Non-Susceptibility of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Hospital ...
Transcript of Non-Susceptibility of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Hospital ...
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Non-Susceptibility of
Bacterial Pathogens Causing
Hospital-Onset Pneumonia UK and Ireland, 2008-2016
Alicia Russell
Federation of Infection Societies conference
14th November 2018
alisia_russell
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• The BSAC Respiratory RSP collects susceptibility data
for microorganisms associated with community- and
hospital-onset pneumonia:
BSAC Respiratory Resistance Surveillance
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• The BSAC Respiratory RSP collects susceptibility data
for microorganisms associated with community- and
hospital-onset pneumonia:
• Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)
• Acquired >48 hours after hospital admission
• Significant cause of morbidity
• Most common HCAI leading to death
BSAC Respiratory Resistance Surveillance
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• The BSAC Respiratory RSP collects susceptibility data
for microorganisms associated with community- and
hospital-onset pneumonia:
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Pseudomonas species
• Acinetobacter species
• Enterobacterales*
*Previously Enterobacteriaceae
BSAC Respiratory Resistance Surveillance
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WHO priority antibiotic-resistant pathogens
Global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to
guide research, discovery, and development of new
antibiotics, World Health Organisation
MRSA, VISA, VRSA
CRAB
CRPA
CRE
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Isolate collection
Samples collected from LRT of
patients with clinically significant
hospital-onset pneumonia
Isolates re-identified at the
Central Testing Laboratory
Species identification using
MALDI-TOF (from 2012/13)
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Year*Number of
collecting labs
Central testing
laboratory
Target isolate collection per lab
S. aureus, Pseudomonas
spp., Acinetobacter spp.Enterobacterales
2008/09 23 LGC 7 28
2009/10 23 LGC 7 28
2010/11 40 LGC 7 28
2011/12 40 LGC 7 28
2012/13 40 LGC 7 28
2013/14 34-35 PHE 7 28
2014/15 36-38 PHE 7 28
2015/16 24 PHE 10 40
*Period of isolate collection: 1st October – 30th September
Isolate collection
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Isolates collected between 2008-2016
680 690
784 789744
696762 749
237 222
226 209
199
205
216206
244207
226214
201214
214208
5260
42 59
4961
7268
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2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16
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Acinetobacter spp.
Pseudomonas spp.
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterobacterales
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Bacterial groupTotal
isolates
Sex (%)Modal age
group
Major source of isolate (%)
Male Female Sputum
Tracheal/
endotracheal
secretions
Broncho-
alveolar
lavage
Acinetobacter spp. 463 62 38 60-69 64 22 11
S. aureus 1720 61 39 70-79 76 11 10
Pseudomonas spp. 1728 60 40 70-79 78 11 9
Enterobacterales 5893 68 32 70-79 75 12 2
Isolates collected between 2008-2016
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Amikacin* ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Amoxiciilin ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Azithromycin ✔
Carbenicillin ✔ ✔ ✔
Cefotaxime ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Cefoxitin ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Ceftaroline* ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Ceftazidime ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Ceftobiprole* ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Ceftolozane-tazobcatam* ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔✔
Cefuroxime ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Ciprofloxacin ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Clindamycin ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Co-amoxiclav ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Colistin ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Ertapenem ✔ ✔
Erythromycin* ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Fusidic acid ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Gentamicin ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Imipenem* ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Imipenem-relebactam* ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Lefamulin* ✔
Linezolid ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Meropenem ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Minocycline ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Moxifloxcin ✔
Mupirocin ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Oxacillin ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Penicillin ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Piperacillin-tazobactam ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Razupenem ✔ ✔ ✔
Rifampicin ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Solithromycin ✔
Tedizolid* ✔ ✔
Teicoplanin ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Telavancin ✔ ✔ ✔
Telithromycin ✔
Tetracycline ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Tigecycline ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Tobramycin ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Trimethoprim ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Vancomycin ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Acinetobacter species Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas species Enterobacterales
Antibiotic
• Panel of antimicrobials including
sponsor agents
• BSAC agar dilution method
• EUCAST breakpoints
• Isolates defined as susceptible
or non-susceptible (resistant
or intermediate) to each drug
Susceptibility testing
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• Isolates classed as MDR based on definition by Magiorakos et al, 2012
• If non-susceptible to at least one antimicrobial in at least three antimicrobial
classes= MDR
Multi-drug resistance (MDR)
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Surveillance data
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Acinetobacter spp
• Pseudomonas spp
• Enterobacterales/Enterobacteriaceae
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Staphylococcus aureusIsolate collection
MSSA (75%)
1296 isolates
MRSA (25%)
424 isolates
• Defined by presence/absence of mecA gene0
50
100
150
200
250
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Year
MSSA
MRSA
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100% susceptibility to amikacin, tedizolid, ceftobiprole, vancomycin, teicoplanin and telavancin
Staphylococcus aureusNon-susceptibility trends
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Perc
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Year
MRSA
0
10
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30
40
50
60
70
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90
100
Perc
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MSSA
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100% susceptibility to amikacin, tedizolid, ceftobiprole, vancomycin, teicoplanin and telavancin
Staphylococcus aureusNon-susceptibility trends
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Perc
enta
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no
n-s
usc
epti
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Year
MRSA
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Perc
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MSSA
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20% of all S. aureus isolates collected defined as multi-drug resistant
74% of MRSA isolates, 2% of MSSA isolates
Staphylococcus aureusMDR prevalence
Isolate
Aminoglycoside Ansamycin Beta-lactam Fluoroqunolone Fucidane Glycopepties Glycylcycline Lincosamide Macrolide Oxazolidinone Tetracycline
GEN RIF OXA CIP FUS TEC VAN TLV TGC CLI ERY LZD MIN TET
MIC values
MRSA 32 0.008 >128 128 0.06 1 <=0.5 0.12 0.12 >128 >128 2 0.12 16
MRSA 0.5 0.008 >128 128 8 1 <=0.5 0.12 0.12 >128 >128 2 0.12 0.5
MRSA 64 0.008 >128 128 16 1 <=0.5 0.12 0.12 >128 >128 2 0.12 0.5
MRSA 32 0.015 >128 128 0.12 1 <=0.5 0.25 0.12 >128 >128 2 0.12 0.5
MRSA 0.25 0.008 >128 128 16 1 <=0.5 0.12 0.12 >128 >128 2 0.12 0.5
MRSA 64 0.008 >128 128 0.25 1 <=0.5 0.12 0.25 >128 >128 2 0.12 0.25
MRSA 64 0.008 >128 128 0.12 1 1 0.25 0.12 >128 >128 2 0.12 0.25
MRSA 0.25 0.008 8 32 8 1 1 0.06 >128 32 128
MSSA 4 0.008 0.5 16 8 0.5 1 0.125 >128 0.25 64
MSSA 32 >2 0.5 >512 0.25 1 1 0.25 >128 >128 2 >2 64
MSSA 16 ≤0.004 1 32 0.12 0.5 ≤0.5 0.25 2 >128 2 0.25 64
SusceptibleNon-
susceptibleKey:
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Surveillance data
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Acinetobacter spp
• Pseudomonas spp
• Enterobacterales/Enterobacteriaceae
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A. baumannii (69%)
322 isolates
Other Acinetobacter species* (31%)
141 isolates
*Includes A. johnsonii, A. calcoaceticus, A. lwoffii,
A. haemolyticus, A. junii, A. ursingii, A. pittii, A. guillouiae,
A. nosocomialis, A. beijerinckii, A. radioresistens,
A. bayli, A. virianii
Acinetobacter spp.Isolate collection
48
36
432
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Num
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Other species
A. baumannii
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Acinetobacter spp.Non-susceptibility trends
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Perc
enta
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Year
A. baumannii
Ciprofloxacin
Imipenem
Gentamicin
Tobramycin
Amikacin
Meropenem
Colistin
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Perc
enta
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no
n-s
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Year
Non- A. baumannii
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21% of all Acinetobacter isolates collected defined as multi-drug resistant
30% of A. baumannii isolates
Acinetobacter spp.MDR prevalence
Isolate
Carbapenem Ciprofloxacin Aminoglycoside PolymixinResistance mechanism
IPM MEM CIP GEN AMK TOB CST
MIC values
A. baumannii 16 64 >256 512 >256 1 OXA-23 & OXA-51
A. baumannii 32.0 32 256 >256 >512 >256 1 OXA-23 & OXA-51
A. baumannii 16.0 16 >256 128 512 1 1 OXA-51 & OXA-58
A. baumannii 32.0 64 >256 >256 >512 >256 8 OXA-23 & OXA-51
A. baumannii 32.0 32 >256 >256 >512 >256 16 OXA-23 & OXA-51
A. baumannii 4.0 16 1 128 2 8 1 OXA-23 & OXA-51 & OXA-58
A. baumannii 32 64 >256 512 >256 1 OXA-23 & OXA-51
A. baumannii 16.0 32 256 >256 >512 >256 1 OXA-23 & OXA-51
A. baumannii 32.0 32 128 >256 64 8 1 OXA-51 & OXA-58
A. baumannii 16.0 32 256 >256 >512 >256 1 OXA-23 & OXA-51
SusceptibleNon-
susceptibleKey:
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A. baumannii
(113 isolates tested)
Mechanism Positive isolates
OXA-23 26 (23%)
OXA-51 111 (98%)
OXA-58 3 (3%)
OXA-23 & 51 8 (7%)
OXA-51 & 58 2 (2%)
OXA-23 & 51 & 58 1 (1%)
None 2 (2%)
Acinetobacter spp.Resistance mechanisms
Non-A. baumannii
(88 isolates tested)
Mechanism Positive isolates
OXA-23 1 (1 %)
OXA-51 0
OXA-58 2 (2%)
OXA-23+51 0
OXA-51+58 0
OXA-23+51+58 0
None 85 (97%)
• OXAs: class D beta-lactamases
• OXA-23 & OXA-51 prevalent in A. baumannii
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Surveillance data
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Acinetobacter spp
• Pseudomonas spp
• Enterobacterales/Enterobacteriaceae
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P. aeruginosa (99.1%)
1712 isolates
Other Pseudomonas species* (0.9%)
16 isolates
*Includes P. fluorescens, P. mendocina, P. putida,
P. rhodesiae, P. stutzeri, P. koreensis
Pseudomonas spp.Isolate collection
0
50
100
150
200
250
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Other species
P. aeruginosa
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Pseudomonas spp.Non-susceptibility trends
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pe
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of
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-su
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Year
Beta-lactams
Meropenem
Imipenem
Piperacillin-tazobactam
Ceftazidime
Ceftolozane-tazobactam
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Pseudomonas spp.Non-susceptibility trends
18.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pe
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of
isola
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on
-su
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Year
Beta-lactams
Meropenem
Imipenem
Piperacillin-tazobactam
Ceftazidime
Ceftolozane-tazobactam
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Pseudomonas spp.Non-susceptibility trends
5.5
15
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pe
rcen
tage
of
isola
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on
-su
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ptib
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Year
Beta-lactams
Meropenem
Imipenem
Piperacillin-tazobactam
Ceftazidime
Ceftolozane-tazobactam
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pe
rcen
tage
of
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on
-su
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ptib
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Year
Non-beta-lactams
Ciprofloxacin
Gentamicin
Colistin
Amikacin
Tobramycin
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6% of all P. aeruginosa isolates collected defined as MDR
Pseudomonas spp.MDR prevalence
Isolate
Aminoglycoside Carbapenem Cephalosporin Fluoroquinolone Beta-lactam Polymyxin
Resistance mechanismGEN AMK TOB MEM CAZ CIP TZP CST C_T
MIC values
P. aeruginosa 256 16 >256 >32 128 32 128 2 128 VIM
P. aeruginosa 128 256 >256 >32 >256 32 128 1 >256 NDM
P. aeruginosa 256 64 128 32 >256 32 128 1 >256 VEB
P. aeruginosa >256 512 64 8 64 16 256 0.5 4
P. aeruginosa 8 16 2 4 32 1 64 1 2
P. aeruginosa 16 16 16 16 64 32 16 1 16 PER
P. aeruginosa 2 8 1 32 64 8 64 1 2 OprD loss + efflux + AmpC
P. aeruginosa 4 128 32 2 16 16 32 1 64 VIM
P. aeruginosa 1 8 16 32 16 64 16 1 32 VIM
P. aeruginosa >256 64 >256 16 16 32 16 1 32 VIM
SusceptibleNon-
susceptibleKey:
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Pseudomonas spp.Resistance mechanisms
P. aeruginosa Mechanism Positive isolates
NDM 1
VIM 4
VEB 1
PER 1
AmpC 1
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Surveillance data
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Acinetobacter spp
• Pseudomonas spp
• Enterobacterales/Enterobacteriaceae
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E. coli (35%)
Klebsiella spp. (30%)K. aerogenes, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, K. variicola
Enterobacter spp. (17%)E. clocae, E. amnigenus, E. asburiae, E. cloacae, E. gergoviae,
E. hermanii, E. kobei, E. ludwigii, E. sakazakii
Other (18%)Includes Citrobacter spp., Raoultella spp., Serratia spp., Pantoeaspp., Proteus spp., Providencia spp., Hafnia alvei, Escherichia hermannii, Ewingella americana, Morganella morganii
*Previously Enterobacteriaceae
Enterobacterales*Isolate collection
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Num
be
r o
f is
ola
tes c
olle
cte
dYear
E. coli
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Other
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E. coliNon-susceptibility trends
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pe
rcen
tage
of
isola
tes n
on
-su
sce
ptib
le
Year
Non-beta lactams
Ciprofloxacin
Amikacin
Gentamicin
Tobramycin
Colistin
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pe
rcen
tage
of
isola
tes n
on
-su
sce
ptib
le
Year
Beta-lactams
Amoxicillin
Co-amoxiclav
Cefotaxime
Piperacillin-tazobactam
Ceftazidime
Ceftobiprole
Ceftolozane-tazobactam
Imipenem
Meropenem
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Klebsiella spp.Non-susceptibility trends
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pe
rcen
tage
of
isola
tes n
on
-su
sce
ptib
le
Year
Beta-lactams
Co-amoxiclav
Cefotaxime
Piperacillin-tazobactam
Ceftazidime
Ceftobiprole
Ceftolozane-tazobactam
Imipenem
Meropenem
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Klebsiella spp.Non-susceptibility trends
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pe
rcen
tage
of
isola
tes n
on
-su
sce
ptib
le
Year
Non-beta-lactams
Ciprofloxacin
Amikacin
Gentamicin
Tobramycin
Colistin
12.1
19.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pe
rcen
tage
of
isola
tes n
on
-su
sce
ptib
le
Year
Beta-lactams
Co-amoxiclav
Cefotaxime
Piperacillin-tazobactam
Ceftazidime
Ceftobiprole
Ceftolozane-tazobactam
Imipenem
Meropenem
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Enterobacter spp.Non-susceptibility trends
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pe
rcen
tage
of
isola
tes n
on
-su
sce
ptib
le
Year
Non-beta-lactams
Ciprofloxacin
Amikacin
Gentamicin
Tobramycin
Colistin
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pe
rcen
tage
of
isola
tes n
on
-su
sce
ptib
le
Year
Beta-lactams
Cefotaxime
Piperacillin-tazobactam
Ceftazidime
Ceftobiprole
Ceftolozane-tazobactam
Imipenem
Meropenem
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14% of all Enterobacterales collected defined as multi-drug resistant
15% of E. coli isolates, 11% of Klebsiella isolates, 22% of Enterobacter isolates
EnterobacteralesMDR prevalence
IsolateAminoglycoside Carbapenem Cephalosporin ES Cephalosporin Fluoroquinolone Tetracycline Beta-lactam Polymyxin Resistance
mechanismAMK GEN TOB IPM MEM ETP CXM CTX CAZ CIP TGC AMC CST
E. coli 32 1 64 0.125 0.03 0.03 64 4 64 128 >64 1 CTX-M 1
E. coli 32 0.06 >128 128 16 128 0.25 16
E. coli 32 32 >128 8 2 16 2 2 0.5
K. pneumoniae >256 >256 >512 128 256 >256 >256 >256 >256 >64 32 MBL NDM
K. pneumoniae >256 >256 >512 >256 >256 >256 >256 >256 >256 >64 64 MBL NDM
K. pneumoniae 4 32 16 8 8 8 4 >128 >64 2 KPC
E. cloacae 2 32 16 0.5 0.125 1 >256 64 128 >64 1 ESBL + AmpC
E. cloacae 2 64 16 1 0.5 4 >256 64 4 OXA-48 + CTX-M
E. asburiae 0.5 0.5 0.12 >128 128 128 0.06 0.5 64 >32
S. marcescens 16 0.5 >128 16 1 2 1 >64 >32
P. mirabilis 4 2 8 2 0.06 0.03 32 16 >256 128 >64 AmpC
R. terrigena 32 0.12 >128 256 32 64 0.25 16
P. mirabilis 4 64 16 0.06 2 2 2 64
SusceptibleNon-
susceptibleKey:
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EnterobacteralesResistance mechanisms
Organism ESBL CTX-M CTX-M 1 CTX-M 2 CTX-M 8 CTX-M 9 AmpC K1 KPC NDM OXA-48
E. coli 254 (12%) 197 (9.5%) 162 2 2 31 24 (1.2%) 1
Klebsiella 48 (10%) 91 (5.2%) 82 2 7 3 (0.2%) 23 3 2 1
Enterobacter 177 (5%) 27 (2.7%) 23 4 78 (7.8%)
Other 8 (0.7) 5 (0.5%) 4 1 64 (6%)
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Guidelines for HAP treatment
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National guidelines:
• UK (BSAC)
• USA (IDSA)
• Canada (AMMI)
• Sweden
• India
• South Africa
• Portugal
• Europe (ERS, ESICM,
ESCMID, ALAT)
Guidelines for HAP treatment
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Antibiotic Mild HAP Moderate HAP Severe HAP
Amikacin 1 3
Aztreonam 2 2
Cefepime 3 4 3
Cefoperazone-sulbactam 1 1
Cefotaxime 4 2
Cefpriome 1 1
Ceftazidime 1 1 2
Ceftriaxone 3 2
Cefuroxime 1
Ciprofloxacin 1 3 3
Co-amoxiclav 2
Colistin 2
Gentamicin 1 3
Imipenem 1 3 3
Imipenem-cilastatin 1
Levofloxacin 4 4 3
Linezolid 3 2
Meropenem 1 4 3
Moxifloxacin 1 1
Piperacillin-tazobactam 3 5 3
Teicoplanin 1 1
Ticarcillin-clavulanate 1 1
Tobramycin 1 3
Vancomycin 3 4
National guidelines:
• UK (BSAC)
• USA (IDSA)
• Canada (AMMI)
• Sweden
• India
• South Africa
• Portugal
• Europe (ERS, ESICM,
ESCMID, ALAT)
Guidelines for HAP treatment
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UK NHS guidelines:
• 260 NHS Trusts across England,
Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
We analysed 46 antibiotic prescribing
policy guidelines for HAP
Guidelines for HAP- UK
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UK NHS guidelines:
• 260 NHS Trusts across England,
Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
We analysed 46 antibiotic prescribing
policy guidelines for HAP
Summarised most commonly
recommended abx for:
• 1st-line mild and severe HAP
• 2nd-line mild and severe HAP
• MRSA risk
Guidelines for HAP- UK Antibiotic 1st line Penicillin allergy MRSA risk
Mild
HAP
Severe
HAP
Mild
HAP
Severe
HAP
Amoxicillin + doxycycline 3 1
Amoxicillin + gentamicin 1 1
Amoxicillin + linezolid 1
Amoxicillin + metronidazole 1
Amoxicillin + teicoplanin 1
Amoxicillin 3
Aztreonam 1 2
Cefotaxime 1
Ceftriaxone 1 1
Cefuroxime 1 1
Cefuroxime then doxycycline 1
Chloramphenicol 3
Ciprofloxacin 1 1
Ciprofloxacin + linezolid 2
Clarithromycin 1 3
Co-amoxiclav + clarithromycin 1 1
Co-amoxiclav 6 5
Co-amoxiclav + gentamicin 2
Co-amoxiclav + teicoplanin 2
Co-amoxiclav + vancomycin 2
Co-trimoxazole 1 1 2 1
Doxycycline 15 7 1
Doxycycline then rifampicin + gentamicin 1
Doxycycline then trimethoprim 1 1
Levofloxacin 2 2 5
Levofloxacin + linezolid 2
Levofloxacin + vancomycin 1 1
Linezolid 1
Meropenem 1 2 4
Meropenem + teicoplanin 1
Penicillin + ciprofloxacin 1
Piperacillin-tazobactam 2 11
Piperacillin-tazobactam + gentamicin 1
Piperacillin-tazobactam + teicoplanin 3
Piperacillin-tazobactam + vancomycin 1
Teicoplanin + aztreonam 2
Teicoplanin + ciprofloxacin 1 1
Teicoplanin + gentamicin 1 2
Vancomycin 2
Vancomycin + ciprofloxacin 1
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Antibiotic 1st line Penicillin
allergy
MRSA
risk
Mild
HAP
Severe
HAP
Mild
HAP
Severe
HAP
Co-amoxiclav 6 5
Doxycycline 15 7 1
Levofloxacin 2 2 5
Meropenem 1 2 4
Piperacillin-tazobactam 2 11
UK NHS guidelines:
• 260 NHS Trusts across England,
Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
We analysed 46 antibiotic prescribing
policy guidelines for HAP
Most commonly recommended abx:
Co-amoxiclav, doxycycline,
levofloxacin, meropenem, pip-taz
Guidelines for HAP- UK
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• Doxycycline is inappropriate for largely Gram-negative aetiology of HAP
• Why does doxy appear in these guidelines? Clinical studies support use of
doxy in CAP, no such evidence for HAP
• Are these guidelines followed?
• What is a better alternative?
• Is HAP over-diagnosed?
Doxy for HAP: where is the evidence?
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Dr. Carolyne Horner
Prof. David Livermore
Prof. Alasdair McGowan
BSAC Resistance Surveillance standing committee
PHE team in central testing laboratory
RSP sponsors
Tracey Guise
Team at BSAC HQ
Acknowledgements
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