North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC 27699-1641 (919)...

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC 27699-1641 (919) 733-3340 www.ncair.org

PART 3

Calculation Methods Calculation Methods and and Example Calculations Example Calculations for GHGsfor GHGs

1

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC 27699-1641 (919) 733-3340 www.ncair.org 2

Review: Industries/emission Review: Industries/emission sources that emit GHGssources that emit GHGs

Combustion – boilers, turbines, engines, ovens, furnaces, kilns, incinerators

Including sorbents used in combustion control technology

Certain uses of miscellaneous carbonates (limestone/dolomite)

Anaerobic decomposition (landfills, manure management, anaerobic wastewater treatment)

Oil and natural gas production, transmission and distribution

Review: Industries/emission Review: Industries/emission sources emit GHGs (cont’d)sources emit GHGs (cont’d)

Use of GHGs for as substitute for Ozone Depleting Substances , e.g.: refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, solvent cleaning, foam production, sterilization, fire extinguishing, and aerosols

Other very specific industrial processes – certain electronics manufacturing, mfg of specific petroleum products, metals, chemicals

3North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC 27699-1641 (919) 733-3340 www.ncair.org


Examples of Processes that don’t Examples of Processes that don’t emit GHGs emit GHGs (but may emit volatile organic (but may emit volatile organic compounds and air toxics)compounds and air toxics)

Coating processes If you don’t use GHGs as the solvents Combustion processes (drying ovens, thermal oxidizers) used in

curing/drying do emit CO2, CH4, N20

Storage tanks If you don’t store a product with dissolved methane in it

Refined products don’t contain dissolved methane If you don’t have a flare or any other combustion

Applying/Curing polyester resins If use combustion, then would emit

Reactors/Mixing vessels If they don’t involve extra fuel or destruction of carbonates If not used in “listed” industries (e.g., phosphoric acid, adipic acid, etc.)

Soy Crushing/Grain handling If you don’t use GHGs for sterilization Combustion/ anaerobic wastewater treatment do emit


Key Reference for Calculation Key Reference for Calculation MethodsMethods

2008 NC GHG Emission Inventory Instructions, Table 3 http://daq.state.nc.us/monitor/eminv/forms/GHG_Emission_Inventory_Instructions.pdf

Provides links to DAQ guidance/spreadsheets and other references

When EPA rule is final, we will align calculation methods with those in EPA rule; can use either EPA or DAQ guidance for voluntary reporting


Calculation Methods In Table 3 Cover the following

Stationary Combustion (DAQ guidance/spreadsheets)

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Adipic Acid Production Aluminum Production Ammonia Production Cement Production Electricity Transmission and

Distribution HCFC-22 Production Iron and Steel Production

Lime Production Landfills Pulp and Paper Refrigeration and AC

Equipment Manufacturing Semiconductor

Manufacturing Oil and Natural Gas Municipal Solid Waste

Combustion Soda Ash Consumption Limestone and Dolomite

Use

7



Additional Calculation Methods Provided in EPA’s Proposed Rule, not in Table 3

Electronics Manufacturing Ethanol Production Food Processing Ferroalloy Production Fluorinated Gas

Production Glass Production HCFC-23 Destruction Hydrogen Production Lead Production Magnesium Production

Manure Management Systems

Petrochemical Production Phosphoric Acid Production Silicon Carbide Production Titanium Oxide Production Underground Coal Mines Wastewater Treatment

(industrial) Zinc Production

8

Industries Represented Today and their GHG emitting processes

Food/tobacco: combustion, wastewater, industrial landfill

Health/Education: combustion, R&D Waste management: landfills, combustion Coating/Furniture: combustion Plastics/chemicals/resins/fibers (non-

petrochemicals and assume not chemical on industry list): combustion

Pulp and paper: combustion, make-up carbonates, industrial landfills, wastewater

Natural gas transmission: fugitives (equip leaks), combustion


9

Focus Today on the Following Methods

Stationary source combustion Landfills Wastewater Natural gas transmission &

distribution Pulp and paper


10



Stationary Source Stationary Source Combustion- Combustion-

the Universe is Largethe Universe is Large EPA’s Proposed Rule Definition: “Produce

electricity, steam, useful heat, or energy for industrial, commercial, or institutional use; or Reduce the volume of waste by removing combustible matter.”

Includes: boilers, turbines, internal combustion engines, incinerators, furnaces, ovens, kilns, burners, flares

11

More than 90% of NC Title V facilities have stationary source combustion sources



Stationary Source Stationary Source CombustionCombustion

Expected GHGs Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous Oxide (N20)

Methodology: “Stationary Source Combustion Guidelines”

http://daq.state.nc.us/monitor/eminv/forms/Stationary_Combustion_Sources.pdf

DAQ Spreadsheets available to assist in calculations (Utilizes DAQ methodology)

Can also use EPA proposed rule procedures, Can also use EPA proposed rule procedures, Subpart C, if you convert to tonsSubpart C, if you convert to tons

12


Stationary Source Combustion Stationary Source Combustion GHG Emission Estimation GHG Emission Estimation MethodsMethods

Direct Measurement via Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS)

Calculation using Emission Factors (EFs)

Both Approaches used by DAQ and EPA proposed rule


CEMS MethodCEMS Method

Two approaches for CO2 emissions CO2 CEMS -report same as reported to satisfy Title IV

requirements O2 CEMS requires fuel analysis - report the same CO2

emissions as outlined in 40 CFR Part 75 Appendix G, Section 3

Can use CEMS to get heat input for use in emission factor calculations for CH4, N20

If CEMS applied to stack burning multiple fuels, separate out the emissions by fuel type and report in AERO under the appropriate operating scenario

CEMS may not account for all combustion emissions at facility - use calculation method for stacks without CEMS


Emissions = Activity Level x Emission Factor

Tons/yr Quantity of Fuel Combusted

Tons Emitted / Gallon, ton, or ft3

For CO2Activity Level: Based on quantity of fuel combusted

Emission Factor: Based on fuel carbon content and heating value

For CH4 and N2O Activity Level: Based on quantity of fuel combusted

Emission Factor: Based on fuel type and combustor technology type

Calculations using Emission Factors

15

Stationary Source Combustion Stationary Source Combustion Calculation of COCalculation of CO22 - DAQ Approach - DAQ Approach

1/907.2

Tons/yr CO2 =

Fuel x Heat Content x Carbon Content x Oxidation Factor x x CMWCO2

MWCkg C per MMBtu

MMBtu per quantity of fuel 1.0

If you know either the Heat Content (Higher Heating Value or HHV) or Carbon Content of the Fuel

Default Values in Table 1

44/12


16

tons, orScf, orgallons


PART ofTable 1

Table 1. Emission Factors for Calculating CO2 Emissions –

Fuel Analysis Approach Fuel Type Heat Content

(Based on HHV) Carbon Content Fraction

Oxidized Fossil Fuel Combustion

Coal and Coke MMBtu/ton kg C/MMBtu

Anthracite Coal 25.09 28.26 1.00 Bituminous Coal 24.93 25.49 1.00 Sub-bituminous Coal 17.25 26.48 1.00 Lignite 14.21 26.30 1.00 Unspecified (residential/commercial)

22.05 26.00 1.00

Unspecified (industrial coking) 26.27 25.56 1.00 Unspecified (other industrial) 22.05 25.63 1.00 Unspecified (electric utility) 19.05 25.76 1.00 Coke 24.80 31.00 1.00

Natural Gas (by Higher Heating Value)

MMBtu/scf kg C/MMBtu

975 - 1,000 Btu/scf 975 - 1,000 x 10-6 14.36 1.00 1,000 - 1,025 Btu/scf 1,000 - 1,025 x 10-6 14.43 1.00 1,025 - 1,050 Btu/scf 1,025 - 1,050 x 10-6 14.47 1.00 1,050 - 1,075 Btu/scf 1,050 – 1,075 x 10-6 14.58 1.00 1,075 - 1,100 Btu/scf 1,075 – 1,100 x 10-6 14.65 1.00 > 1,100 Btu/scf > 1,100 x 10-6 14.92 1.00 U.S. Weighted Average (1,029 Btu/scf)

1,029 x 10-6 14.47 1.00

Petroleum Products MMBtu/Barrel kg C/MMBtu

Asphalt and Road Oil 6.636 20.62 1.00 Aviation Gasoline 5.048 18.87 1.00 Distillate Fuel Oil (#1, 2, and 4) 5.825 19.95 1.00


Stationary Source Combustion Stationary Source Combustion Calculation of COCalculation of CO22 - DAQ Approach - DAQ Approach

Tons/yr CO2 = Fuel x Emission Factor x C

If you don’t know either the Heat Content (HHV) or Carbon Content of the Fuel

kg CO2/MMBtu, OrKg CO2/quantity of fuel

Table 2 contains Emission Factors

1/907.2


Table 2. Emission Factors for Calculating CO2 Emissions –

Generalized Approach Fuel Type CO2 Emission Factor

(Per Unit Energy)

CO2 Emission Factor

(Per Unit mass or Volume) Fossil Fuel Combustion

Coal and Coke kg CO2/MMBtu kg CO2/ton Anthracite Coal 103.62 2,599.83 Bituminous Coal 93.46 2,330.04 Sub-bituminous Coal 97.09 1,674.86 Lignite 96.43 1,370.32 Unspecified (residential/commercial)

95.33 2,012.29

Unspecified (industrial coking) 93.72 2,462.12 Unspecified (other industrial) 93.98 2,072.19 Unspecified (electric utility) 94.45 1,884.53 Coke 113.67 2,818.93

Natural Gas (by Higher Heating Value)

kg CO2/MMBtu kg CO2/scf

975 - 1,000 Btu/scf 52.56 Varies 1,000 - 1,025 Btu/scf 52.91 Varies 1,025 - 1,050 Btu/scf 53.06 Varies 1,050 - 1,075 Btu/scf 53.46 Varies 1,075 - 1,100 Btu/scf 53.72 Varies > 1,100 Btu/scf 54.71 Varies U.S. Weighted Average (1,029 Btu/scf)

53.06 0.0546

Petroleum Products kg CO2/MMBtu kg CO2/gallon Asphalt and Road Oil 75.61 11.95 Aviation Gasoline 69.19 8.32 Distillate Fuel Oil (#1, 2, and 4) 73.15 10.15

PART ofTable 2


20

Combustion Emission Estimation Combustion Emission Estimation Methods For CHMethods For CH44 and N and N22O: Use O: Use Emission FactorsEmission Factors

EFs from Table 3 are based on Fuel type, sector, and configuration of device

EFs from Table 4 are based on Fuel type and sector

= Fuel * Emission Factor * C11/907,200

CH4 or N2O (tons/yr) =

g CH4/MMBtu, Or g N2O/MMBtu

Use EFs from Table 3 or Table 4

MMBtu


Part of Table 3

21


All ofTable 4

What if Fuel isn’t in the Tables?

Options EPA Subpart C table contains some additional fuels Do you have source test? Call us/or Regional Office contact

EXAMPLE: Saleable Animal Fat EPA Subpart C has CO2 EF for Waste Oil in Table C-2

(kg CO2/mmBtu) We found heat content from DAQ permit analysis:

124,586 Btu/gal We just added fuels (like this) to DAQ’s tables


23

CH4 from Landfill Gas Flaring

DAQ provides method for CH4 due to incomplete combustion


Tons/yr CH4 =

Vol Flared x CH4 Vol Fraction x Residual CH4 x 0.0416/2000 ft3 of landfill gas Can assume 0.5 1-destruction efficiency/100

Lb/ft3 CH4Lb/ton

Emissions from the actual combustion process are additional: compute using CH4 and N20 EFs

24


EPA Proposed Rule Calculation Approach Similar

For CO2, there are 3 calculation tiers: Use fuel-specific carbon content (kg C per

quantity of fuel) Use fuel-specific HHV – use defaults for

Emission Factor (kg CO2/MMBtu) Heat content & fuel content measured on

periodic basis (e.g., month) Use defaults for HHV (MMBtu/quantity of

fuel) and Emission Factor For CH4 and N20, only 1 set of EFs

(independent of device type)

25


Combustion Calculation Combustion Calculation Spreadsheets for DAQ ApproachSpreadsheets for DAQ Approach

Natural Gas boilers Coal combustion Fuel Oil Combustion (distillate &

residual) LPG Combustion - Liquefied Petroleum

Gases Boilers Wood Waste Combustion Internal combustion - small gasoline and

diesel engines Internal Combustion – large gasoline

and diesel engines


1020 BTU/ SCF

14.43 KG/ MMBtu and Fraction Oxidized = 1(Table 1)

27

21.16 Million SCF (actual yearly)


Output screen continued

GREENHOUSE GAS POLLUTANT

ACTUAL EMISSIONS

Emission Factor

•(AFTER CONTROLS / LIMITS)

tons/yr lb/MMBtu

Carbon Dioxide 1258.78 116.64Methane 2.14E-02 1.98E-03Nitrous oxide 2.14E-02 1.98E-03


Computing GHGs from Computing GHGs from Thermal Oxidizers That Thermal Oxidizers That Destroy VOC?Destroy VOC?

Can use spreadsheet to calculate CO2, CH4 and N2O from the fossil fuel used

A few options for the solvent combustion Are stack test results readily available Can you estimate the carbon content? EPA has an EF for “solvent” in [kg/MMBtu],

you will need Higher Heating Value

30


QA/QC of Combustion QA/QC of Combustion ResultsResults

For combustion, CO2 >> CH4 and N20

Check units – need short tons (tons) per year- NOT metric tons (tonnes)

If site-specific fuel parameters used, check against Table 1 values Btu content of fuel (remember, we use

higher heating value--HHV) Carbon content

Landfills

2nd largest CH4 source in the U.S. in 2006 Dozen or more Title V Municipal Solid

Waste landfills Industrial Landfills use similar approach Expected GHGs

CH4 CO2 and N2O (if on-site combustion)

DAQ references “EPA Climate Leaders” document (2004)

EPA proposed rule (subpart HH) has similar methodology

32North Carolina Division of Air Quality

1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC 27699-1641 (919) 733-3340 www.ncair.org

33

Landfill Guidance Addresses Landfill Guidance Addresses CHCH44 emissions from 2 Cases emissions from 2 Cases

No landfill gas collection systems

With landfill gas recovery and control systems



Landfills – no recoveryLandfills – no recovery

Use “Landfill Gas Emissions Model” (LandGEM) to compute CH4 generated http://www.epa.gov/ttn/catc/products.html#software

Compute emissions as follows:

CH4 emissions = CH4 generated *(1 – oxidation factor)

Oxidation factor accounts for amount of CH4 oxidized while passing through landfill cover; 10% is default (factor=0.1)

35

Example Landfill calculationExample Landfill calculation

Landgem Model Inputs

(see http://www.epa.gov/ttncatc1/dir1/landgem-v302-guide.pdf , section

3, for additional default values that can be used)

Landfill Specific Waste disposal = 80,000 Mg annual tonnage of MSW for each

filling year Year opened 1982 Current Year: 2003 Capacity: 2,400,000 Mg

Can use Defaults (more defaults available in Users Guide): Lo (generation potential) = 100 AP-42 default (100 m3/Mg) k (rate constant) = 0.02 AP-42 default (arid 0.02/yr; non-arid 0.04/yr)

Methane concentration = 50% by volume (default)

Example Landfill Calculation (cnt’d)

LandGEM Model output: For the year 2003, CH4 generated = 1850 tonnes/yr

Assume 10% oxidation factor (default)

Therefore, CH4 Emissions = 1850 tonnes/yr * (1-0.1) = 1660 tonnes/yr

Convert to short tons for AERO: 1660 tonnes/yr * 1.10231131 tons/tonnes = 1830 tons CH4/yr


36

which is more than 25,000 metric tons CO2e

Landfill with Collection/Recovery Landfill with Collection/Recovery (use only for the part of the Landfill with (use only for the part of the Landfill with collection)collection)

CH4 Emissions =

- CH4 Collected CH4 CollectedColleff

*(1 – OF) + (CH4 Collected * Vent)

where:

CH4 Collected = CH4 Collected by active gas collection system (should have measurement of this)

Colleff = collection system efficiency (Can use 0.75 as default)

OF = oxidation fraction (use 0.10 as a default)

Vent = fraction vented (Can use 0.01 to account for startup/shutdown/malfunction)

37

38

Example Landfill Calculation with Example Landfill Calculation with CollectionCollection

Is in the reference.

http://www.epa.gov/climateleaders/documents/resources/protocol-solid_waste_landfill.pdf


EPA proposed rule differences

EPA proposed rule requires that you calculate generated CH4 (whether or not you have recovery) – eqn same as 3.01 version of LandGEM model

If you have collection/recovery: Measure recovered LFG and other parameters Calculate emissions based on amt generated

minus recovered (account for oxidation and destruction efficiency), and

Calculate emissions based on collection efficiency


39

Wastewater

DAQ doesn’t reference an approach in Table 3 Use the approach in the EPA proposed rule -subpart

II Addresses CH4 resulting from anaerobic wastewater

treatment; separate equation for anaerobic digester Aerobic treatment doesn’t emit CH4

Amount of CH4 generated based on “Chemical Oxygen Demand” (COD) of wastewater

COD is a widely used parameter of organic pollution in industrial wastewater. It is a measure of the capacity of water to consume oxygen during the decomposition of organic matter and the oxidation of inorganic chemicals such as ammonia and nitrite. The basis for the COD test is that nearly all organic compounds can be fully oxidized to carbon dioxide with a strong oxidizing agent under acidic conditions.


40

Wastewater CH4 – EPA proposed rule, subpart II

001.0 0

12

1

MCFBCODFlownn

Where:CH4 = Annual CH4 mass emissions from the wastewater treatment system (metric tons) Flow = Monthly flow treated through anaerobic treatment system (m3/month)COD = Average monthly value for chemical oxygen demand of wastewater entering anaerobic treatment systems other than digesters (kg/m3) Bo = Maximum CH4 producing potential of industrial wastewater(default value of 0.25 kg CH4 /kg COD)MCF = CH4 correction factor, indicating the extent to which the organic content (measured as COD) degrades anaerobically. DEFAULT values provided in Table II-1, based on lagoon type and system design.

CH4 (industrial wastewater) =

41

42

Pulp and PaperPulp and Paper

DAQ references the “GHG PROTOCOL INITIATIVE” http://www.ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools/pulp-and-paper (you must

register to download) Document: Calculation Tools for Estimating Greenhouse Gas

Emissions for Pulp and Paper Mills (version 1.1, July 2005) Excel Workbook: ICFPA/NCASI Spreadsheets for

Calculating GHG emissions from pulp and paper manufacturing (version 1.3)

Copyright: Portions of the spreadsheets and associated materials were developed by WRI, WBCSD or NCASI, are copyrighted, and are published here with the permission of those developers. The User acknowledges these copyrights.

43

Pulp and Paper WorkbookPulp and Paper Workbook

Can skip the Combustion Operations sheet (use DAQ guidance)

Other P&P Sheets of interest Direct - Make-up Carbonates: CO2 from

make-up carbonates used in the pulp mill

Waste Mngmt: CH4 from mill-owned landfills or anaerobic treatment operations


44

Pulp and Paper – can also Pulp and Paper – can also use Subpart AA EPA ruleuse Subpart AA EPA rule

Chemical recovery furnaces at kraft and soda mills (inc. those that burn spent pulping liquor)

Chemical recovery combustion units at sulfite facilities Pulp mill lime kilns at kraft and soda facilities Systems for adding make up chemicals (CaCO3,

Na2CO3) Other onsite combustion (subpart C) Onsite landfills (subpart HH) On-site watewater treatment (subpart II)


45

Natural Gas Transmission and Natural Gas Transmission and DistributionDistribution

DAQ Provides Reference – work done by Calif.

Addresses CH4 emitted from fugitives (CO2 may also be emitted if gas stream has it and via oxidation)

Non-routine activities (Upsets/ equipment venting)

Equipment leaks (valves, flanges) Relies on API compendium (2004) and

Interstate Natural Gas Association of America (INGAA) Guidelines (2005)

http://www.climateregistry.org/resources/docs/protocols/progress/natural-gas/CCAR-WRI_NG_Protocol_DiscussionPaper_Final.pdf


Natural Gas Transmission and Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution (cont’d)Distribution (cont’d)

EPA’s Proposed rule provides calculation methods (subpart W)

Note not all emission points are included – the Technical Support Document discusses this further

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads/tsd/TSD%20Oil%20and%20Natural%20Gas%20Systems%20EPA%20-%2001-29-09.pdf

EPA’s proposed rule also requires suppliers to report (Subpart NN)



If you are unsure if your sources emit GHGs or need help calculating, contact the appropriate Regional Office or Central Office

Need Help?

47


Part 3 Discussion/Questions

48

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC 27699-1641 (919)...

Documents

Transcript of North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC 27699-1641 (919)...