North American Forest Disturbance and Regrowth since 1972 ......Samuel N. Goward, Univ. Maryland...

North American Forest Disturbance North American Forest Disturbance and Regrowth since 1972: and Regrowth since 1972:

Empirical Assessment with Field Measurements and Empirical Assessment with Field Measurements and Satellite Remotely Sensed ObservationsSatellite Remotely Sensed Observations

NORTH AMERICAN CARBON PROGRAM& NASA Carbon Management Program

Samuel N. Goward, Univ. MarylandSamuel N. Goward, Univ. MarylandJeffery Jeffery MasekMasek, NASA GSFC, NASA GSFC

Warren Cohen, USFS PNWRSWarren Cohen, USFS PNWRSGetchenGetchen MoisenMoisen, USFS RMRS, USFS RMRS

John Townshend, University of MarylandRobert E. Kennedy, USFS PNWRS

Karl Huemmrich, UMBCAndy Lister USFS NERS

Michael Hoppus USFS NERS

April 12, 2006April 12, 2006 NASA LULUC MeetingNASA LULUC MeetingUMUCUMUC


The North American Carbon Program The North American Carbon Program (NACP)(NACP)

Contribution to N. Hemisphere carbon sink.Contribution to N. Hemisphere carbon sink.Region of significant fossil fuel emissions.Region of significant fossil fuel emissions.Partial infrastructure to characterize sources Partial infrastructure to characterize sources and sinks.and sinks.Continental scale permits integration for Continental scale permits integration for analysis in global context.analysis in global context.

Reduce uncertainties & Pave the way for effective policies


USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis


Number of Plots for the Most Common* Forest Types by Age ClassAll Counties

0

5

10

15

20

25

1-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-110

110-120

120+

Ten Year Age C lass

Lob lo lly P ineLoblo lly P ine/HardwoodMixed up land HardwoodsSweetbay/Swam p Tupelo /Red MapleSweetgum /Nuttall Oak/W illow O akSweetgum /Yellow-pop larV irg inia P ineV irg inia P ine/Southern Red OakW hite O ak/Red Oak/HickoryYellow-pop lar/W hite Oak/Red Oak


Forest Remote Sensing

Z

c, C

b, Bs, S

t


Landsat-7 current (?)

ERTS-1 1972


Research GoalsResearch GoalsFor US (&Canada) sites (~25)For US (&Canada) sites (~25)

Statistically sample Landsat WRS (World Reference Statistically sample Landsat WRS (World Reference System) System)

180 by 180 km per WRS, 400 WRS for conterminous USA180 by 180 km per WRS, 400 WRS for conterminous USABuild a data cube for WRS Build a data cube for WRS –– one scene every 2 years: one scene every 2 years:

mid growing season (~Junemid growing season (~June--Sept)Sept)essentially cloud free (or merged) essentially cloud free (or merged) atmospherically adjusted atmospherically adjusted

Evaluate disturbance and regrowth Evaluate disturbance and regrowth comparative analysis of RS and FIA observationscomparative analysis of RS and FIA observations

Extrapolate to US (and continent with Canadian colleagues)Extrapolate to US (and continent with Canadian colleagues)statistical modeling approachstatistical modeling approach

Relate dynamics to North American carbon balanceRelate dynamics to North American carbon balancein association with NACP colleagues.in association with NACP colleagues.


30 years of Landsat 30 years of Landsat ––Data CubesData Cubes1972 1974 1976 1978 1980

200420022000199819961994

199219901984 19881986


85-8888-9191-9595-9999-01Undist.Forest

L7 ETM+ Oct. 5, 2001 (7,5,3 RGB)Northeastern Virginia

Disturbance Analysis


Landsat-5: LEDAPS Atmospheric Adjustment

1990’s Landsat-5 mosaic

100 km

100 km

TOA reflectance

Surface reflectance

BOREAS Study Region


% disturbance

0% 100%

LEDAPS


10 year 10 year vsvs 1 year1 year

Major versus minor disturbancesMajor versus minor disturbancesYear Disturbed

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Forest

Nonforest

Lake Anna, VA, 60 km NW of Richmond, VA

Major disturbance

0

5

10

15

20

25

1985 1990 1995 2000

Year

FI

Minor disturbance

0

5

10

15

20

25

1985 1990 1995 2000

Year

FI


MidMid--Atlantic Study SitesAtlantic Study SitesNorthwestern Pennsylvania

Path 17/Row 31

Eastern VirginiaPath 15/Row 34

MarylandPath 15/Row 33


Carbon Management Focus SitesCarbon Management Focus Sites5 Data Cubes - Locations Selected by FIA regional reps

Northeast P14 R32, E. PANorth Central P27 R27, NE MNPacific NW P46 R29, W.OR

Southern P16 R37, E. SCInter-Mountain P37 R35, N. AR


Regional Change PatternsRegional Change PatternsCharleston, South CarolinaLaurel, Maryland


National SamplingNational Sampling


Data SourcesData SourcesPrimary Archives USGS EROS

EOSATInternational Ground Stations

Secondary Archives U.S. Forest ServiceUMd Global Land Cover FacilityEarthsat GeocoverMulti-Resolution Land CoverUSDA (?)

Source Geometric Registration RadiometricCalibration

Resampling Method

USGS EROS Systematic PrecisionTerrain (ortho)

Pre-flightPeriodic VicariousPeriodic LampsScene Lamps

Nearest neighborBilinearCubic convolutionMTF (GeoCover2K)

EOSAT TBD Pre-Flight TBD

International Ground Stations

Unknown, likely vary from IGS to IGS

Unknown, likely vary from IGS to IGS

Nearest neighborBilinearCubic convolution

Data ProcessingData Processing


Data IssuesData IssuesIssueIssue Description, MagnitudeDescription, Magnitude Project ImpactProject Impact

Geodetic Accuracy

Errors after sytematic processing (1G): >10km (MSS), >500m (TM), ~100m

(ETM+)Parallax Residual Error:

50m- 250m at scene E-W edges if not terrain corrected (ortho-rectified)

Disturbance mapping errorsHandcrafting GCPs

Radiometry Banding, striping adds 2-3 DN noise (MSS, TM).

Limits regrowthassessment

Seasonality Extreme seasonal differences (e.g. spring vs fall) in image acquisition date

because of clouds

Increase errors in mapping disturbance


TM_27Aug1984ETM_02Aug2001 TM_29May1986TM_12Aug1990TM_11July1996TM_05Aug1999

TM/ETM+ BandingTM/ETM+ Banding

*All 4,3,2 Gaussian Enhanced*


Band 2

050

100150200250300350400450500

0 100 200 300 400 500

TM

ETM

Band 3

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 100 200 300

TM

ETM

Band 4

0500

100015002000250030003500400045005000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

TM

ETM

Band 5

0

500

1000

1500

2000

0 500 1000 1500 2000

TM

ETM

- 11 mature Eastern forest targets, ~2500 pixels each- Acquisition dates +/- 15 days of anniversary date (+10 years)

TM vs. ETM+ Reflectance


Need for terrain correction Need for terrain correction –– theoretical theoretical analysis of geoanalysis of geo--location error for Landsatlocation error for Landsat

D0

D

A

H

A – platform altitude (705 km)

D – actual pixel location (from the nadir view pixel)

D0 – calculated pixel location without terrain correction (from the nadir view pixel)

H – terrain height

E – geolocation error

D0 / A = D / (A - H)

D = D0 – D0 x H / A

E = D0 – D

= D0 x H / A

Assumption: Earth surface is flat within a TM scene, which is reasonable because the maximum view angle is 7.5 degree.

Assumed terrain

Actual terrain


Seasonality and Cloud Seasonality and Cloud Contamination Contamination

(L7 16(L7 16--Day Temporal Repeat Day Temporal Repeat –– Washington DC region, 2000)Washington DC region, 2000)May 11 May 27 June 12

June 28 July 14 July 30


Research GoalsResearch GoalsFor US (&Canada) sites (~25)For US (&Canada) sites (~25)

Statistically sample Landsat WRS (World Reference Statistically sample Landsat WRS (World Reference System) System)

180 by 180 km per WRS, 400 WRS for conterminous USA180 by 180 km per WRS, 400 WRS for conterminous USABuild a data cube for WRS Build a data cube for WRS –– one scene every 2 years: one scene every 2 years:

mid growing season (~Junemid growing season (~June--Sept)Sept)essentially cloud free (or merged) essentially cloud free (or merged) atmospherically adjusted atmospherically adjusted

Evaluate disturbance and regrowth Evaluate disturbance and regrowth comparative analysis of RS and FIA observationscomparative analysis of RS and FIA observations

Extrapolate to US (and continent with Canadian colleagues)Extrapolate to US (and continent with Canadian colleagues)statistical modeling approachstatistical modeling approach

Relate dynamics to North American carbon balanceRelate dynamics to North American carbon balancein association with NACP colleagues.in association with NACP colleagues.

North American Forest Disturbance and Regrowth since 1972: Empirical Assessment with Field Measurements and Satellite RemoteThe North American Carbon Program (NACP)Research Goals30 years of Landsat –Data Cubes10 year vs 1 yearMid-Atlantic Study SitesCarbon Management Focus SitesRegional Change PatternsNational SamplingData SourcesData IssuesNeed for terrain correction – theoretical analysis of geo-location error for LandsatSeasonality and Cloud Contamination (L7 16-Day Temporal Repeat – Washington DC region, 2000)Research Goals

North American Forest Disturbance and Regrowth since 1972 ......Samuel N. Goward, Univ. Maryland...

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