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ANALYSIS AND MODELLING OF ULTRACAPACITOR
NOR AKMAL BINTI RAI
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Electrical – Power)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JANUARY 2015
iii
Dedicated to my beloved parents
Rai bin Ngah Mat Ali & Rohani binti Jusoh
Siblings
Nor Arina binti Rai
Nor Raidah binti Rai
Muhamad Najmi bin Rai
Muhamad Hisyam bin Rai
and
All my friends in MEP programme
for their support and encouragement
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I am very grateful to ALLAH S.W.T. for giving me life and
chance to finish this project without much difficulty. Special thank goes to my helpful
supervisor Dr. Mohd Junaidi bin Abdul Aziz. The supervision and support that he gave
truly helps the progression and smoothness of completing this project. The cooperation
is much indeed appreciated.
Secondly, I would like to express my warmest gratitude to my supportive
lecturer, Dr. Zulkarnain Nordeen who has provided immeasurable support and
guidance toward the completion of my research project.
My grateful thanks also goes to my family for their endless support and
encouragement. My deepest gratitude also extend to all lecturers of University
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), for their guidance, ideas, and support in completing this
master project. This project had opened my eyes on solving real problems and I was
able to relate them with what I’ve been studied in UTM during the past 1 and half
years.
A number of individuals in Electrical, Chemical and Science faculty were very
helpful and understanding. I would like to acknowledge in particular for their
contribution in this work.
Last but not least, I would like to thank to all my friends for the wise idea and
tips throughout the project works. I’m very much enjoy working with all of you and
thank you very much for all of the contributions and care.
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ABSTRACT
Ultracapacitor is one of most popular device for energy storage system
because of it capability that have high charge/discharge efficiency, can operate at
high current, have long life cycle and no chemical reaction involve in store and
release of energy. Ultracapacitor modelling is important for the electrical system
analysis and equipment design. An efficient and high accuracy model can help
electrical engineers thoroughly understand ultracapacitor’s characteristics. A
commercial ultracapacitor cell is characterized under standard procedures to assess
its performance. This project focuses on the analysis and modelling of
ultracapacitor cell characteristic. Two experiments involve which are
charging/discharging test and AC Impedance test. The charge / discharge test is to
determine ultracapacitor cell ability on charge and discharge performance. AC
impedance test/ Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is to measure the
complex impedance of ultracapacitor. The purpose of the test is to determine
capacitance and equivalent series resistance. Based on experiment result,
parameters and analysis, the equivalent circuit model of ultracapacitor is proposed.
After that, the proposed model is simulated with MATLAB/Simulink and EIS
Spectrum Analyser for verification. Then, the simulation result carried out is
analysed and compared with experiment results. Based on ultracapacitor
characteristic, the electrical circuit modelling was present in this thesis and can be used
for power electronic, backup memory, heavy transportation application, hybrid electric
vehicles and as power back up for UPS application.
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ABSTRAK
Ultracapacitor ialah satu daripada peranti paling popular untuk sistem simpanan tenaga
disebabkan ia mempunyai keupayaan untuk mengecas/menyahcas pada kecekapan
yang tinggi, boleh beroperasi pada arus yang tinggi, mempunyai kitaran umur yang
panjang dan tiada tindak balas kimia terlibat dalam penyimpanan dan pembebasan
tenaga. Model Ultracapacitor penting untuk analisis sistem elektrik dan reka bentuk
peralatan. Kecekapan tinggi dan kejituan model boleh membantu jurutera elektrik
memahami sifat ultracapacitor. Sel ultracapacitor komersial akan digunakan untuk
ujikaji berdasarkan standart prosedur untuk menilai prestasinya. Projek ini
menumpukan kepada analisis dan model sel ultracapacitor. Dua eksperimen terlibat
iaitu ujian mengecas/menyahcas dan ujian arus ulang-alik galangan. Ujian
mengecas/menyahcas adalah untuk menentukan kebolehan prestasi sel ultracapacitor
mengecas/menyahcas. Ujian arus ulang-alik galangan / Elektrokimia Galangan
Spektroskopi adalah untuk mengukur nilai kompleks galangan ultaracapacitor. Tujuan
ujian ialah adalah untuk menentukan nilai rintangan siri setara dan nilai capcitor.
Berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen, parameter dan analisis, model litar elektrik setara
ultracapacitor dicadangkan. Selepas itu, model cadangan disimulasikan dengan
MATLAB / Simulink and EIS Spectrum Analyser untuk pengesahan. Kemudian,
keputusan simulasi yang dijalankan dianalisis dan dibandingkan dengan hasil ujian.
Berdasarkan sifat ultracapacitor melalui ujian yang dijalankan, model litar elektrik
dicadangan didalam tesis ini dan boleh digunakan untuk alatan elektronik kuasa,
aplikasi pengangkutan, kenderaan hibrid elektrik dan aplikasi untuk alat bantuan
ingatan.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES xv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Problem Statements 2
1.3 Objectives of Project 2
1.4 Scope and Aim of study 3
1.5 Report Outlines 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Ultracapacitor 5
2.3 Structure of ultracapacitor 6
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2.3.1 Electrode 8
2.3.2 Electrolyte 9
2.3.3 Current Collector 10
2.3.4 Separator 10
2.4 Model of Ultracapacitor 11
2.4.1 Basic Ultracapacitor Model 11
2.4.2 Classical Equivalent circuit of
Ultracapacitor 11
2.4.3 Three- Branch Model 13
2.4.4 Model based on Frequency Response 14
2.5 Summary 16
3 METHODOLOGY 17
3.1 Introduction 17
3.2 Ultracapacitor Cell 18
3.3 Charge/Discharge Test 19
3.3.1 Test Circuit 20
3.3.2 Test Equipment 20
3.3.2.1 Power Supply 21
3.3.2.2 Electronic Load 21
3.3.2.3 National Instrument (NI) 22
3.3.3 Test Procedure 23
3.4 AC Impedance Test 24
3.4.1 Test Circuit 24
3.4.2 Test Equipment 25
3.4.2.1Autolab PCSTAT302N 26
3.4.3 Test Procedure 27
3.5 Summary 28
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 29
4.1 Introduction 29
4.2 Experiment Result 29
4.2.1 Charge/Discharge Test Result 30
4.2.2 AC Impedance Test Result 31
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4.3 Equivalent Electrical Circuit Model of
Ultracapacitor 33
4.4 Equivalent Electrical Circuit Model Simulation 34
4.4.1 Simulation for Charge/Discharge 34
4.4.2 Simulation for AC Impedance 36
4.5 Analysis of Experiment Result and Model
Simulation Result 38
4.6 Limitation during AC Impedance Test 39
5 CONCLUSION 40
5.1 Conclusion of the Project 40
5.2 Suggestions and Recommendations 41
5.3 Future Works 42
REFERENCES 43
Appendix A 46
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
3.1 General technical data of Maxwell K2 19
series BCAP3000P270 ultracapacitor cell
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Type of electrochemical energy store [3] 6
2.2 Ultracapacitor physical structure [2] 7
2.3 Electrode layer in Ultracapacitor [5] 9
2.4 Illustration of carbon-carbon symmetrical
Ultracapacitor 11
2.5 Basic ultracapacitor model 12
2.6 Classical Equivalent circuit of ultracapacitor 12
2.7 Three-branch model 13
2.8 Ladder circuit model 14
2.9 Advance equivalent circuit for ultracapacitor 15
2.10 Ultracapacitor model based on temperature,
voltage and frequency behaviour 15
3.1 Maxwell k2 series BCAP3000P270 ultracapacitor cell 18
3.2 Circuit for charge/discharge test 20
3.3 Power supply ELECTRO-AUTOMATIK 21
3.4 Itech IT8514C Electronic load 22
3.5 NI 9219- 24 bit analog input. 22
3.6 Charge/discharge test 23
3.7 AC impedance test circuit 24
3.8 Autolab PGSTAT302N 26
3.9 AC Impedance test of ultracapacitor 27
4.1 Input current and output voltage 30
4.2 Nyquist plot of 3000F Maxwell ultracapacitor 31
4.3 Nyquist plot in MATLAB 33
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4.4 Capacitance verses frequency value of ultracapacitor 34
4.5 Equivalent circuit model of ultracapacitor 35
4.6 Simulation Model for charge/discharge 35
4.7 Simulation Model element value of ultracapacitor
for charge/discharge 35
4.8 Simulation result of charge/discharge 36
4.9 Experiment result (nyquist plot) in EIS Spectrum
Analyser 37
4.10 Simulation result and parameter value of simulation
result of AC impedance test 37
4.12 Experiment and simulation result for charge/discharge 38
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
EDLC - Electrical Double Layer Capacitor
AC - Alternating Current
EIS - Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
ESR - Electrical Series Resistance
H2SO4 - Sulphuric Acid
KOH - Potassium Hydroxide/ calcium hydroxide
EPR - Electrical Parallel Resistance
NI - National Instrument
PGSTAT - Potentiostart/Galvanostart
FRA - Frequency Response Analyser
I - Current
V - Voltage
P - Power
UC Ultracapacitor
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
Q - Charge
R - Resistance
L - Inductance
C - Capacitance
Z - Impedance
𝜋 - Pi (3.141593)
f - Frequency
Ω - Ohm
F - Farad
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Maxwell k2 series BCAP3000P270 ultracapacitor 44
Cell data sheet
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Nowadays, ultracapacitor become an alternative and complementary device for
energy storage system. Its ability to fast charge/discharge and long life cycle give an
advantage of ultracapacitor in a lot of electrical and electronic application.
Ultracapacitor also known as supercapacitor or electric double layer capacitor (ELDC)
are one type of an electrochemical device that stores electrical charge in the electrical
double layer surface.
The first electrical device using double layer charge storage was invented in
1957 by H.I. Becker from General Electric. Unfortunately, Becker’s device was not
practical because it is similar to a flooded battery with both electrodes need to immerse
in a container of electrolyte and this device was never been commercialized [1]. As a
rapid development in technology, a lot of researches have been done to produce an
electric double layer capacitor. Varies type of ultracapacitor have been develop based
on its application as electrical energy storages device in power electronic system,
industrial application, heavy transportation application, hybrid electric vehicles, UPS
system and memory backup application.
2
Ultracapacitor have become a popular device in many applications because of
its characteristic that give advantages over other energy storage device. The energy
density of the existing ultracapacitor range is about 1 to 10 Wh/kg and its power
density range typically of 2000 to 20000 W/kg as compared to electrochemical
batteries that have an energy density range about 100 Wh/kg but lower in power
density range 100 to 500W/kg [2]. Furthermore, ultracapacitor have high efficiency,
which can stand at higher current and temperature, have a long life cycle and an
environmental friendly because it’s not involve in any chemical reaction while store
electrical energy as compare to other energy storage device.
1.2 Problem Statement
Ultracapacitor are being used in many applications in electrical and electronic
application, as an energy storage device. Ultracapacitor modelling plays an important
role for the electrical system analysis and equipment design. The ultracapacitor model
can provide detail information and equivalent electrical circuit modelling of energy
storage device. An efficiency and high accuracy model can help electrical engineer to
understand ultracapacitor characteristics.
1.3 Objective
The main objective of this project is:
To study the characteristic of ultracapacitor.
3
To performed in lab testing for ultracapacitor using charge/discharge and AC
Impedance test.
To proposed an equivalent electrical circuit model of tested ultracapacitor.
To simulate equivalent electrical circuit model using MATLAB/Simulink and EIS
Spectrum Analyser.
1.4 Scope and Aim of Study
These projects focus on modelling of ultracapacitor characteristic. This project
needs in lab test and model of the ultracapacitor equivalent circuit. It involves two
parts which are in lab test of ultracapacitor characteristic and modelling of the
ultracapacitor using the equivalent electrical circuit model. There are two types of in
lab test require which is charge/discharge test and AC impedance test. The charge /
discharge test is to determine ultracapacitor cell ability on charge and discharge
performance. AC impedance test/ Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is to
measure the complex impedance of ultracapacitor. Based on experiment result,
parameters and analysis, the equivalent circuit model of ultracapacitor is proposed.
After that, the proposed model is simulated with MATLAB/Simulink and EIS
Spectrum Analyser for verification. Then, the simulation result carried out is analysed
and compared with experimental results.
4
1.5 Report Outlines
The thesisconsists of five chapters. In the first chapter, it discusses the project
background, problem statement, objectives, scope and report outline.
Chapter 2 presents background, characteristic of ultracapacitor, related work
and an overview of ultracapacitor model and parameter identification method. The
principle of ultracapacitor structure and material are explained in detail in this chapter.
In chapter 3, the focus is on detail description for in lab test carried out. It is
clear and concise of work performed. This chapter describes the test circuit and method
used to obtain lab data which will be used to develop ultracapacitor model.
In chapter 4, the lab result and equivalent electrical circuit modelling of
ultracapacitor is attached. This chapter represented in the form of diagrams, waveform
of test result and simulation result of ultracapacitor model. The comparison and
analysis are made in order to achieve objectives. Analysis of data, such as discusses
on the outcome of research in relation to the result are obtained.
Lastly, the conclusion about the project is written on the fifth chapter. It is also
provide suggestions and recommendations for future work.
43
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44
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45
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