’t achieved the
government’s goal of actually reducing carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions to slow global warming.
Extensive Observations and Modeling informs offshore energy development:
● Gulf Stream underwater turbines
● Wind
● Waves
● Offshore Energy Storage
● Device testing
● Oil and Gas
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a process that can produce electricity by using the
temperature difference between deep cold ocean water and warm tropical surface waters. OTEC
plants pump large quantities of deep cold seawater and surface seawater to run a power cycle and
produce electricity. OTEC is firm power (24/7), a clean energy source, environmentally
sustainable and capable of providing massive levels of energy
The heat exchanger test facility is a 40′-tall tower that
supports up to three different evaporators, three
different condensers, 24″ seawater piping, and an
accurately instrumented ammonia working fluid piping
system with two pumps and pressure vessels. The test
facility allows Makai to measure the performance of
evaporators and condensers, as a function of water
velocity, temperature difference, and ammonia flow
rate. The figure to the right shows the facility under
construction in mid-October 2010, portions of these
systems are visible
Kilowatt thousand
Megawatt million
Gigawatt billion
Terawatt trillion
When wind power is generated during low demand
hours, the utilities are is forced to spill hydro, steam off
nuclear or curtail power from the wind turbines, in order
to manage the grid. When wind turbines operate at
lower capacity levels during peak demand times, other
suppliers such as gas plants are called on for what is
needed to meet demand.
The U.K. president for German energy giant EON
stated wind power requires 90% backup from gas or
coal plants due to its unreliable and intermittent nature.
The average efficiency of onshore wind power
generation, accepted by Ontario’s Independent
Electricity System Operator (IESO) and other grid
operators, is 30% of their rated capacity; On occasion,
wind turbines will generate power at levels over 90%
and other times at 0% of capacity
'D. Savidge, A. Boyette,
Skidaway Institute of Oceanography'