Non-Revenue Water and Water Loss Management: A Critical … · Non-Revenue Water and Water Loss...

Non-Revenue Water

and

Water Loss Management:

A Critical Review

Presentation by: SAMUEL P MOLEKOA 9 May 2018

IWA WATER LOSS CONFERENCE, Cape Town, 2018

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QUOTES

Source: Rand Water Publications: Water Wise Calendar 2018 2

‘‘Water is the driving force of all nature.’’ - Leonardo Da Vinci

‘‘No water, no life. No blue, no green.’’

- Sylvia Earle

‘‘We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.’’ -Thomas Fuller

‘‘We forget that the water cycle and life cycle are one.’’

-Jacques Cousteau

‘‘Water runs through our every day aspirations as a society’’

-Kader Asmal

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Disclaimer: All views and opinions expressed in this presentation in support of water conservation and water demand management best practices, remain the sole responsibility of the Author, and do not necessarily represent those of Rand Water

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• SETTING THE SCENE • INTRODUCTION TO RAND WATER • KEY CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS • MOTIVATION: WC/WDM • BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

• A CRITIQUE OF CURRENT APPROACHES • LITERATURE STUDY AND REVIEW • CASE STUDIES • EMERGING RISKS

• SUSTAINING & PROTECTING ACHIEVEMENTS GAINED • ACTION PLAN

• CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Integrated Vaal River System (Storage Dams: 14)

•

Source: Department of Water and Sanitation Publications

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Source: Rand Water Publications. Annual Report 2017 and Infrastructure Master Plan

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RAND WATER, Established 1903 (continuation)

Key Strategic Infrastructure Information • Established in 1903 to provide bulk

water services to the Sector • Large Potable Water Treatment Works: 2 • Consumers: Over 11 million • Booster Pumping Stations: 4 • Total Pipeline Length: 3 500 km • Total Number of Reservoirs: 60 • Supply Area: 18 000 km² • Additional area of service: 13 000 km² • Total Asset Value: R99,0 Billion • Total Average Daily Demand: 4300Mℓ/d Large consumers (75% ) • City of Tshwane Metropolitan

Municipality • City of Johannesburg Metropolitan

Municipality • City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan

Municipality

6 Source: Adapted from Cranefield College of Projects and Programme Management (2015:48)

Organisational Health is defined by Beer(1980:18) as the capacity of an organisation to engage, in ongoing self examination aimed at identifying incongruities between social system components and developing plans for needed change in strategy, structure, processes, people, culture and domination coalition. Such a healthy organisation is likely to maintain organisational efficiency and effectiveness. Rand Water’s portfolio of projects and programmes are summarised in this schematic (adapted from Steyn and Schmikl, 2015:48)

Portfolio of Projects and Programmes


7 Source: Department of Water and Sanitation Publications, June 2013:57

• What is Water Conservation? The Department of Water and Sanitation defines water conservation as the minimisation of loss or waste, care, protection of water resources, efficient and effective use of water.

• What is Water Demand Management? Water demand management is defined by the Department of Water and Sanitation as the adaptation and implementation of a strategy by a Water Institution or consumer to influence the water demand and usage of water in order to meet any of the following objectives: economic efficiency, social development, social equity, environmental protection, sustainability of water supply, water services and political acceptability.

MOTIVATION: WC/WDM

Source: Adapted from World Meteorological Organisation: Technical Reports in Hydrology and Water Resources, No.73. Tools for Water Use and Water Demand Management in South Africa. WMO/TD-No.1095, 2001

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The best approach to address non-revenue water and water losses’ opportunities and constraints, is to adopt water conservation and water demand management (WC/WDM) as a strategy, not only to ensure environmental sustainability, social equity and economic development, but to enable proper planning, budgeting, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and reporting to derive benefits of strategic importance in an emergent environment. The reasons for promoting Water Conservation and Water Demand Management are: • Excessive water use leads to premature capitalisation of infrastructure; • Additional infrastructure brings high debt and high fixed water costs; • Realistic water charges support sustainable water services; • WC/WDM measures can be introduced flexibility and incrementally; • WC/WDM contributes to socio-political objectives (equity and gender issues); • WC/WDM only succeeds with community participation; • WC/WDM requires measurement of all components of the water cycle and good

management.

9 Source: Rand Water: Water Conservation and Water Demand Management Strategy and Business Plan 2017

Portfolio of Projects and Programmes: WC/WDM Strategy and Business Plan


BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Source: [Department of Water and Sanitation Publications], [Rand Water Publications], and National Development Plan 2030 10

WATER CONSERVATION AND WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT Department of Water and Sanitation and Water Research Commission • In support of the water services sector to provide effective, efficient and

affordable water services, the Department of Water and Sanitation and its Agents (WRC) has developed appropriate policies, strategies, enabling legislation and regulations, guidelines, manuals, standard operating procedures and provided funding to most of the identified projects;

• Furthermore, the National Development Plan (2011:179), states that

‘reducing growth in demand is just as important as increasing supply’. Current planning assumes that it is possible to achieve an average reduction in water demands of 15% below baseline levels in urban areas by the year 2030, based on detailed targets set for different areas;

• In order to achieve demand reductions of this scale, programmes to

reduce leakages in distribution networks, improve efficient domestic and commercial water use will be required. Demand-side management projects with merit, should be given priority, and be on par with water supply-side management projects in terms of importance (NDP, 2011).

BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Source: Department of Water and Sanitation Publication, 2018:Online 11

WATER CONSERVATION AND WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION • All Town Reconciliation Strategies: The DWS has commissioned many

reconciliation strategy studies in the various management areas. The aim of the strategies is to reconcile water requirements with availability, and the overall objectives being to keep towns and villages clusters with a positive water balance, at least for a planning horizon of 20 years (2035), and where feasible, take appropriate interventions.

• One of the recommendations incorporated in the Vaal River Scheme

Reconciliation Strategy Study (2009) is the implementation of Water Conservation and Water Demand Management by Local Government to save 15% of water use in the identified Municipalities in Rand Water’s area of service, which has the highest potential for water savings compared to other Sectors. DWS is of the view that 200 million cubic meters of water can be saved in the Integrated Vaal River System.

• The aforementioned savings have not been achieved to date, hence the

involvement of Rand Water through the WC/WDM Support programme

Source: [Water Research Commission, Report No. TT522/12], [Department of Water and Sanitation Publications] 14

The review of current approaches to the management of water resources including non-revenue water and water losses in South Africa, invites the following Sector Growth Business Opportunities and Constraints: • Status of Non-Revenue Water and Water Losses: According the latest reports

published by the Department of Water and Sanitation, nationally non-revenue water and water losses have worsened from 36,8% in the year 2012 to 41,0% in the year 2017. We have not made progress !!

• Recommended Measures and Interventions: Most of recommended measures and interventions suggested in the reports have not been implemented, and if they are implemented, they are executed in an isolated, ad-hoc, reactive manner in response to conditions heightened by water scarcity due to drought, and/or infrastructure capacity unable to match increasing demands, and/or high financial losses arising from both physical and administrative losses;

• Funding Recommended Measures and Interventions: The biggest challenge in the Sector is inadequate funding to implement recommended WC/WDM measures and interventions contained in the State of Non-Revenue in South Africa (2012) Report;

• WC/WDM Strategy and Business Plan: In the absence of a properly developed and adopted WC/WDM Strategy and Business Plan, planning, budgeting, implementing, evaluating, monitoring and reporting, to ensure environmental sustainability, social equity and economic development won’t happen systematically. The best approach to address non-revenue water and water losses is to develop, adopt and fund WC/WDM Strategy and Business Plan as recommend by DWS, Rand Water, and WRC.

A CRITIQUE OF CURRENT APPROACHES

MOTIVATION: WC/WDM

Source: Adapted from Rand Water: Water Services Forum, of 14.06.2017 (Presentation by Dr Hannes Rautenbatch) 15

• Globally, water demands are increasing, water sources are polluted and diminishing. • The implications of the aforementioned factors show a need for prudent and

efficient measures to be taken in the use and management of fresh water to ensure continual availability, effective and efficient use, proper management, thereby reducing excessive operating costs, and ensuring sustainability of water sources (Yeboah, 2008:9). Climate change is the actual reality, and it has to be taken into consideration in the planning horizon. Measures to mitigate the identified risks must be put in place at all times. Respond, Plan and Adapt (Dr Hannes Rautenbatch)

16 Source: Internet and Various Websites (2018:Online) Acknowledged by the Author

China South Africa

Acid mine drainage Russia

India

Canada

Africa

Russia

EWN News, 2018:Online

Storm damage

Wild Fires!

17 Source: Various Websites (2018:Online) Acknowledged by the Author!

Socio-Economic Challenges Libya

Service delivery protest

Do something!!

Algae

W/Meter connection

‘War On Leaks’

Literature Study and Review SUGGESTED PROCESSES/PROCEDURES IN DEVELOPING A WC/WDM STRATEGY & BUSINESS PLAN The key to developing a water loss management strategy is to gain a better understanding of reasons for the losses and factors that influence them. Techniques and procedures can be developed and be tailored to the specific characteristics of the network and local influencing factors to tackle each of the causes in order of priority. A diagnostic approach followed by the practical implementation of the solutions that are practical and achievable can be applied to any water company, anywhere in the world (Yi Wu, Z., Farley, M., Turtle, D., Kapelan, Z., Boxal, J., Mounce, S., Dahasaharsa, S., Mulay , M and Kleiner, Y, 2011:16). The first step in developing a water loss management strategy, is to ask some questions about the network characteristics and operating practises, followed by using available tools and mechanisms to suggest appropriate solutions to formulate the strategy. The questions are as follows: • How much water is being lost? • Where is it being lost? • Why is it being lost? • What strategies can be introduced to reduce losses and improve performance? • How can the adopted strategies be maintained and any achievements gained be sustained?

Source: Adapted from Bentley Institute Press,2011:16 18

19 Source: Adapted from Rand Water/UN-HABITAT/WRP (2003:5), [Pacific Water, 2018: Online]

The WC/WDM Development Process Schematic

The Water Demand Management Strategy development process by Rand Water, UN-HABITAT and WRP Consulting Engineers include various elements for consideration, and the following management functions: • Planning • Implementation • Evaluation • Analysis The aim of the adopted strategies is to Drive The Demand Down!!

20 Source: Adapted from Wegelin, W., A & Jacobs, H., E (2018:Online), [Bentley Institute Press, 2011:

[WC/WDM Strategy and Business Plan] & [Water Loss Reduction Process]

21 Source: Adapted from Essays Innovative (2014:87): Dr Louwrence Erasmus & Obbey Masia, (2018:Online)

[WC/WDM Strategy and Business Plan Procedure]

22 Source: Adapted from various Publications (2018:Online)

The Department of Water and Sanitation (South Africa) recommends following process in developing a water conservation and demand management strategy and business plan in accordance with the requirements of Water Services Act, 36 of 1998:

The selected WC/WDM Case Studies obtained Online, show that non-revenue water and water losses, as part of an organisation’s long-term WC/WDM Strategy and Business Plan, can be reduced to an acceptable level with adequate funding and involvement of all stakeholders. • City of New York • Surabaya Water Company, East Java Indonesia • City of Indore • State of Texas • eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality

23 Source: Adapted from Rory Burke, Project Management 2004:

The Department of Water and Sanitation (South Africa) recommends following process in developing a water conservation and demand management strategy and business plan in accordance with the requirements of Water Services Act, 36 of 1998:

These Case Studies were implemented in accordance with project and programme management guiding principles. The guiding principles are explained briefly below.

24 Source: Adapted from City of New York ,Water Demand Management Plan Report, (2018:ONLINE)

Case Study No.1 (Part 1): City of New York(1991 to 1998)

• Since the mid-1970’s, the City of New York’s water facilities were exceeding safe yields;

• In year 1990, three of the City’s wastewater treatment plans were also exceeding permitted flows;

• Water and sewer rates were skyrocketing and the City faced the need for major water infrastructure projects;

• In the year 1992, the City conducted a cost analysis of supply alternatives, and found that conservation to be the most economical option.


Case Study No.1 (Part 1): City of New York (from 1991 to 1998) The City of New York’s Conservation Plan, had four main elements listed below: • Education Programme: The City conducted door-to-door water efficiency surveys

to 220,000 homeowners. Citizen were provided with educational information, free water saving devices, and free leak inspection. The City also provided home water saving kits for free and water conservation classes to building managers;

• Metering: the City installed water meters to unmetered properties. Water savings obtained from installed water meters was about 200 million gallons per day (mgd);

• Leak detection: The City used computerised sonar leak detection and advanced flow monitoring programme to detect leaks. Water savings from leak detection programme was recorded at 40 mgd;

• High Efficiency Toilet Programme: The City replaced over 1,3 million toilets, with water efficient toilets that use 1,6 gallons per flush. This high efficiency toilet programme saved about 75 mgd.

• Achievements: The overall water usage dropped from 195 gallons per day (gdp) in 1991 to 167 (14%) gpd in 1998


City of New York (Part 2): The City went back to the drawing board, and came-up with a revised strategy namely, Water For the Future Programme (from 2011 to 2021) as part of its Water Demand Management Plan. The City’s Department of Environmental Plan, launched this programme as a long-term plan to repair leaks in the sections of Delaware Aqueduct, to be completed in year 2021, as part of its Water Demand Management Plan at a budget of $1,5 Billion. DEP’s existing metering, leak detection, residential water audits, and retrofit programme, repairing fire hydrants, pressure management, have continued to drive the demand down!!!


City of New York (Part 2): Department of Environmental Protection (DEP): The Water Demand Management Plan identifies five key strategies for managing water demand in the City of New York. The Plan details 21 specific initiatives to be implemented over the next eight years to achieve targeted water demand management reductions. Key strategies to reduce the excessive water demand by 50 million gallons per day (5%) by year 2020 are summarised as follows: • Strategy 1: Municipal Water Efficiency Programme • Strategy 2: Residential Water Efficiency Programme • Strategy 3: Non-residential Water-use Efficiency Programme • Strategy 4: Water Distribution System Optimisations • Strategy 5: Water Supply Shortage Management

28 Source: Adapted from Ranhill Water Services, Final Report, 31 May 2011, (2018:ONLINE)

Case Study No.2: Non-Revenue Water Strategy Report (Task 4) for Surabaya Company, East Java, Indonesia. • Ranhill Water Services was appointed by the World Bank on the 6th September

2010 to develop a Non-Revenue Water Management Strategy for Surabaya Water Company. The expected outcome is the delivery of the strategy for the management of non-revenue water across the City. This template can be used for future investments and development.

• Strategies with fifteen activities were formulated, and recommended for PDAM to undertake a network management and a holistic non-revenue water management programme. The recommended strategies to reduce non-revenue water from 36,32 % to 30% level in Surabaya City, are to be implemented over a period of five years, and will cost approximately $50 Million . The identified 15 activities are:

• NRW Awareness Programmes; • Production Water Meter Accuracy; • Customer Metering; • Reservoir Overflow Control;

29 Source: Adapted from Ranhill Water Services, Final Report, 31 May 2011, (2018:ONLINE)

Case Study No.2 (continuation): Non-Revenue Water Strategy Report (Task 4) for Surabaya Company, East Java, Indonesia. • Inter-Zone Metering • DMA Establishment • Leakage Reduction Activities • Pressure Management • Establishment of Control Room • Call Centre Improvement • Asset Maintenance • Recording of Operational Usage • Pipe replacement Programme • Staffing • Customer Charter

Comment: ‘In reality non-revenue water management and reduction is a company-wide responsibility, with each member having a role to play’’. The key role players in the organisation are: Top Management and Senior Managers, Engineers and Executives. Technicians and Clerical staff, and labourers, field assistants and meter readers.

30 Source: Adapted from UN-HABITAT, WRP, TERI & Government of Madya Pradesh, 2006 (2018:ONLINE)

Case Study No.3: City of Indore: Water Demand Management Strategies and Implementation Plan • The United Nations Human Settlement Programme (UN-HABITAT), in partnership

with WRP Consulting Engineers, South Africa, supported by The Energy Resources Institute, commissioned this study to develop a Water Demand Management Strategy for the City of Indore, and to provide useful directions to several other initiatives already being facilitated.

• Non-revenue water is approximately 30% of total system input volume. The

absence of data on leakages and the reliability of basic data on operational aspects of water supply has been the major concern in arriving at the water balance audit.

• The Water Demand Management Strategy and Implementation Plan involves

institutional, financial and technical elements, aimed at improving the efficiencies in the management and utilisation of water. The focus is mainly on the water balancing systems, developing information base on GIS platform, capacity building and training approaches to reduce non-revenue water to an acceptable level


Case Study No.3: City of Indore: The recommended strategies will not only enhance awareness, but will provide the basis for formulating effective water demand management policies. The proposed strategy is split into short-term actions to be implemented within a period of 5 years, and long-term actions to be implemented over a period of 10 to 20 years.

Key aspects covered in WDM Strategy are: • Establishment of District Metered Areas • Bulk Water Metering Installations • Bulk Revenue Water Metes (Billing) • Domestic Consumer Water Meter Installations • Non-revenue water monitoring • Undertake Water Audits; • Pressure Management;


Case Study No.3: City of Indore: Water Demand Management Strategies and Implementation Plan

Key aspects covered in WDM Strategy are: • Mains Replacement • Active and Passive Leakage Control • Planned Maintenance • Education and Public Involvement • Illegal Water Use Eradication/Removal • GIS Installation • Capacity Building and Training • Implement Pilot Projects • By-laws Development and Enforcement • Rain Water Harvesting • Effluent Reuse • Retrofit Internal Plumbing

33 Source: City of Texas: Water Management Strategies (Water For Texas 2012 State Water Plan) (2018:Online)

Case Study No.4: The State of Texas: Water Management Strategies

34 Source: City of Texas: Water Management Strategies (Water For Texas 2012 State Water Plan) (2018:Online)

Case Study No.4: The State of Texas: Water Management Strategies

35 Source: eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality (2018:Online)

Case Study No.5: eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality

• The Metro has developed a 10 years Water Conservation and Water Demand Management Plan in order to secure sustainable water supply, and to improve financial sustainability by protecting and enhancing revenue streams in line with its strategic objectives.

• The WC/WDM Plan was presented to the Metro’s Executive Committee in 2017, to ensure sustainable water supply until 2027. The WC/WDM Plan include the following key elements:

• Financial sustainability

• Water Quality

• Management Capacity (talent management, operational resilience, sound governance);

• Water resources (ground water, effluent reuse, dams, sea water and rain water harvesting)

• Infrastructure Stability

36 Source: eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality (2018:Online)

Case Study No.5: eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality

The objectives of the plan are:

• Reduce non-revenue water to < 20% by 2025/26

• Reduce system input volume (annual water demand) growth to <1%

• To reduce unrestricted average domestic water demand (wastage) by 25% by 2026;

• To increase water reuse to 100 Mℓ/day by 2022

• To install meters on all water connections (100%) by 2022 and

• To ensure clean audit of the water business on a yearly basis.

Current and Approved Projects:

• Pipe replacement;

• Leak detection and reservoir refurbishment;

• Quick and Visible Leaks Repair Projects (Response Team)

• Installation of Smart Meters and review of by-laws, etc.

37 Source: Adapted from [International Conference on Water and Environment]; [WMO]; [DWS], (2018:Online)

Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development (1992): Principle 4

‘‘Water Has An Economic Value In All Its Competing Uses And Should Be Recognized As An Economic Good’’ .

The

Dublin Statement (1992) goes further to say that the role of water as an economic and life sustaining good should be reflected in demand management policies, implemented through water conservation, efficient use, recycling and reuse, resources assessment and financial instruments’’. (Source: World Metrological Organisation (WMO): Technical Reports In Hydrology and Water Resources No.73: WMO/TD – No. 1095. WMO and UNESCO)

Water Is Life. Sanitation Is Dignity

(Source: Minister of Water and Sanitation (South Africa)

39 Source: Rand Water Library Services Publication and WRC Various Publications

Emerging risks identified in the Water Services Sector include the following: • Low Quality Plumbing Material and Poor Workmanship • Inadequate Network Analysis, Modelling and Management • Under Utilisation of Technology and Management Information Systems • Growing Gap between Academia, Politicians and Technocrats • Growing Gap between Organs of State • Lack of formal WC/WDM, 4 years Course at TVET Colleges and/or University of Technology • Dearth of Coaching and Mentoring • Dysfunctional Project Management Units/Office • Under-funded Community Education and Awareness Programmes • Collapse of Call Centres and Control Rooms • Lack of Standard Operating Procedures, Manuals and Policies • Poor Customer Services and Relationship Management • Reduced Infrastructure Investments • Poor Budgeting and Revenue Management Practises • Poorly developed and/or non-existing Water and Sanitation Master-Plans

40 Source: Adapted from [Rand Water Publications] and [RS Mckenzie, 2014, WRC Report No.TT595/14]

How can the adopted strategies be maintained and achievements gained be sustained after implementing an effective and successful WC/WDM programme? In sustaining and protecting achievements gained informed by adopted strategies, the following projects, tasks, normal operational work must be grouped together to enable the Executive to evaluate, track, monitor and review them on regular basis as part of the organisation's performance management information system. • IWA Standard Water Balance Monthly Report; • Wastewater Balance Monthly Report; • Raw Water Quantity and Quality Monitoring • Call Centre and Control Room Management; • Customer Services and Relationship Management; • Operation and Maintenance Programmes; • GIS and Digital Mapping Management; • Network Analysis, Modelling and Management • Capacity Building and Training Programmes • Community Education and Awareness Programmes

41 Source: Adapted from [Rand Water Publications] and [RS Mckenzie, 2014, WRC Report No. TT595/14]

• Metering and Meter Management;

• Pressure and Flow Management;

• Manpower, Plant, Equipment and Tools Management;

• Technology, Information and Knowledge Management;

• Standard Operating Procedures, Manuals, and Policy and Management;

• Budgeting and Revenue Management;

• Asset Register and Management;

• Performance Management Systems;

• Cathodic Protection System and Management (steel pipes)

• Robust Waterwise Garden Practices and Rain Water Harvesting

• Pipeline Condition Assessments, Leak detection and Repairs

42 Source: Rand Water: Water Conservation and Water Demand Management Strategy and Business Plan 2017

A: Short-Term Plan (2 years)

The following short-term activities are suggested for implementation within a period of 2 years to comply with Regulatory requirements (R509 of 2011)

A1. IWA Standard Water Balance Monthly Report (30 June 2019)

A2. Fix Leaking Household Plumbing Installations (ALL SECTORS)

B: Long-Term Plans (5 to 10 years)

The following activities are suggested as part of the organisations’ long-term plan to enable proper planning, budgeting, implementing, evaluating, monitoring, and reporting to ensure environmental sustainability, social equity and economic development

B1: Development and adoption of WC/WDM Strategy and Business Plan (2020)

B2: Sourcing of Funding and Implementation of Recommended Interventions

B3: Planning, Monitoring, Evaluating and Analysis (on regular & continues basis)

43 Source: Adapted from [Rand Water/UN-HABITA/WRP]; [Bentley Institute Press]; [Pacific Water]; [Steyn & Schmikl]; [Rautenbach]

In conclusion, • The best approach to address non-revenue water and water losses’ opportunities and constraints, is to adopt

water conservation and water demand management as a strategy, not only to ensure environmental sustainability, social equity and economic development, but to enable proper planning, budgeting, implementing, monitoring, evaluating and reporting on regular basis to derive benefits of strategic importance in an emergent environment [adapted from WRC and (Rand Water, UN-HABITAT and WRP, 2003:5)]

• Managing and reducing non-revenue water and water losses as part of WC/WDM programme is not a one-

time, or short-term activity, but one requiring a long-term commitment with adequate financial resources, and the involvement of key stakeholders internally and externally of the organisation (adapted: Yi Wu, et al, 2011:14).

• The outcomes of implementing an effective and successful water conservation and water demand management

programme as discussed in the case studies, will result in reduced water usage, reduced water wastages, reduced water leakage, reduced waste water flows, reduced operational costs, greater awareness by consumers on the financial and value of water, reduced run-off of pesticides into rivers and streams, and increased water availability arsing from greater water use and efficiency (adapted from Pacific Water, 2018:Online)

• Sustaining achievements gained and maintaining adopted strategies, after implementing a successful and

effective WC/WDM programme, requires the grouping of tasks, projects and normal operational work purposefully, to enable planning, reporting, monitoring and reviewing by the Executive, on regular and on-going basis, as documented in performance management system (adapted from Steyn & Schmikl, 2015:81).

• Climate change, Drought, Floods, Water Shortages are part of our lives, what needs to be done is put measures

in place to mitigate the identified risks on an ongoing and regular basis (adapted from Dr Hannes Rautenbach)

44 Source: Rand Water Publications: Water Wise Education & {Marketing and Stakeholder Management Division}

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