Non Physical Factors of Agriculture

8/20/2019 Non Physical Factors of Agriculture

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CHAPTER III

NON PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS

OF AGRICULTURE


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CHAPTER III

NON PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS OFAGRICULTURE

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Irrigation3.3 Demographic Factors

3.4 Livestock

3.5 Farm Implements

3.6 Improved Seeds

3.7 Fertilizers3.8 Pesticides

3.9 Credit and Finance

3.10 The Weekly Market Centers

3.11 Transportation and Road Accessibility

3.12 Summary


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CHAPTER III

NON PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURE

3.1 INTRODUCTIONIn India non physical or technological variables have made a

significant impact on both agricultural patterns and agricultural

productivity. This happened during the period of new agricultural strategy

which laid stress on the application on a greater scale of agricultural

science and technology to irrigation in dry areas. Experience of recent

years has shown that the key factors influencing Indian agriculture are

irrigation and modern inputs such as intensity, efficiency and certainty of

irrigation, farm implements, farm power (Human and Mechanical) and

the use of High Yielding Varieties (HYV) and chemical fertilizers.

In the country like India, Where the rainfall is both inadequate and

unpredictable, it affects badly on agricultural productivity. The study of

development process has found a limited place in geographic literature in

the past (Gilbert A.1971). Moreover, the study of economic development

was viewed differently by geographers and economists while geographers

have tended to emphasize the role of physical environment (Munton

R.J.C.1969). Economist on the other hand, had laid overwhelming

emphasis on economic factors in conditioning the distribution of

geographic phenomena, where by the natural relationships between the

phenomena, the phenomena have been under-emphasized (Chisholm, M.,1966). There is increasing appreciation by geographers of the fact that

physical (abiotic or non living) and non physical (biotic or living) factors

influence overall economic development and that factors contributing to

agricultural growth must also be sought in the same perspective.


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However, one cannot ignore the impact of the vast multiplicity of

interrelated physical or non physical factors on agriculture, not

withstanding the fact that all of them are not equally significant in

influencing the regional variations and temporal development of

agricultural phenomena in an area. To avoid dissipating ones efforts, it is

desirable to choose the primary factors that may be decisive in the

creation of different agricultural elements from place and time to time. In

this sense only must analyze the distributional patterns of decisive factors

in order to understand the distinctive regional characteristics of the

dependents so that the regional division of an area may be tailored to the

purpose of a particular study (Jasbir Singh, 1976). Each part of the world

virtually lacks homogeneity in the primary bases of farming because the

degree of their effectiveness in the spatial perspective markedly varies.

3.2 IRRIGATIONIrrigation is the basic input of agriculture and it is one of the

important components of agricultural technology to boost up agricultural

productivity. It is task of geographer to study the spatio temporal aspectsof irrigation and its relationship with other attributes. It is oblivious fact

that irrigation is indispensable for the success of agriculture. It ensures

the benefits to farms by reducing the risk of crop failure, increasing the

average yields and permitting multiple cropping. The successfully water

requirement of various crops can be met (Gadgil D.R., 1948).

Irrigation is an agricultural strategy designed to reduce moisture

deficiency, i.e. the balance between the moisture supplied by rainfall and

the evapotranspiratiory demand. Moreover, the adverse results of

unreliability of rainfall are well through irrigation. In view of spatial

variation in its distribution and uncertainty of monsoon, agriculture has

become highly dependable an artificial supply of water. The artificial


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application of water to land for growing crop is known by the term

‘Irrigation’ (Andrede,B., 1975). Contore L. M. (1967) defined it irrigation

is artificial application of water to the soil for crop production. It has been

therefore, considered as one of the important technological components

of progressive agriculture – providing water under best management on

scientific basis has also received importance in irrigation.

Irrigation helps agricultural production in three ways. First it raises

yield per unit area by inducing the use of other complementary yield

raising inputs viz. High Yielding Varieties of seeds, fertilizers and

pesticides, secondly it leads to an expansion in the gross cropped area by

making dubble and multiple cropping possible. Thirdly for a given

amount of output by enabling farmers to allocate their lands to high

yielding and high valued crops (Gurjar, R., 1990). Hence irrigation is

essential for development of agriculture.

3.2.1 METHODS OF IRRIGATION

Irrigation was through wells and inundation structures. Today, land

is irrigated by a variety of ways, tube wells are the pulsing hearts andirrigation channels the arteries which carry life and nourishment to arable

fields. Source of irrigation in a study region will depend upon various

factors such as surface configuration rock structure, water table, quality

and quantity of ground water, proximity and extent of water potential

catchment area and soil profile of the land. These factors vary

considerably from place to place in given region.

The methods by which irrigation is applied to the land depends onan ideal conditions, an individual land features such as the slope of land,

the crops to be raised, the nature of water supply and ability to soil to

absorb and hold water (Cantore L.M., 1967). The irrigation methods used


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in this region differ largely according to the terrain, soil types and

climatic conditions (Powar C. T., 1981).

There are different irrigational sources and modes in Sindhudurg

district. The following modes of irrigation are used for irrigating the

agricultural fields. Irrigation works in India are classified into major,

medium and minor schemes. Minor surface irrigation projects are those

with a cultural command area (CCA) upto 2000 hectares. Medium

projects are those with a CCA above 2000 hectares upto 10,000 hectares.

Major projects have a CCA greater than 10,000 hectares. The government

has established Maharashtra Irrigation Development Corporation in

December 1997. Major, Medium and Minor irrigation projects in the

study region which are under constructions are discussed below.

3.2.1 A. Major Projects

1. Talamba Project

Construction of this project (Dam) was started in Talamba village

in Kudal tahsil. It will be completed in 2013. Table 3.1 shows that about

Rs. 38819 lakh amount will be spent on this project and the total height ofthe dam sanctioned is 58.35 metres. Total length of the proposed canals is

87.20 km. But actually not a single km. has been constructed. Total water

storage capacity of the project is 297.15 million cubic metre. However

not a single million cubic meter water is stored as on 31 st March, 2007.

After completion of this project about 17000 hectares will be irrigated.

2. Tillari Project

This dam was constructed in Tillari village in Dodamarg tahsil.The figures in the table 3.1 show that the estimated coast is about Rs.129255 lakh on this project. The height of the dam was sanctioned as72.55 metres but actually the height of completed dam is 54.85 metres.Proposed length of canal is 180.22 from the dam. About 76.75 million


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Table No.3.1

Major and Medium Irrigation Projects in Sindhudurg DistrictSr.

No. Item Major Project Medium Projects

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Tahsil KudalDodamarg

Kankavali

Sawantwadi

Kankavali

Vaibhavwadi

Kankavali

Sawantwadi

1Name of theProject Talamba Tilari Tarandale

Shrishinge

Mahmadwadi Aruna

Devghar

Sarambala

2Location of theProject

3a) Year ofCompletionb) If incomplete,probale year ofComplection

2013 2009 2009-10 2010-11 2010-11 2011-12 2009-102011-

12

c)Estimated cost ofExpenditure (Rs.inLakhs)

38819 129255 1475 5841 18990 17841 24987 18473

4 Dama)HeightSanctioned (inMetres)

58.35 72.55 47 57.25 69.53 80.41 50.58 69.24

b)HeightCompleted (inmetres)

54.85 40 35 45 10 33 25

5 Canala) Total Length (inKm.) 87.2 180.22 4.82 38.2 80 14 37.47

b) CompletedLength (in Km.) 5.72

6

Maximum StorageCapacity (inMillion m3)

297.15 462.15 10.08 46.92 93.37 93.37 100.42 96.25

7Storage Capacityas on 31-03-2007 76.75 7.62

8

Gross AreaComanded (inHect.)

26285 23654 798 4764 12409 6379 5937 7464

9

Irrigable Area byCompleted Project(in Hect.)

17000 23654 550 3049 6107 5310 4512 6190

10Area Irrigated at2007 (in Hect.)a) Perannialb) Seasonal 67 40 806

Source : Socio-Economic Abstract of Sindhudurg District in 2006-07.


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cubic metre water was available as on 31 st March, 2007, while the storage

capacity of this project is 462.15 million cubic meter. After the

completion of this total project nearly 23,654 hectares area will be

brought under irrigation but only 67 hectares area was under irrigated as

on 31 st March, 2007.

3.2.1 B. Medium Project

The role of Maharashtra Irrigation Commission is most important

to increase the land under irrigation. Medium irrigation projects were in

an advanced stage of construction in the study region.

1. Devdhar Project

Probable year of completion of the project is 2009-10 and it is

contructed near Ghonsari village in Kankavali tahsil. The figures in table

3.1 indicate that the estimated cost of expenditure is about Rs. 24,987

lakh on this project. The height of the dam is sanctioned as 50.58 metres

but the height completed is 33 metres. Total length of the proposed canals

is 14 km. The length of the canal is completed 5.72 km. Total storage

capacity of this project is 100.42 million cubic metres but actual capacityis about 7.62 million cubic metres, water was to be made available to

commanded area of this project is 4750 hectares but actually 806 hectares

land was brought under irrigation (31 st March, 2007).

2. Tarandale Project

This dam was constructded in Tarandale village in Kankavali

tahsil. About Rs. 1475 lakh is the estimated cost of expenditure and it will

complete in 2009-10. The height of this dam sanctioned as 47 metres outof which dam with 40 metres height is completed. Table 3.1 show that the

storage capacity of this project is 10.08 million cubic metre. The project

not yet completed hence not a single hectare of land was not irrigated by

this project in 2007.


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3. Shirshinge Project

This dam was constructed in Shirshinge village in Sawantwadi

tahsil and the probable year of completion of this project is 2010-11. The

total height of this dam is sanctioned as 57.25 metres but actual height

completed is 35 metres. The storage capacity of this project is 46.92

million cubic meters. The project is yet to be completed.

4. Mahmmadwadi Project

This dam was constructed near Nardave village in Kankavali tahsil

and probable year of completion of this project is 2010-11 and estimates

cost of expenditure is Rs. 18990.60 lack. The table 3.1 indicates that total

height of this dam is sanctioned as 69.53 meters but actual height

completed is 45 meters. Total water storage capacity of the project is

93.374 million cubic meters and command area is 8686 hectares but only

40 hectares land is brought under irrigation by this project as on 31 st

March, 2007.

5. Aruna Project

Table 3.1 shows that the probable year of completion of this projectin 2011-12 and it was constructed in Vaibhavwadi tahsil. Estimated cost

of expenditure is Rs. 17841 lakh. Total length of this canal is 80.36 Kms

from both sides of the dam. The total water storage capacity is 93.37

million cubic meters. The project is not yet completed; hence not a single

hectare of land was brought under cultivation as on 31 st March, 2007.

6. Sarambala Project

This project is near Sarambala village. The height of the proposeddam is 69.24 metres however only 25 metres height completed in 2007.

Table 3.1 reveals that irrigation capacity of Sarambala Project is 6755

hectares but not a single hectare of land was brought under irrigation as

on 31 st March 2007.


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The main characteristics of the major and the medium projects in

Sindhudurg District, is that not a single project has been completed.

These irrigation projects when completed will play an important role in

the agricultural development in the study region.

3.2.1 C. Minor Irrigation Projects

In India organized and planned efforts towards irrigation

development began after the independence. Government of Maharashtra

has give more stress on minor irrigation schemes and there after

agricultural development accelerated. Map no. 3.1 shows that the

distribution of minor irrigation schemes in Sindhudurg District.

Minor irrigation Projects are considered to be one of the most

important basic factors in the process of transformation and development

of agriculture. During the rainy season when water collected forms a

pond it is usually called tank. This water is used for irrigating the

standing crops after the season. Tank irrigation, therefore, needs much

rainfall for water storage and utilization. Level of water in tanks is solely

dependent on the quantum of rainfall of that season (Singh J. and DhillonS.S., 1995). The water table on the beds at tanks or in the adjacent areas

offers good sites for shallow wells which are used either to prevent crop

failure during drought or to raise a second crop in wet years after the

paddy harvest.

Table 3.2 reveals that the contribution of minor schemes varies

from tahsil to tahsil in Sindhudurg district. The highest minor irrigation

schemes are about 30.47 per cent in Sawantwadi tahsil whereas thelowest percentage of minor schemes is observed in Vaibhavwadi tahsil.

The share of other tahsils is given as Devgad (8.31%), Kankavali

(18.30%), Malvan (14.54%), Vengurla (9.54%), and Kudal (14.94%)

during 2006-07. Through the canals of minor schemes some 11322


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hectares area was brought under irrigation. The lowest irrigation

potentials of minor schemes were found in Devgad tahsil (5.97%),

whereas the highest potentials of irrigation were found in Kankavali tahsil

(27.6%). The share of other tahsils is given as Vaibhavwadi (7.30%),

Vengurla (7.50%), Malvan (12.82%), Kudal (18.34%) and Sawantwadi

(20.27%) during 2006-07.

Table No. 3.2

Minor Irrigation ProjectsTahsilwise Distribution of Minor Irrigation Scheams in

Sindhudurg District (2006-07)

Sr.No. Tahsil Total MinorScheams (in

use)

IrrigationPotential in

Hectares

Actual IrrigatedArea (Hectares)

1 Devgad 168(8.31)

s677(5.97)

508(7.10)

2 Vaibhavwadi 78(3.85)

827(7.30)

416(5.81)

3 Kankavali 370(18.30)

3143(27.76)

1475(20.62)

4 Malvan 294(14.54) 1452(12.82) 1164(16.27)5 Vengurla 193

(9.54)850

(7.50)535

(7.48)6 Kudal 302

(14.94)2077

(18.34)1311

(18.33)7 Sawantwadi 616

(30.47)2296

(20.27)1742

(24.36)District 2021

(100)11322(100)

7151(100)

Source:- Socio-Economic Abstract of Sindhudurg District 2007.(Figures in bracket indicate percentage)

Actual area under irrigation varies from tahsil to tahsil in the study

region. Area brought under irrigation was found about 7151 hectares in

Sindhudurg district during 2006-07. The highest actual area brought


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under irrigation was 24.36 per cent in Sawantwadi tahsil whereas the

lowest actual area under irrigation was 5.81% in Vaibhavwadi tahsil. The

share of other tahsils is Devgad(7.10%), Kankavali (20.62%), Malvan

(16.27%), Vengurla (7.48%), and Kudal (18.33%) during 2006-07.

3.2.1 D. Well Irrigation

Table 3.3

Tahsilwise Irrigational Wells in Sindhudurg District(1981-82 and 1999-2000)

1980-81 1999-2000Sr.No. Tahsil

No ofWellsin use

No ofWellsin use

TotalWells

No ofWellsin use

No ofWellsin use

TotalWells

1 Devgad 5234

(87.46)

750

(12.53)

5984

(100)

2792

(97.28)

78

(2.72)

2870

(100)

2 Vaibhavwadi - - - 26

(100)

- 26

(100)

3 Kankavali 2915

(90.72)

298

(9.27)

3213

(100)

2786

(92.86)

214

(7.13)

3000

(100)

4 Malvan 7378

(99.27)

54

(0.72)

7432

(100)

1911

(91.47)

178

(8.52)

2089

(100)

5 Vengurla 2601

(99.23)

20

(0.76)

2621

(100)

2569

(97.08)

77

(2.91)

2646

(100)

6 Kudal 35.21

(99.46)

19

(0.53)

3540

(100)

3687

(98.79)

45

(1.20)

3732

(100)

7 Sawantwadi 3690

(100)

- 3690

(100)

2244

(98.89)

25

(1.10)

2269

(100)

District 25339

(95.69)

1141

(4.30)

26480

(100)

16015

(96.29)

617

(3.70)

16632

(100)

Source :- Socio-Economic Abstract of Sindhudurg District1980-81 and 2006-07.(Figures in bracket indicate percentage)


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Well irrigation may be said to be the indigenous form of irrigation

in India. It is very well suited to the poor Indian farmer, because it is

cheap to build, no elaborate machinery to work it, and does not need any

specialized engineering skill to build it or to work it. It can be dug at very

poor of the farmer. Therefore it is within the means of the farmers (Dubey

R.N. and Negi B.S., 1968). Well irrigation is practiced in elevated parts

where the canal water can not reach. One of our great achievements since

independence has been in the field of well irrigation.

3.2.2 Percentage of Net Irrigated Area to Net Sown Area

Table 3.4 reveals that the percentage of net irrigated area to net

sown are was noticed below 10 per cent in Kankavali (3.08%), Devgad

(4.10%) and Kudal (4.64%) tahsils during the period of 1981-82. Malvan

and Sawantwadi tahsils recorded 10 per cent to 20 per cent irrigated area.

Above 20 per cent net irrigated area to net sown area was found in

Vengurla (31.23%) during 1981-82.

Table 3.4Percentage of Net Irrigated Area to Net Sown Area

in Sindhudurg District(1981-82 and 2000-01)

% of Net Irrigated area toNet Sown Area

Sr.No..

Tahsil

1981-82 2000-01

Volume ofChange

1 Devgad 4.10 5.72 1.622 Vaibhavwadi - 5.35 5.353 Kankavali 3.08 5.80 2.724 Malvan 19.22 24.15 4.93

5 Vengurla 31.23 15.64 -15.596 Kudal 4.64 9.92 5.287 Sawantwadi 12.28 17.51 5.23

District 10.82 11.67 0.85

Source :- Agricultural Director, Pune. Socio-Economic Abstract of Sindhudurg District 1981-82and 2006-07. Computed by the researcher.


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Map 3.3 indicates that out of the net irrigated area to net sown area

below 10 per cent was found in the tahsils of Devgad (5.75%),

Vaibhavwadi (5.35%), Kankavali (5.80%) and Kudal (9.92%)

respectively during 2000-01. It was between 10 per cent to 20 per cent in

the tahsils of Vengurla (15.64), and Sawantwadi (17.51%) tahsils, where

as it was above 20 per cent in Malvan tahsil (24.15%).

It is clear from table 3.4 and map 3.4 except Vengurla tahsil

(-15.59%), all other tahsils show positive change in net irrigated area to

net sown area. Zero per cent to 3 per cent positive change in net irrigated

area was found in tahsils of Devgad (1.62%) and Kankavali (2.72%)

while 3 per cent to 6 per cent positive change in irrigated area was

observed in tahsils of Vaibhavwadi (5.23%), Malvan (4.93%), Kudal

(5.28%) and Sawantwadi (5.23%) during the period under investigation.

In short it is clear that the both net irrigated area and net sown area have

increased comparatively from 1981-82 up to 2000-01.

3.3 DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS

Man gets nearly all his food from the soils. less than one per centof what he eats being fish (Pearson T.A. and Harper F.A., 1945). Thus,

land use gets modified base on the needs of the population. Population

growth and literacy are instrumental in bringing about agricultural change

in an agrarian society. The physical attributes of an area become

resources only when its people are able to use them. The relationship

between population and land use is close. For instance, change in

population patterns influence land use. Huge concentration of populationin Indian villages confirms a deep rooted relationship between land and

people Man being a powerful geographical factor on the earth surface.

The analysis of the different elements of population in the study region is

therefore necessary.


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3.3.1 Growth of population

According to the 1981 census the population of Maharashtra was

62.8 million. AS per the 2001 census the population of Maharashtra was

96.75 million making it the second most populous state in the country,

after Uttar Pradesh. In 1981 the study region had a population of 7,80,891

and in 2001, it was 868825. The growth of population in any area is an

index of its economic development, social awaking and many other

characters (Chandana R.C. and Siddhu M.S., 1980). Growth of

population is one of the significant factors associated with human

occupancy. In other words it flows in size from time to time and people

migrate temporarily or permanently both with in the administrative

boundaries and across them (Bajaj Nirmal, 1963).

Table 3.5

Population Growth Rate in Sindhudurg District(Growth rate in Percentage)

Growth in DecadesSr.No.

CensusYear Total Rural Urban

1 1981 3.03 3.49 -2.20

2 1991 6.56 5.29 24.95

3 2001 2.28 30.35

Source :- Socio Economic Absrtact of Sindhudurg District .

We are discussing about the growth of population since 1981

in the entire study region. The formula used to calculate the growth rate

of population is given as fallow.

Pn - Por = ----------- x 100Po

Where,r = Growth rate of populationPn = Current year populationPo = Base year population


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Table 3.5 indicates the decade wise growth rate of population in

Sindhudurg district. In the decade of 1981 total population increased by

3.03 per cent. Above table shows that the given three decades, the highest

growth found the decade of 1981-91 i.e. 6.56 per cent of the total

population. During the last decade total population has decreased by 4.41

per cent. In the decade of 1971-81 negative change found in urban

population i. e. -2.20 per cent.

3.3.2 Literacy

Literacy has been defined as the ability to read and write with

understanding. The concept of literacy varies from country to country.

Literacy reflects the socio-economic and cultural set-up of a nation,

ethnic group or community. Literacy is essential not only for the

eradication of poverty, but also for mental isolation for cultivating

peaceful and friendly international relations and for permitting the free

play of demographic process as well (Husain M., 2005).

Literacy is a necessity for all those who wish to practice the

agricultural occupation on modern lines. Literacy and population growthare two factors which brings about a change in agriculture. Therefore the

work of literacy has to be assessed by its effectiveness as an instrument of

agricultural development on progressive lines (Jasbir Singh & Dhillon

S.S., 1995).

Table 3.6 reveals the tahsil wise percentage of literacy in

Sindhudurg district. It is clear from the given table that the literacy of

population was 54.0 per cent in 1981 and it increased upto 80.3 per centin 2001 in the study region. Map 3.5 A indicates that in 2001 below 70

per cent literacy was observed in Vaibhavwadi tahsil whereas 70 per cent

to 80 per cent literacy rate was found in the tahsils of Devgad, kankavali


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and Sawantwadi and above 80 per cent was recorded in the tahsils of

Malvan, Vengurla and Kudal.

The positive change in the percentage of literacy rate increased in

all tahsils in the study region during the period of 1981 and 2001. Map

3.5 B show that below 25 per cent positive change in the literacy of

population was observed in the tahsils of Malvan, Vengurla whereas 25

per cent to 27 per cent was took placed in the tahsils of Kankavali and

Sawantwadi. Above 27 per cent positive change in literacy was noticed in

the tahsils of Devgad, Vaibhavwadi and Kudal during the period of

investigation.

Table 3.6

Tahsilwise percentage of Literacy in Sindhudurg District

(1981 and 2001)

Literacy in PercentageSr.No. Tahsil 1981 2001 Volume of

Change1 Devgad 52.5 79.8 27.3

2 Vaibhavwadi 38.4 68.4 30.03 Kankavali 52.4 78.3 25.9

4 Malvan 61.7 83.1 21.4

5 Vengurla 60.6 85.1 24.5

6 Kudal 53.8 81.3 27.5

7 Sawantwadi 52.1 78.9 26.8

District 54.0 80.3 26.3

Source : - Socio Economic Absrtact of Sindhudurg District in 1981 and 2001.

3.3.3 Population Density

The densities so far discussed, may be adequate for some kind of

international, national, regional studies by or politicians, economists,

geologists, or geographers. It is however, not for an agricultural


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geographer to base his study of the implications of population pressure in

relation to land use on the densities detailed earlier.

It is essential to determine the extent of population pressure on land

and changes therein for drawing a plan for optimum use of land.

Population densities over an area depend largely upon the availability of

productive livelihood. Areas where productivity is limited on account of

physical, climatic or economic reasons support a low density of

population. In Maharashtra state where the rural population almost

entirely depends upon agriculture for livelihood, the rural density of

population is largely a measure of the agricultural productivity of the

region (Arunachalam B., 1967).

It is a simple consent of relating population size to the land area

with a view to assessing crudely the pressure of population upon the

resources of the area. It is a measure of population concentration which is

usually expressed in terms of persons per unit of area. There are various

ways measuring density and hence we have crude, physiological,

agricultural and caloric densities taken into consideration for the studyregion. Above densities are computed for studying the pressure of

population on agricultural land. Very high density of population indicates

the abnormal pressure on land and optimum density of population

indicates the normal pressure on land.

1. Crude Density

It is a simple ratio between total population and total geographical

area and is expressed in terms of persons per unit of area. For example,India’s density of population as per 2001 census was 324 persons per

square kilometer. The crude density of the Sindhudurg district varies

from 1981 to 2001.


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Table 3.7 reveals that the crude density of population in

Sindhudurg district was 168 persons per square kilometer in 1981 and

172 persons per square km in 2001. Map 3.6 A indicates that in 1981 it

was below 150 persons per square km in Devgad and Sawantwadi tahsils

whereas it was 150 to 200 in Kankavali, Malvan and Kudal tahsils.

Above 200 crude densities was observed in Vengurla tahsil.

It is clear from the table 3.7 and map 3.6 B that below 150 crude

densities was observed in 2001 in Vaibhavwadi and Sawantwadi tahsils

and 150 to 200 crude densities were observed in the tahsils of Devgad,

Kankavali, Malvan and Kudal. Above 200 crude densities was found in

Vengurla tahsil. It means that the population density of the district has

been increasing very slowly.

2. Physiological Density

Physiological density is a ratio between total population and

cultivated land. Man soil density or Physiological density is worked out

by dividing total population by total net sown area (Trewartha G.T.,

1953). Crude density is hardly adequate for making a regionalcomparison in population burden on land and its impact on land use. This

type of density is more important than other density of population

pressure on cultivated land.

Table 3.7 gives clear cut idea about tahsil wise Physiological

density of Sindhudurg district. It was 679 persons per square kilometer in

1981 and 601 persons per square kilometers in 2001. Map 3.7 A indicates

that below 600 Physiological density per square kilometer was found inthe tahsils of Kankavali, Kudal and Sawantwadi while 600 to 700 in

Malvan tahsil. On above 700 was observed in the tahsils of Devgad and

Vengurla in 1981.


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Table 3.7 and map 3.7 B indicate that below 600 sq.km in the year

2001 physiological density was recorded in Devgad, Vaibhavwadi,

Kankavali and Kudal tahsils whereas 600 to 700 Physiological density

per square km. was recorded in Vengurla. Above 700 Physiological

density was found in Malvan and Sawantwadi tahsils.

Eastern and central parts of the study region have high

Physiological density while the western part of the district has low

Physiological density. In the eastern part of the district, the soils are

unfertile; rainfall is heavy, steep slope, hill region and dense forest which

result in the low Physiological density of population.

3. Agricultural density

Agricultural density of population is the ratio between agricultural

population and agricultural land that is, net sown area. Agricultural

density provides one with means to make a comparison between

agricultural population and cultivated are or net sown area (Frenczi I.,

1938). It is a better approach to the question of land use in agricultural

countries where heavy reliance is placed on farming.Table 3.7 presents clear picture about tahsil wise Agricultural

density of population of Sindhudurg district. Agricultural density of

population was 157 persons per square kilometer in 1981 and it increased

to 185 persons per square kilometer in 2001.

Table 3.7 and map 3.8 A indicate that in 1981 Agricultural density

per square kilometer was observed below 125 sq.km in Vengurla and

Sawantwadi tahsils whereas it was 125 to 150 sq.km in Malvan, andKudal tahsils. It was above 150 square km. in Devgad and Kankavali

tahsils.


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Table 3.7

Tahsilwise Densities of Population in Sindhudurg District

( 1981 and 2001)

1981 2001Sr.no. Tahsil

CrudeDensity

Physiological

Density

Agricultural

Density

CaloricDensity

CrudeDensity

Physiological

Density

Agricultural

Density

Caloric

Density

1 Devgad 140.30 1033.79 341.29 952.88 160.36 564.28 165.63 556.16

2 Vaibhavwadi - - - - 116.19 408.60 169.72 404.23

3 Kankavali 156.92 499.83 155.57 480.8 178.65 550.09 183.52 546.87

4 Malvan 190.68 651.06 149.59 523.51 188.71 735.46 199.86 706.73

5 Vengurla 295.02 799.59 101.42 659.62 304.43 693.50 185.13 685.80

6 Kudal 158.39 581.73 136.59 579.13 186.74 513.51 173.84 507.79

7 Sawantwadi 124.89 581.55 125.32 516.72 148.39 736.69 214.14 683.96

District 168.52 678.63 157.01 578.19 172.40 601.01 185.31 585.59

Source :- Socio Economic Absrtact of Sindhudurg District in 1981 and 2001.Computed by the researcher.

Table 3.7 reveals that Agricultural density generally increased in

every tahsil due to increase in population in 2001. Map 3.8 B indicate that

it was below 175 square kilometer in Devgad, Vaibhavwadi and Kudal

tahsils whereas in Kanakvali, Malvan and Vengurla tahsil it was between

175 to 200 persons per square km. The same was above 200 in

Sawantwadi tahsil. In Devgad tahsil there was decrease in the density due

to increase in the net sown area. By considering the Agricultural density

of the study region we may say that there is possibility of Agricultural

development in horticultural development in the eastern part of the

district. The above discussion reveals a possibility of scope for the

Agricultural activity.


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4. Caloric Density

Caloric density (man- food crop ratio) of population is the ratio

between total rural population and total food cropped area. It is difficult

to produce a simple universally acceptable definition of pressure of

population that may encompass all kinds of population pressure

situations, which very both in time and space. It is essential to determine

the production of food per standard unit of surface (in calories) to

compare this production with the standard physiological food requirement

per capita.

Table 3.7 gives clear cut idea about tahsil wise caloric densities of

population in Sindhudurg district. Caloric density of population was 578

persons per square kilometers in 1981 and which increased up to 585

persons per square kilometer in 2001.

Table 3.7 and map 3.9 A show that below 500 caloric density per

square kilometer was recorded in kankavali tahsil and 500 to 600 caloric

density was found in Malvan, Kudal and Sawantwadi tahsils in 1981.

Above 600 caloric densities was seen in Devgad tahsil in 1981.Table 3.7 and map 3.9 B reveal that below 500 caloric density per

square kilometer was observed in Vaibhavwadi tahsil whereas it was 500

to 600 in Devgad, Kankavali and Kudal tahsils. Above 600 caloric

densities was recorded in Malvan, Vengurla and Sawantwwadi tahsils

during 2001.

In the above discussion, it has been found that crude, physiological,

agricultural and caloric densities are inadequate to determine thepopulation burden on arable land in so far as they ignore contrast in land

quality and productivity. One may assume that the areas with very low to

Moderate densities have low population pressure. Yet they may be

limited by low yield. It will be observed that above densities are low in


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the rain fed areas. On the other hand economic density on agricultural

land is very high in these which ensure a minimum potentiality to support

more people under the present conditions.

3.4 CONTRIBUTION OF LIVESTOCK IN AGRICULTURAL

ECONOMY

Livestock is the oldest form of agricultural activity, with the

evolution of man to more conscious forms of life and the multiplication

of human population. The need arose for him to hunt animals in the forest

and then understand the necessity of rearing animals for his food. “The

beginning of agricultural lies in the pastoral form when man started

domesticating animals for meeting his food requirements” (Raj Vir Singh,

1979). All the agricultural operations are based on livestock and they are

the chief source of power and manure (Kaystha S.L., 1961). As the land

is of little use to the farmer without the poor creatures that draw the

plough and scratch the soil, they are the keystone in farming. Therefore in

addition to crops, drought and milch stock are raised and maintained by

an individual farmer. They are his constant companions in the field byday and live beside his house or even under his roof at night. However,

his treatment towards his livestock is rather niggardly (Singh J., 1974). It

is well known fact that India has the largest number of livestock in the

world. India is at the top of having 17 per cent of total livestock

population which is less than one fifth of cattle, half of buffaloes and over

one fifth of goat and sheep (India 2008).

Livestock sector not only provides essential protein and nutritioushuman diet through milk, eggs, meat etc. but also plays an important role

in the utilization of non-edible agricultural byproducts. Livestock also

provide raw material by products such as hides and skins, blood, bone, fat

etc. This sector plays a prominent role in the rural economy in


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supplementing the income of rural households, particularly the landless

and small, marginal farmers. It also provides subsidiary occupation in

semi urban areas and more so far people living in hilly areas where crop

output may not sustain the family.

3.4.2 Tahsilwise Livestock Distribution in Sindhudurg District

1. Cattle

In Sindhudurg district considerably the cattle population is large in

numbers however they are poor in quality. Cattle are used both for milk

and for drought purpose. Some cow are fairly good yielder of milk while

bulloks are good for drought. The total cattle includes Jercy cow, Jercy

bulloks, young stock of cows and bullocks, country cows, breeds in

normally found in Sindhudurg district. Bullock carts is such a Vehicle

which not only serve as a means of transportation of goods from or to the

village from nearby towns but also is well suited and designed to

transport agricultural raw materials and implement from the fields in the

study region.

In the absence of mechanized farming, the small, marginal andmedium farmers almost entirely depend on livestock for drought power.

It has been estimated that bullocks and male buffaloes make available 40

million h. p. (30,000m.w.) and two-thirds of energy for the farms and for

rural transportation of goods (Singh A. and Sadhu A.N., 1991).

Table 3.8 show that total cattle population has decline considerably

from 1987 to 2003 and has slightly picked-up in only Vaibhavwadi and

Malvan tahsils. Cattle have first rank considerably to the total livestock inthe study region. Cattle population of the study region has decreased from

283861 in 1987 to 20, 0071 in 2003. It is clear from the map 3.10A, out

of the total livestock the percentage share of cattle was below 55 per cent

in Malvan (54.23%), Vengurla (50.71%), Kudal (40.54%) and


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Table 3.8 Tahsil wise Livestock Distributionin Sindhudurg District (1987 and 2003)

Sr.No. Tahsil Census

TotalCattle

TotalBuffaloes

Goat /Sheep

OtherLivestock

TotalLivestock

1987 37196 12638 5822 212 55994% 66.42 22.27 10.39 0.37 100

2003 30313 10177 4471 3050 48011

% 63.13 21.19 9.31 6.35 100

1 Devgad

Vol.of Change -3.29 -1.38 -1.08 5.98

1987 42068 13779 18645 74492

% 54.47 18.49 25.02 100

2003 21109 3062 2263 2192 28626

% 73.74 10.69 7.9 5.65 100

2 Vaibhavwadi

Vol.of Change 19.27 -7.8 -17.12 5.65

1987 53493 17788 6588 387 78277% 68.33 22.72 8.41 0.49 100

2003 44410 11760 4110 7799 68079

% 65.23 17.27 6.03 11.45 100

3 Kankavali

Vol.of Change -3.1 -5.45 -2.38 10.96

1987 25546 17053 11340 251 54190

% 47.14 31.46 20.92 0.46 100

2003 28901 11824 6094 6467 53286

% 54.23 22.18 11.43 12.13 100

4 Malvan

Vol.of Change 7.09 -9.28 -9.49 11.67

1987 21343 10447 4072 1209 37072% 57.57 28.18 10.98 3.26 100

2003 13711 6210 2281 4834 27036

% 50.71 22.96 8.43 17.87 100

5 Vengurla

Vol.of Change -6.06 -5.22 -2.55 14.61

1987 61212 28760 19028 427 109427

% 55.93 26.28 17.38 0.39 100

2003 34368 25133 9160 16108 847696 Kudal

% 40.54 29.64 10.8 19 1001987 43003 22082 10201 886 76122

% 56.45 28.98 13.39 1.16 1002003 27259 21944 5758 13631 68592% 39.74 31.99 8.39 19.87 100

7 Sawantwadi

Vol.of Change -16.71 3.01 -5 18.711987 283861 122547 75696 3372 485624

% 100 100 100 100 1002003 200071 90110 34137 54001 378399

District

% 100 100 100 100 100Source :- Socio Economic Absrtact of Sindhudurg District in 1987 and 2003.


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Sawantwadi (39.74%) tahsils; where as it was 55 per cent to 65 per cent

in Devgad tahsil (63.13%) in 2003. Above 65 per cent cattle population to

total livestock was found in Vaibhavwadi (73.74%) and Kankavali tahsils

(65.23%).

Table 3.8 and map 3.10 B indicate that that below 5 per cent

negative change in cattle population was observed in Devgad and

Kankavali tahsils and 5 to 10 per cent negative change in cattle

population was found in Vengurla tahsil. Above 10 percent negative

change was observed in Kudal and Sawantwadi tahsils and above 5 per

cent positive change was found in the tahsils of vaibahavwadi and

Malvan during the period of investigation

2. Buffaloes

Buffaloes thrive best in areas of warm and humid climate.

Buffaloes are reared mainly for milk but male buffaloes are used as

drought animals in certain parts of the study region.

The proportion of buffalo population was varied from tahsil to

tahsil in Sindhudurg District. Table 3.8 and map 3.11 A indicate that outof total livestock below 20 per cent buffalo population was found in

Vaibhavwadi (10.69%) and Kankavali (17.27%) tahsils, where as 20 per

cent to 30 per cent proportion of buffaloes to the total livestock was in

Devgad (21.9%), Malvan (22.18%), Vengurla (22.96%) and Kudal

(29.64%) tahsils. About 30 per cent buffalo population was observed in

Sawantwadi (31.99%) tahsil in 2003.

It is clear from the table 3.8 and map 3.11 B that below 5 per centnegative change in buffaloe population was registered in Devgad tahsil

where as 5 per cent to 10 per cent negative change was observe in

Vaibhavwadi, Kankavali, Malvan and Vengurla tahsils. Below 5 per cent

positive change was recorded in Kankavali and Sawantwadi tahsils


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during the years from 1987 to 2003. However shortage of fodder crops

and green grass during summer season is a major problem.

3. Goat And Sheep

Goat is called the poor man’s caw because it can be cheaply reared

on meager grass of poor quality. It is the major suppliers of Mutton along

with milk, hair and skin. According to livestock census 2003, there are

about 61.47 million sheep and 124.36 million goats in the country. About

five million households in the country are engaged in rearing of small

herds of sheep, goat and rabbit. Goat and sheep form an integral part of

the Indian agricultural economy. Their distribution is widely divergent

mainly dependent upon the climatic conditions, the number being smaller

in heavy rainfall areas and greater in low rainfall areas (R.N. Dubey and

B.S. Negi, 1968).

Table 3.8 and map 3.12 A show that the share of goat and sheep in

total livestock was below 8 per cent in Vaibhavwadi (7.90%) and

Kankavali (6.03%)tahsils, while it was between 8 per cent to 10 per cent

in Devgad (9.31%), Vengurla (8.43%) and Sawantwadi (8.39%) tahsils.Above 10 per cent goat and sheep population in total livestock was

noticed in Malvan (11.43%) and Kudal (10.80%) tahsils in 2003.

During the period of sixteen years (1987-2003) all the tahsils in

Sindhudurg district have negative change in case of goat and sheep

population. Table 3.8 and 3.12 B indicate that below 5 per cent negative

change was observed in Devgad, Kankavali and Vengurla tahsils while 5

per cent to 10 per cent negative change was recorded in Sawantwadi,Malvan and Kudal tahsils Above 10 per cent negative change was found

in Vaibhavwadi tahsil.


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4. Other Livestock

It is clear from the given table 3.8 that there are great variations in

other livestock population in the district. It has increased rapidly from

3372 in 1987 to 54001 in 2003. Proportion of other livestock in the total

livestock was below 10 per cent in Devgad (6.35%) and vaibhavwadi

(5.65%) tahsils where as it was 10 per cent to 15 per cent in knkavali

(11.45%) and Malvan (12.13%) tahsils. It was well above 15 per cent in

Vengurla (17.87%), Kudal (19.00%) and Sawantwadi (19.87%) tahsils

(map 3.13 A).

There has been 16 times increase in the number of total other

livestock in the district during the period from 1987 to 2003. It is

observed from the table 3.8 and map 3.13 B that below 10 per cent

positive change of other livestock to total livestock population was in

Devgad and Vaibhavwadi tahsils while 10 per cent to 15 per cent positive

change in other livestock population was noticed in Kankavali, Malvan

and vengurla tahsils. Above 15 per cent positive change was observed in

Kudal and Sawantwadi tahsils.3.5 FARM IMPLEMENTS

Relief and edapho-climatic conditions largely govern the use of

agricultural implements and machinery in a region. In Sindhudurg district

few implement are required to perform agricultural operations mainly due

to the predominance of paddy cultivation. The most common agricultural

implements used by farmers in the study region are the ploughs for tilling

the land and carts for carrying material from place to place and field tofield. The land resources being limited, the additional production will

have to be achieved by increasing the productivity of land. That is

possible by increasing the use of agricultural implement. Each of them is

interlinked with the other interdependent of factor (Kadukar P.M., 2006).


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These factors are topography, climate, types of soils, along with some

socio-economic factors such as economic status. Social structure of

community and choice of crop influence the use of agricultural

implement. The farm implement are closely adjusted to the environment

that there is little possibility of change (Singh R.L., 1975).

The agricultural implement are very simple in size, light and within

the capacity of drought oxen (Shitole P.A., 1990). They are wooden and

iron ploughs for ploughing, harrows for crushing the seeds driller for

sowing, hoes for inter culture, stoneroller for thrashing motes, oil engine

and electric pumps for water lifting, carts for transport and tractors for

many agricultural operations. Out of them wooden and iron ploughs, carts

and oil engines, electric pumps and tractors are the factors considered in

the present study.

The density of each agricultural implement (per 100 hectares) is

worked out by using the following formula.

Total Number of any ImplementDensity of agricultural = ------------------------------------------ x 100Implement Total Cropped Area

3.5.1 Wooden Plough

Table no. 3.9 reveals that in the year 1987 total number of wooden

ploughs used in the district was 120000. Highest number of them was

used in Kudal tahsil which was 31102. The number was as low as 7649 in

Vaibhavwadi and 8650 in Vengurla tahsil. Both the trahsils have small

geographical area as well as cultivated area. Number of wooden phoughs

in the district has decreased to 77276 in the year 2003. the decrease is

observed in all tahsils except that of Vaibhavwadi where there was

remarkable increase in the number of wooden plough from 7649 (1987)

to 9673 (2003) during the period under investigation.


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Percentage of wooden ploughs to total number of farm implements

was 96.34% in 1987 which the tahsils of Devgad, Kankavali, Sawantwadi

and Kudal were having 96% to 98.16% wooden ploughs to total

implement, where as the tahsils of Vaibhavwadi, Malvan and Vengurla

were having 92.82% to 96% wooden ploughs in 1987.

Density of wooden ploughs in the district per 100 hectares was

90.36 per cent in 1987 which decreased 52.08 per cent in 2003. The

proportion of ploughs in relation to per 100 hectare of gross cropped area

is uneven throughout the study region. In the year of 1987 the tahsils of

Kankavali, Malvan and Sawantwadi were having 69.07%, 67% and

75.75% density per 100 hectare of gross cropped area respectively where

as the tahsil of Vengurla 81.60% while tahsils of Devgad, Vaibhavwadi

and Kudal were having 130%, 96.82% and 134.06% respectively (table

no. 3.10).

Table 3.10 indicate that tahsils like Devgad and Vengurla were

having 21.25% and 30.49% density per 100 hectare of wooden ploughs of

district where as Sawantwadi and Kudal tahsils were having 43.27% and57.49% respectively in 2003. Above 60 per cent wooden plough density

per 100 hectare of gross cropped area was observed in Vaibhavwadi,

Kankavali and Malvan tahsils during the same year.

A large numbers of wooden ploughs are distributed over all the

study region because of easy to handle to the farmers as well as bullocks

and it is also easy to repair in village level in the study region. The

wooden plough is a traditional agricultural implement (locally called‘Nangar’) widely used in the entire study region. It is made by the local

carpenters using locally available wood. This is mainly due to the socio-

economic conditions of the farmers and nature of the land forms owing to


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its suitability to drought animal’s portability and low cost of

manufacturing the wooden plough has been used for many centuries.

3.5.2 Iron Ploughs

Iron ploughs facilitate deep ploughing as compared to that of

wooden ploughs. Total numbers of iron ploughs in Sindhudrg district

increased from 88 in 1987 to 3211 in 2003 (table no. 3.9). The share of

iron ploughs in the agricultural implement was below 1 per cent in

Kankavali (0.31%) and Sawantwadi (0.10%) tahsils in 1987. Data for the

year 1987 for the tahsils of Devgad, Vaibhavwadi, Malvan, Vengurla and

Kudal is not available.

It is clear from table 3.9 and map 3.15B show that the proportion of

iron plough in the agricultural implement was (0.20%) and (0.52%) seen

in Vaibhavwadi and Kankavli tahsils where as (2.76%) and (3.54%) was

observed in the tahsils of Devgad and Vengurla in 2003. Percentage of

iron ploughs to the total number of farm implement was 4.72%, 6.26%

and 5.72% observed in Malvan, Kudal and Sawantwadi tahsils

respectively during the same period.Table 3.10 indicate the highest density of iron ploughs per 100

hectares was observed in Kudal tahsil (4.25%) where as it was below 1

percent in Devgad, Vaibhavwadi and Kankavali tahsils. The tahsils of

Malvan and Sawantwadi were having 3.92% and 2.87% density of Iron

Ploughs per 100 hectare of gross cropped area during the year 2003. It is

observed from same table that there was an increase in the density of iron

plough per 100 hectare in total Sindhudurg district which was 0.06% in1987 and 2.16% in 2003.


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Table No. 3.9

Tahsil wise Distribution of Agricultural Implementin Sindhudurg District

(1987 and 2003)

Source: Socio-Economic Abstract -1988-89 & 2006-07

Sr.No. Tahsil Year

WoodenPlough

IronPlough Carts

OilEngines

ElectricPumps

Tractors

TotalImplements

1987 16825 - 215 54 176 - 17270% 97.42 - 1.24 0.31 1.01 - 100

2003 47.88 157 316 312 114 - 56871 Devgad

% 84.19 2.76 5.55 5.48 2 - 1001987 7649 - 436 38 49 - 8172

% 93.6 - 5.33 0.46 0.59 - 1002003 9673 20 9 133 53 - 9888

2 Vaibhavwadi

% 97.82 0.2 0.9 1.34 0.53 - 1001987 19409 63 467 40 152 - 20131

% 96.41 0.31 2.31 0.19 0.75 - 100

2003 17217 98 511 152 507 6 184913 Kankavali

% 93.11 0.52 2.76 0.82 2.74 0.03 1001987 13258 - 460 179 5 14002

% 94.68 - 3028 1.99 0.3 1002003 11761 648 295 188 822 4 13708

4 Malvan

% 85.73 4.72 2.15 1.37 5.99 0.02 1001987 86.5 - 177 181 311 - 9321

% 92.82 - 1.89 1.94 3.33 - 1002003 3930 171 35 180 503 3 4822

5 Vengurla

% 81.5 3.54 72 3.73 10.43 0.06 1001987 31102 - 252 326 2 31682

% 98.16 - 0.79 1.02 0.06 1002003 17315 1281 320 367 1137 7 20433

6 Kudal

% 84.74 6.26 1.59 1.79 5.56 0.03 1001987 23106 25 300 246 301 1 23979

% 96.33 0.1 1.25 1.02 1.25 0.004 1002003 12592 836 174 372 633 6 14113

7 Sawantwadi

% 86.16 5.72 1.19 2.54 4.33 0.04 1001987 111199 88 2055 811 1594 8 124555

% 96.34 0.07 1.64 0.65 1.27 0.009 1002003 77276 3211 1660 1704 3769 26 87652

District

% 88.16 3.66 1.89 1.94 4.29 0.06 100


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Table No. 3.10Tahsil wise Density of Agricultural Implement in Sindhudurg

District(1987 and 2003)

(Density per 100 hectares)

Sr.No.

Tahsil Year W o o d e n

P l o u gh

I r onP l o u gh

C a r t s

Oi l E n gi n e s

E l e c t r i c

P um p s

T r a c t or s

T o t a l

I m pl e m e n t s

1987 130 1.6 0.41 1.36 - 133.871 Devgad

2003 21.25 0.69 1.4 1.38 0.5 - 25.24

1987 96.82 5.51 0.48 0.62 - 103.442 Vaibhavwadi

2003 80.87 0.16 0.07 1.11 0.44 - 82.66

1987 69.07 0.22 1.66 0.14 0.54 - 71.643 Kankavali

2003 68.14 0.38 2.02 0.6 2 0.02 73.18

1987 67.64 - 2.34 - 1.42 0.02 71.434 Malvan

2003 71.23 3.92 1.78 1.13 4.97 0.02 83.08

1987 81.6 - 1.66 1.7 2.93 - 87.915 Vengurla

2003 30.49 1.32 0.27 1.39 3.9 0.02 37.41

1987 134.06 - - 1.08 1.4 0.008 136.566 Kudal

2003 57.49 4.25 1.06 1.21 3.77 0.02 67.84

1987 75.75 0.08 0.98 0.8 0.98 0.003 78.617 Sawantwadi

2003 43.27 2.87 0.59 1.27 2.17 0.02 50.22

1987 90.36 0.07 1.54 0.61 1.2 0.006 93.79District

2003 52.08 2.16 1.11 1.14 2.54 0.01 59.07

Source : Socio-Economic Abstract -1988-89 & 2006-07Computed by Researcher.

3.5.3 Carts

Cart is such a vehicle which not only serves as a means of

transportation of goods and agricultural implements, raw material from

field to field and place to place in the study region. There are great


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variations in the percentage of carts to the total implement of Sindhudurg

district.

Table 3.9 reveals that in the year 1987 total number of carts used in

the district was 2055. Highest number of them was used in Vaibhavwadi

tahsil which was 436. The number was as low as 177, 215 and 300 in

Vengurla, Devgad and Sawantwadi tahsils. These tahsils have small

geographical area as well as cultivated area. Number of carts in the

district decreased to 160 in the year 2003. The decrease is found in all the

tahsils except that of Devgad and Kankavali tahsils.

Table 3.9 and map 3.16 B indicate that the share of carts in

agricultural implements was observed below 2 percent in Vaibhavwadi,

Vengurla, Kudal and Sawantwadi tahsils where as it was between 2% to

4% in Kankavali and Malvan tahsils. Above 4% proportion of carts in

agricultural implements was found in Devgad tahsil in 2003.

Table 3.10 shows that there has been slight decrease in the density

of carts per 100 hectares of gross cropped area from 1.54% in 1987 to

1.11% in 2003. The highest density of carts per 100 hectare of grosscropped area was recorded in Vaibhavwadi tahsil (5.51%) in 1987 and

2.02% in Kankavali tahsil in 2003. Below 2% density of carts per 100

hectares of gross cropped area noticed in Vaibhavwadi(0.7%), Vengurla

(0.27%) and Sawantwadi (0.59%) tahsils in 2003. Entire study region is

poorly served by carts where densities are low. Rugged terrain and poor

transport network largely explain overall poor density of carts per 100

hectares of gross cropped area in Sindhdurg district.3.5.4 Oil Engines

There has been more than two times increase in the total oil

engines in Sindhudurg district from the number of 811 in 197 to 1704 in

2003. The highest increase in oil engines was recorded 5.48% to the total


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agricultural implements in Devgad tahsil in 2003. In the year 1987 the

tahsils of Devgad, Vaibhavwadi, Kankavali and Kudal having 0.31%,

0.46%, 0.19% and 0.79% the proportion oil engines in the agricultural

implements respectively to the total of the district. Where as the same

was 1.94% and 1.02% in the Vengurla and Sawantwadi tahsils

respectively.

It is clear from the table 3.9 and map 3.17 B that there was an

increase in oil engines in the study region. The proportion of oil engines

in agricultural implement was observed in Vaibhavwadi (1.34%),

Kankavali (0.82%), Malvan (1.37%) and Kudal (1.79%) tahsils where as

2% to 4% share of oil engines was found in Vengurla and Sawantwadi

tahsils in 2003.

Table 3.10 shows the density oil engines per 100 hectares of gross

cropped area in Sindhudurg district. There has been increase in the

number of oil engine density per 100 hectares of gross cropped area in

Sindhudurg district from 0.16% in 1987 to 1.14% in 2003. Except

Kankavali tahsil above 1% density of oil engines per 100 hectares hasbeen noticed in Devgad Vaibhavwadi, Malvan, Vengurla and Sawantwadi

tahsils during 2003.

3.5.5 Electric Pumps

Electric pump is an important device to lift the water from the

sources of water e.g. river, well, canal, tank etc. to the farm. As a result of

electrification the oil engine are mostly replaced by electric pumps. The

regional analysis shows that there is the variation in the distribution ofelectric pumps in the study region.

Number of electric pumps varies from tahsil to tahsil in

Sindhudurg district. The trends of electric pumps use for agricultural

purpose have been increasing day by day in the study region. There has


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been more than two times increase in electric pumps from 1594 in 1987

to 3769 in 2003 in the entire study region. Table 3.9 and map 3.18 A

show the proportion of electric pumps in the agricultural implements.

Below 1% was observed in Vaibhavwadi and Kankavali tahsils while 1%

to 2% share was found in Devgad, Malvan, Kudal and Sawantwadi tahsils

in 1987. Above 2% share of electric pumps in the agricultural implement

was recorded in Vengurla tahsil during the same year.

It is observed from the table 3.9 and map 3.18 B that there was

increase in electric pumps in 2003. The proportion of electric pumps to

the total agricultural implement was observed in Devgad as (2.0%),

Vaibhavwadi (0.53%) and Kankavali (2.74%) tahsils. On the other hand

tahsils like Malvan (5.99%), Kudal (5.56%) and Sawantwaadi (4.33%)

have seen the share of electric pumps in the same year. Above 6%

contribution of electric pumps in total agricultural implements was

observed in Vengurla tahsil during 2003.

Table 3.10 gives the clear cut idea about density of electric pumps

per 100 hectares of gross crossed area in Sindhudurg district. There hasbeen 100 per cent increase in density of electric pumps per 100 hectare of

gross cropped area in Sindhudurg district from 1.20% in 1987 to 2.54% in

2003. In the year 1987 below 2% density of electric pumps per 100

hectares was found in Devgad, vaibhavwadi, Kankavali, Malvan, Kudal

and Sawantwadi tahsils otherhand only Vengurla tahsil was found above

2 per cent density per 100 hectares of gross cropped area.

Density of electric pumps per 100 hectares was noticed below 3%in Devgad, Vaibhavwadi, Kankavali and Sawantwadi tahsils where as

above 3% was observed in Malvan, Vengurla and Kudal tahsils in the

study region in 2003. The highest number of electric pumps were


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concentrate in Kudal tahsil (1137) and the lowest number electric pumps

were seen in Vaibhavwadi tahsil (53) in the same year.

3.5.6 Tractors

Unlike farm workers and their bullocks or camels or he buffaloes

or horses, the tractor is not tired. Moreover, the extra power, speed and

persistence of the tractor enable the farmer to execute farming operations

rapidly and to work round the year to create favorable soil preparation

conditions. The farmers take decisions with regard to the bulk of

investment in tractorization depending upon their capacity to invest and

creditworthiness. The need mobile power (tractors) for ensuring timely

operations and for reducing the dependency on the uncertainties of hired

labour (Singh and Dhillon, 1975).

Tractors has been become a major vehicle of transportation

particularly agricultural materials e.g. fertilizers, agricultural implements

produce from place to place. Most of the farmers are poor. The tractors

are useful for several agricultural operations in the study region. Number

of tractors is negligible in the district. Table 3.9 indicate the total numbersof tractors recorded in Sindhudurg district was only 8 in 1987 and 26 in

2003. There was not a single tractor observed in Devgad, and

Vaibhavwadi tahsils from1987 to 2003. The share of tractors in

agricultural implements was below 1% that is 0.3% to 0.006% in 1987

and 2003 in the study region.

Their proportion to per 100 hectares of gross cropped area varies

from tahsil to tahsils. It is observed from table 3.10 shows there was not asingle density per 100 hectares of tractors was recorded in all tahsils of

Sindhudurg district from 1987 to 2003. Entire study region have very

insignificant proportion of tractors. Thus the use of tractors for

agricultural purpose is very limited which indicate the backwardness of


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agricultural development in the study region in general. Very small

holding is also an important reason.

The environment conditions do not for favour the use of tractors,

some progressive farmers belonging to coastal level areas have adopted

the use of tractors for ploughing.

3.6 IMPROVED SEEDS

Seed is a “Basic and crucial input attaining sustained growth in

agricultural production.” Improved seed is the carrier of new technology

to crop production, proportion and multiplication. Accordingly,

production of quality seeds and distribution of new improved plant

nutrients constitute an important component of government’s agricultural

policy.

Quality seeds have always been proved to be important aspect of

increasing agricultural production. Agricultural productivity depends to a

great extent, upon the use of quality seeds (Jalan M.L. 1987). The

increase in the yields are dependent to a large extent on suitable variety of

seeds which are capable of producing high yields provided otherassociated factors are available in the proper combination, improved

varieties of seeds are one of the most important component of strategic

input in the study region.

Paddy is the dominant cereal crop in Sindhudurg district. Out of

total improved varities of paddy is the highest proportion in the study

region. The principal varities of paddy generally used in the study region

are Masuri, Suvarna, Ratna 1, 24 and 711, H.M.T. Premier, MTU 1010.B.P.T. 5210, Jaya, Sonam, Manico 5629 and 5445, Sahyadri, Karjat 2 and

3 etc. tahsil wise paddy seeds used in the study region given in table 3.11.

Table 3.11indicate the tahsil wise improved paddy seeds used in

Sindhudurg district. The use of improved seeds of rice has been growing


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rapidly from a mere 51001 kg. in 1990-91 to 369762 kg. in 2007-08. Use

of High Yielding Verity seeds increased by about 6 times during 18 years

between 1990-91 and 2007-08.

Table 3.11

Tahsil wise Paddy Seeds used in Sindhudurg District

(1990-91 and 2007-08)

Seeds in KilogramsSr.No. Tahsil

1990-91 2007-085900 653811 Devgad

(11.56) (17.68)6650 169242 Vaibhavwadi (3.03) (4.57)8710 1112023 Kankavali

(17.07) (30.07)7800 240234 Malvan

(15.29) (6.49)9720 767505 Vengurla

(19.05) (20.75)8155 205816 Kudal

(15.98) (5.56)4070 54901

7 Sawantwadi (7.97) (14.84)51005 369762District(100) (100)

Source :- Agricultural Department, Zilla Parishad Sindhudurg District.

In 1990-91 out of total seeds about 19.05 per cent were used in

Kudal tahsil, where as 7.97 per cent seeds were used in Sawantwadi

tahsil. The proportion of HYV seeds were used in Devgad, Vaibhavwadi,

Kankavali, Malvan and Vengurla tahsis were 11.56%, 13.03%, 17.07%,

13.29% and 15.98%respectively. In 2007-08 out of the total improved

seeds about 30.07 per cent seeds were used in Kankavali tahsil whereas

4.57 per cent seeds were used in Vaibhavwadi tahsil. The proportion of

improved seeds used in Devgad, Malvan, Kudal, Sawantwadi and

Vengurla were 17.68%, 6.49%, 20.75%, 14.84% and 5.56% respectively.


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Use of improved seeds has continuously increased in all tahsils of

Sindhudurg district from 1990-91 to 2007-08 (table 3.11). Due to the

attitude of farmers and the intensive minor irrigation schemes, use of

chemical fertilizers has supported the increased use of HYV seeds during

the period under investigation.

Though the farmers are found using improved variety seed of rice,

they are not following improved methods o paddy cultivation particularly

the nursery management practices. Almost all the farmers fallow the

traditional method of ‘rab’. (Rab – the branches of trees and leaves are

spread in the fields and are burnt to ashes. The ash is then spread in the

fields. This is a traditional practice of manuring the fields. Actually it is

harmful for the environment. It reduces the forest cover and increases the

air pollution).

3.7 FERTILIZERS

For boosting agricultural output, the use of chemical fertilizers has

an important role. Indian soil though varied and rich is deficient in

nitrogen and phosphorus and other plant nutrients which together withorganic manure influence crop return. With the population rising at fast

rate, the use of larger doses of chemical fertilizers is the only way to

increase our food grain production. The new agricultural strategy was

based on increased use of chemical fertilizers.

Inputs like fertilizers if used under conditions of assured irrigation,

may promote growth with stability, but if used under conditions of

uncertain rainfall, may increase the range of fluctuations in output withgrowth (Hanumantha Rao, C.H., 1975). An increase under net sown area

has always demanded considerable quantity of fertilizers which is

reflected in higher yields of rice and fruit farming production.


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Table 3.12

Tahsilwise Use of Chemical Fertilizers in Sindhudurg District(1987-88 and 2006-07)

Chemical Fertilizer’s In M. Toones.Sr.No. Tahsil1987-88 2006-07

5615 32151 Devgad

(36.45) (17.14)

1352 8962 Vaibhavwadi

(8.77) (4.77)

1288 30753 Kankavali

(8.36) (16.4)

1116 8054 Malvan(7.24) (4.29)

1739 24555 Vengurla

(11.29) (13.09)

Kudal 2017 29866

(13.09) (15.92)Sawantwadi 2274 5318

7(14.76) (28.36)

District 15401 18750

(100) (100)

Source : - Agricultural Development Officer, Zilla Parishad, Sindhudurg District.

3.7.4 Spatial Pattern of Fertilizer Consumption in Sindhudurg

District

Recent experience has shown that in the absence of organic

manures, use of fertilizer alone has given very profitable returns. In viewof deficiency in nutrients in the soils, the supply of fertilizers becomes

inevitable particularly in Sindhudurg district. There is regional disparity

in use of chemical fertilizers. The application of fertilizers to crops is

largely influenced by a number of factors like availability of fertilizers of


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required time and quantity, purchasing power of farmers, price of

fertilizer, an assured of supply of water, attitude of farmers, government

policies, credit facilities etc. The physiographic limitations in the hilly

parts of Sindhudurg district and scarcity of water have resulted in small

proportion of net sown area.

The consumption of chemical fertilizers has been growing slightly

from a mere 15401 m. tones in 1987-88 to 18750 m. tones in 200-05.

Utilization of improved seeds in area under certain crops as like rice,

pulses, oilseeds, horticulture and use of chemical fertilizers has increased

in the various irrigated tracts of Sindhudurg district. However the

increase is negligible.

Table 3.13

Consumption of Chemical Fertilizers in Kg. per Hectare Net SownArea in Sindhudurg District

(1987-88 and 2006-07)

Use of Chemical Fertilizersin Kg. /ha. Sr.No. Tahsil

1987-88 2006-071 Devgad 438.67 144.80

2 Vaibhavwadi 175.58 75.72

3 Kankavali 43.36 122.42

4 Malvan 55.8 50.74

5 Vengurla 164.0 192.62

6 Kudal 87.31 100.25

7Sawantwadi 76.30 196.86

District 115.10 129.70

Source - Socio Economic Absrtact of Sindhudurg District in 1987-88 and

2006-07. Computed by the researcher.

Use of chemical fertilizers includes Urea, D.A.P., M.O.P.,S.S.P.,

Suphala and Sampurna 20:20:00,10:26:26, 18:18:10, 20:10:10.


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Table 3.12 and fig. 3.1 show that during 1987-88 in Vaibhavwadi,

Kankavali and Malvan tahsils the percentage of Chemical fertilizers was

below 10%. In Sawantwadi, Kudal and Vengurla tahsils it was 10 to 15

percent. In Devgad tahsil it was above 15 per cent.

Table 3.13 and map 3.20 B indicate that there was an increase in

consumption of Chemical fertilizers in Kg. per hectare net sown area-

during 2006-07. It was below 150 Kg. per hetare net sown area in

Devgad, Vaibhavwadi, Kankavali, Malvan and Kudal tahsils and was

above 150 kg. per hectare net sown area was in Vengurla and

Sawantwadi tahsils.

Consequently the consumption of fertilizers is relatively low due to

inadequacy of water and irrigation facilities, poor soils, rugged

topographic conditions, poor farmers have no money to invest and thus

are discouraged to use chemical fertilizers.

3.8 PESTICIDES

Term ‘pesticide’ encompasses all chemical material used for

controlling of pest. Based on their principal uses, pesticide may beclassified as insecticides which control insects, fungicides which kill

pantnogens causing diseases to the plant, rodenticides to kill rodents,

weedicides or herbicides to control unwanted plants and nomatocides to

control nematodes. The role of pesticides is most significant among

various agrochemicals in the sense that these act as protective umbrella

for other inputs. Even after using other inputs such as HYV seeds,

irrigation, fertilizers, machinery etc. the crop may be destroyed by pestand diseases, the entire investment is a lost (Jalan M.L., 1987).

The farmers in Sindhudurg district are aware of the importance of

this input in agriculture. They have inadequate knowledge about using

them at proper time and in proper quantity too. The pesticides are


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generally used by farmers for many improved varieties ranging from

foodgrains to many commercial and horticultural crops. They cannot be

afforded by small farmers in hilly farming areas where income level of

farmers is insignificant. There is regional disparity in the distribution of

these pesticides (table 3.14).

Sindhudurg District is a land of paddy, cashew and mango, which

are the major rain fed crops. Insects, pests, and weeds can seriously

damage crops if adequate preventive and curative measures are not taken

in time. The main problem faced by the mango growers in the district are

alternate bearing of fruits, spongy tissue and heavy infestation by hopers.

In the case of cashew crop, cultivation of the local varieties heavy

infestation of ‘tea mosquito’ is the main problem, Manocrotophos, Endo-

sulphan and Carbaril are the pesticides used to remove the problem

created by ‘tea mosquito’ on the cashew crop in the study region. The

heavy infestation of ‘tudtude and bhuri’ is the problem faced by mango

growers in the district. Fenvelrate, Indosulphan, Quinolphos,

Diamethoate and Sulpher are the pesticides helping to face the problem oftudtude and bhuri’ on mango trees. The heavy infestation of ‘Kolerog’ is

the main problem faced by ‘Betelnuts’. With the help of Copper Sulphate

and lime are used to face the problem of ‘Kolerog’ on betelnut. In this

way the given pesticides are the blessing for the variety of crop protection

in the study region.

Table 3.14 indicates the tahsilwise use of varieties of pesticides in

the study region sponsored by the state government crop protectionscheme in 2006-07. Use of pesticides in liter or in kg, under the crop

protection scheme during 2006-07 is presented in table no 3.14.


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Table No. 3.14

Use of Pesticides in Sindhudurg District (2006-2007)

Lit . Kg.Sr.No. Tahsil Indos

alphanFenvalrate

Quinalphos

Diamethoet

SaipeRmeth

rin

MonoCrotophos

Axodiraction

Sulpher

Carbaril

CopperSulphet Lime

2134 90 580 149.5 60 435 130 580 225 1250 12501 Devgad

34.27 16.98 51.55 22.11 16.51 30.89 25.74 26 37.81 14.38 14.38

338 60 90 70 30 278 10 180 115 300 3002 Vaibhavwadi

5.42 11.32 8.04 10.35 8.45 19.71 1.98 8 .07 19.32 3.45 3.45

675 150 100 200 - 200 100 230 100 500 5003 Kankavali

10.83 28.3 8.88 29.58 - 14.18 19.8 10.31 16.8 5.75 5.75

440 50 200 115 - 117 75 400 85 500 5004 Malvan

7.1 9.43 17.77 17.04 - 8.29 14.85 17.03 14.28 5.75 5.75

1570 95 100 81 200 70 10 350 25 400 4005 Vengurla

25.21 17.92 8.88 11.98 56 4.96 1.98 15.69 4.2 4.6 4.6

610 25 20 25 50 270 30 250 45 1500 15006 Kudal

9.79 4.71 1.77 3 .69 14 19.14 5.94 11.21 7.59 17.28 17.28

460 60 35 35.5 25 40 150 240 - 4240 42407 Sawantwadi

7.38 11.34 3.11 5.25 7.04 2.83 29.7 10.76 - 48.79 48.79

6227 530 1125 676 355 1410 505 2230 595 8690 8690District

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Source : Agricultural Development Officer, Z.P. Sindhudurg 2006-07.

Indosalphan is used to control pest on the table clearly indicates

that the total use of the pesticide was 6227 liters. The highest quantity

was used in Devgad tahsil which was 34.27 per cent of the total quantity

used in the district followed by Vengurla tahsil, where it was 25; 21 per

cent, Its lowest use was seen in Vaibhavwadi tahsil where it was 5.42 per

cent only followed by Malvan (7.10%) and Sawantwadi 7.38%. In all

other tahsils the use of Indosalphan is 8% to 11%. Use of Fenvalrate it

was below 15 per cent in Vaibhavwadi, Malvan, Kudal and Sawantwadi

tahsils. The highest quantity was used in Kankavali tahsil which was


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28.30 per cent of the total quantity used in district (table no. 3.14)

followed by Vengurla tahsil, where it was 17.92 per cent. Its lowest use

was seen in Kudal tahsil where it was 4.71 per cent only followed by

Malvan (9.43%) and Vaibhavwadi (11.32%). In all other tahsils the use of

Fenvalrate is 11.34 per cent to 17 per cent. The highest use of Quinalphos

was found in Devgad tahsil where as the lowest use of Quinalphos was

observed in Kudal tahsil. Above 20 percent use of Diamethost was

experienced in Devgad and Kankavali tahsils where as the remaining

tahsils were having below 20 per cent use of Diamethoet. Table 3.14

shows the use of Indosalphan, Fenvalrate, Quinalphos, Diamethoate,

Saipermethrin, Manocrotophos and Axodiration these are in liquid form.

The highest i.e. 56% use of Saiper Methrin was seen in Vengurla tahsil,

where as its lowest use was seen in Sawantwadi tahsil which was 7.04

only. It is clear from table 3.14 that above 25 per cent use of

Monocrotophos was seen in Devgad tahsil which was 30.89 per cent

where as the lowest i.e. only 2.83 per cent use of Monocrotophos was

noticed in Sawantwadi tahsil. The highest proportion of Axodiraction usewas found in Devgad tahsil which was 25.75 per cent where as the lowest

percentage of Oxidiractin was used in Vaibhavwadi and Vengurla tahsils

which was 1.98 per cent each.

Sulpher, Carbil, Copper Sulphet and Lime are the non liquid form

of pesticides distributed in the study region during 2006-07. The highest

use of Sulpher under the crop protection scheme was observed in Devgad

tahsil (73.81%) where as the lowest use of Sulpher was noticed inVaibhavwadi tahsil (8.07%). Kankavali, Sawantwadi, Kudal, Vengurla

and Malvan tahsils have recorded the use of Sulpher as 10.31%, 10.76%,

11.21%, 15.69% and 17.03% respectively.


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The highest proportion of Carbil was used in Devgad tahsil

(37.81%) where as the lowest use of Carbil was found in Vengurla tahsil

(4.20%). It is observed from the table 3.14 that in Vaibhavwadi,

Kankavli, Malvan and Kudal tahsils the use of Carbaril was 19.32%,

16.80%, 14.28% and 7.59% respectively. The highest use of Copper

Sulphet and Lime was recorded in Sawantwadi tahsil 48.79 per cent

where as its lowest use was observed in Vaibhavwadi tahsil (3.45%). It is

observed from the table 3.14 that in Devgad, Kankavali, Malvan,

Vengurla and Kudal tahsils was the use of Copper Sulphet and Lime was

14.38%, 5.75%, 5.75%, 4.60% and 17.28% respectively. Beside this

some proportion of the B.H.C., Phosphomidon (Pesticides) and Copper

Oxy Cloride (fungicide) were also distribute over the study region.

3.9 Credit and Finance

In the past money lenders provide finance to small, marginal and

poor farmers in the study region. These money lenders could be in the

form of either agriculturist village shopkeepers or professional money

lenders. The money lenders are associated with many malpractices like

obtaining promissory notes on false pretentions form debtors, entering

larger sums than actually lent, not giving receipts for repayments and

often denying such repayments and charging excessive rate of interest.

Thus the varied nature of behavior of money lenders they could be

regarded as curse for rural economy in general.

Today agricultural credit finance plays a vital role in the process of

agricultural development and indirectly helps in increasing agricultural

productivity. Agriculture need large number amount of capital. The

farmers in the study region have enjoyed agriculture credit facilities to

meet the cultivation, expense, agricultural implements, pesticide, High

Yielding Varieties of seeds etc. The sources of providing loan for

agricultural purpose are the central district co-operative banks. The


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institutions provides long, mid and short term loans is distributed through

agricultural co-operative ensure short term loans either in cash or in the

form of agricultural inputs. Agricultural Land Development Banks

provided mid and long term loans for purchasing, harrow and otherequipment. Beside this they provide large amount of money for lift

irrigation schemes, digging and repairing the wells and for installing fruit

processing units. It means that the primary agricultural credit societies are

the backbone of rural economy in the study region.

The co-operative credit societies play vital role in the field of

agricultural development by extending credit facilities on an extensive

scale. Details of various types of achievements in respect of creditsocieties are given in the table no. 3.15. It is seen that the number of

primary agricultural societies has increased during the period of under

investigation.

Table 3.15Primary Agricultural Societies in Sindhudurg District

(31 st March, 2007)(Rs. Million)

Sr.No.

Tahsil AgriculturalSocieties

LoanAdvances

LoanOutstanding

Recovery%

1 Devgad 34(15.04)

20.333(8.36)

30.292(14.12)

--

2 Vaibhavwadi 25(11.06)

9.147(3.76)

9.079(4.23)

-(0.74)

3 Kankavali 38(16.81)

40.000(16.45)

41,518(19.36)

--

4 Malvan 28(12.38)

32.524(13.38)

46.102(21.49)

--

5 Vengurla 23(10.17)

39,790(16.36)

26.140(12.19)

-(34.30)

6 Kudal 34(15.04)

46.373(19.07)

30.021(14.00)

-(35.26)

7 Sawantwadi 44(19.46)

54.094(22.58)

31.281(14.58)

-(43.02)

District 226(100)

243.071(100)

214.433(100)

-(11.76)

Source 1) Socio-Economic Abstract of Sindhudurg District 2006-07.2) Fig. in bracket indicates percentage.


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There was also increase in the membership and loan advances.

As on 31March 2007 per member advance was Rs. 3736. As

compared to per member advance in the year 2007 outstanding loan per

member was Rs. 5613 which is an indicator of very poor repaying

capacity of the members, so also the efforts of the authorities of the

societies to recover. With few achievements there still remains much to

be done in the field of co-operative sector.

In the study region number of primary agricultural societies is very

low. It varies from tahsil to tahsil which is quite evident from the table

3.15. There were total 226 primary agricultural societies as on 31March

2007. The highest percentage of the primary agricultural societies is

concentrated in Sawantwadi tahsil (19.46%) and the lowest 10.17% are in

Vengurle tahsil. Tahsils like Kankavali, Kudal, Devgad, Malvan and

Vaibhavwadi, the percentage of primary agricultural societies was 16.81,

15.04, 15.04, 12.38 and 11.06 respectively.

Table 3.15 reveals tahsil wise loan advances and loan out standing

in entire study region. Some Rs. 243 million loans were distributed inSindhudurg district. Out of the total loan distributed 22.58% was in

Sawantwadi tahsil where as only 3.76% loan was distributed in

Vaibhavwadi tahsil as one 31 March 2007. The percentage of loan

advances distributed to the members in the tahsils of Kudal was 19.07%,

followed by Kankavali 16.45%, Vengurle 16.36%, Malvan 13.38% and

Devgad 8.36%.

Some Rs. 214.43 million amounts were outstanding in entire studyregion. The highest percentage of outstanding amount was observed in

Malvan tahsil (21.49) whereas the lowest percentage of outstanding was

found in Vabhavwadi tahsil(4.23). The percentage loan outs

Non Physical Factors of Agriculture

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