NON INVASIVE NEURAL

PROSTHESES

PRESENTED BY :

MUHAMMAD JAMAL KHAN

12LEB207

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

PROF. OMAR FAROOQ SIR

(ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT)

OUTLINE

1. INTRODUCTION

2. HISTORY OF NEURAL PROSTHESIS

3. TYPES NEURAL PROSTHESIS

4. NON-INVASIVE TECHNIQUES

5.CONTEMP0RARY AREA OF APPLICATION

6. ADVANTAGE

7 DISADVANTAGE

8. CONCLUSION

9. REFERENCE

INTRODUCTION

PROSTHESIS IS DEFINED AS REPLACEMENT OF

BODY PARTS SUCH AS A TOOTH, AN EYE, A

FACIAL BONE , A KNEE OR ANY OTHER JOINT, A

LEG, OR AN ARM.

NEURAL PROSTHESES (NPs) ARE ASSISTIVE

DEVICES THAT RESTORE FUNCTIONS LOST AS A

RESULT OF NEURAL DAMAGE

HISTORY OF NEURAL PROSTHESIS

1924, HANS BERGER, A GERMEN NEUROLOGIST WAS THE FIRST TO

RECORD HUMAN BRAIN ACTIVITY.

1970, RESEARCH ON BCIs BEGAN AT THE UNIVERSITY OF

CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES (UCLA)

FOLLOWING YEARS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATIONS, THE FIRST

NEUROPROSTHETIC DEVICES IMPLANTED IN HUMANS APPEARED IN

MID OF 1990s.

2013, DUKE UNIVERSITY RESEARCHERS SUCCESSFULLY CONNECTED THE BRAINS OF TWO RATS.

TYPES OF NEURAL PROSTHESIS

INVASIVE

NON-INVASIVE

INVASIVE NEURAL PROSTHESIS

IN INVASIVE NEURAL PROSTHESIS ELECTRODES ARE IMPLANTED DIRECTLY INTO THE GREY MATTER OF THE BRAIN DURING THE NEUROSURGERY.

BECAUSE THEY LIE IN GREY MATTER, INVASIVE DEVICES PRODUCE THE HIGHEST QUALITY SIGNALS OF BCI DEVICES

AT THE SAME TIME IT CARRIES RISK ASSOCIATED WITH AN INVASIVE MEDICAL SURGERICAL PROCEDURE

INVASIVE

NON-INVASIVE NEURAL

PROSTHESIS

THIS METHODOLOGY IS BASED ON THE RECORDING OF

EEGs FROM THE SURFACE OF THE HEAD

IN NON-INVASIVE PROSTHESIS ELECTRODES ARE

IMPLANTED OVER THE HEAD.

IT PROVIDES SOLUTIONS FOR PARALYZED PEOPLE FOR THE

SIMPLE COMMUNICATIONS WITH EXTERNAL WORLD

WITHOUT ANY SURGERY

“

”

NON-INVASIVE TECHNIQUES

EEG (ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY)

MEG (MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY)

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG)

EEG IS A NON-INVASIVE

TECHNIQUE THAT

RECORDS ELECTRICAL

ACTIVITY ALONG THE

SCALP. EEG MEASURES VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS

RESULTING FROM IONIC

CURRENT FLOWS WITHIN

THE NEURONS OF THE

BRAIN

ADVANTAGE

NON-INVASIVE

LOWER COSTS

PORTABLE

HIGH TEMPORAL RESOLUTION

DISADVANTAGE LOWER SPATIAL RESOLUTION

HIGH NOISE RATIO

MAGNETOENCENCEPHALOGRAPHY(MEG)

MEG IS A NON-INVASIVE

IMAGING TECHNIQUE THAT

REGISTERS THE BRAIN’S

MAGNETIC ACTIVITY BY MEANS OF MAGNETIC

INDUCTION

ADVANTAGE

NON-INVASIVE

BETTER SPATIAL RESOLUTION (VS EEG)

LOWER NOISE RATIO (VS EEG)

DISADVANTAGE

EXPENSIVE

NON PORTABLE (TOO BULKY)

ADVANTAGE OF NON-INVASIVE NEURAL

PROSTHESIS

NON-INVASIVE NEURAL PROSTHESIS WILL HELP CREATING DIRECT COMMUNICATION PATHWAY BETWEEN A HUMAN OR ANIMAL BRAIN AND ANY EXTERNAL DEVICES LIKE COMPUTERS.

THIS HAS PROVIDED A NEW WORK AREA FOR SCIENTISTS AND RESEARCHERS AROUND THE WORLD.

TECHNIQUES LIKE EEG AND MEG HAVE COME INTO DISCUSSIONS SINCE THE BCI APPLICATION HAVE STARTED DEVELOPING.

DISADVANTAGE

RESEARCH IS STILL IN BEGNNING STAGE..

ETHICAL ISSUES MAY PREVENT ITS DEVELOPMENT.

ELECTRODES OUTSIDE OF THE SKULLS CAN DETECT VERY

FEW ELECTRIC SIGNSLS FROM THE BRAIN.

THE TECHNIQUE IS COSTLY.

VIRUS ATTACK MAY OCCUR TO BRAIN.

CONTEMPORARY AREA OF

APPLICATION

HEALTH

ALLOW PATIENTS TO CONTROL

EXTERNAL DEVICES BY CHANGE IN BRAIN ACTIVITY

ETHICAL ISSUES

PRIVACY PROBLEM

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

NO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE.

SOCIETAL

PROVIDE NEW LIFE TO PARALYZED PEOPLE. HELPS MAKE

THEM A FUNCTIONAL MEMBER OF OUR SOCIETY.

CONCLUSION

OVER LAST 20 YEARS NEURAL ENGINEERING HAS

EMERGED AS A NEW FIELD OF RESEARCH.

NEURAL PROSTHESIS WILL DEFINITELY HAVE THE ABILITY

TO CHANGE THE WAY A PERSON LOOKS AT THE

WORLD BY GIVING PEOPLE BACK THEIR VISION AND

HEARING.

NEURAL PROSTHESIS IS BOON FOR PARALYZED PEOPLE.

REFERENCE

Ren Xu, Ning Jiang, Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting, Chuang Lin, Guillermo As´ın Prieto,

Juan C. Moreno, Jose L. Pons, Kim Dremstrup, Dario Farina, “A Closed-Loop Brain–

Computer Interface Triggeringan Active Ankle–Foot Orthosis for Inducing CorticalNeural

Plasticity”, Transactions on biomedical engineering, IEEE, July 2014, vol. 61, no. 7, page

no. 2092-2101.

Han Yuan, Bin He,” Brain–Computer Interfaces Using Sensorimotor Rhythms: Current

State and Future Perspectives”, Transactions on biomedical engineering,IEEE ,May 2014,

vol. 61,no. 5,page no. 1425-1435.

Stephan Waldert, Hubert Preissl, Evariste Demandt,Christoph Braun,1 Niels Birbaumer,1

Ad Aertsen and Carsten Mehring, “Hand Movement Direction Decoded from MEG and

EEG”, The Journal of Neuroscience, Society of Neuroscience, January 23, 2008, vol. no. ,

no. 7,page no. 1000-1008.