1

P R O D U C T D A T A B U L L E T I N

NonorientedM-15 through M-47

ELECTRICALSTEELS

2

The information and data in this product data bulletin are accurate tothe best of our knowledge and belief, but are intended for generalinformation only. Applications suggested for the materials aredescribed only to help readers make their own evaluations anddecisions, and are neither guarantees nor to be construed as expressor implied warranties of suitability for these or other applications.

Data referring to mechanical properties and chemical analyses arethe result of tests performed on specimens obtained from specificlocations of the products in accordance with prescribed samplingprocedures; any warranty thereof is limited to the values obtained atsuch locations and by such procedures. There is no warranty withrespect to values of the materials at other locations.

This document or any part therein may not be reproduced withoutthe written permission of AK Steel Corporation. AK Steel, theAK Steel logo, TRAN-COR,DI-MAX and CARLITE are registeredtrademarks of AK Steel Corporation.

NONORIENTED ELECTRICAL STEELS

3

AK Steel® NonorientedElectrical Steels

M-15 through M-47Nonoriented electrical steels are silicon steels in whichmagnetic properties are practically the same in anydirection of magnetism in the plane of the material. Stan-dard grades from M-15 to M-47 are available with theadvantages of special DI-MAX® processing that enhancethe magnetic properties.

DI-MAX grades have superior permeability at highinductions, low average core loss and good gauge uni-formity. In addition, cold finishing plus strip annealingproduce a smooth surface and reduce buckles andwaves, resulting in excellent flatness and a highstacking factor.

AK Steel Nonoriented Electrical Steels are availableboth Fully Processed and Semi-Processed, dependingon grade. Properties of Fully Processed material aredeveloped completely by AK Steel. These materials areready for use without any additional processing required.However, a low-temperature heat treatment may beemployed by the user to eliminate stresses introducedby fabrication of the material into cores. AK Steel FullyProcessed Nonoriented Electrical Steels meet all therequirements of ASTM Specification A 677.

Semi-Processed steels are finished to final thicknessand physical form by AK Steel, but are not fully annealedto develop final magnetic quality. With these materials,achievement of magnetic properties becomes theresponsibility of the user. AK Steel Semi-ProcessedNonoriented Electrical Steels meet all requirements ofASTM A 683.

Table 1AK Steel Nonoriented Electrical Steels

Grade Processing

DI-MAX M-15 Fully ProcessedDI-MAX M-19 Fully ProcessedDI-MAX M-22 Fully ProcessedDI-MAX M-27 Fully ProcessedDI-MAX M-36 Fully ProcessedDI-MAX M-43 Fully Processed, Semi-ProcessedDI-MAX M-45 Fully ProcessedDI-MAX M-47 Fully Processed, Semi-Processed

Available Forms

GaugesElectrical steels are ordered by gauge number or deci-mal thickness only. The use of gauge-weight equiva-lents is impractical because densities of the steels varywith silicon and aluminum contents. In addition, thesesteels are manufactured to provide specific electromag-netic properties for certain established thicknesses. Thestandard gauge table on this page is the only one thatapplies to AK Steel Nonoriented Electrical Steels.

Table 2Nonoriented Electrical SteelsStandard Gauges

Electrical Steel ThicknessGauge Number Inches (Millimeters)

24 0.0250 (0.635)

26 0.0185 (0.470)

29 0.0140 (0.356)

4

WidthsBoth coils and cut lengths are supplied in 0.75" (19 mm)through 48.5" (1.232 m) widths. Maximum widthdepends upon grade and thickness. As a result, somematerials are not available in this full range.

LengthsCut lengths are produced by AK Steel and are availableon an inquiry basis.

Table 3Applications for AK Steel Nonoriented Electrical Steels

Application Grades

M-15 M-27 M-45M-19 M-36 M-47M-22 M-43

Large Motors and Generators (>100 HP) X

Small Motors and Generators (<100 HP) X X

Ballasts and Ignition Coils X X

Large Transformers (>10 KVA) X X

Small Transformers (<10 KVA) X X

5

Surface InsulationsAK Steel offers a variety of surface insulations on AKSteel Fully Processed Nonoriented Electrical Steels. Thisallows manufacturers of electrical equipment to meetdesign requirements and the limitations imposed by fab-rication most effectively.

Semi-processed material is supplied with a specialAnti-Stick coating (equivalent to ASTM Type C-5-AScoating) to reduce sticking during annealing of stampedlaminations. This thin inorganic coating provides a lowlevel of surface insulation resistance which is adequatefor many applications.

The following surface insulations are supplied on fullyprocessed material only.

Standard Surface Finish (C-O)Unless otherwise specified by the customer, all AK SteelNonoriented Electrical Steel grades are supplied with avery thin surface film (equivalent to ASTM Type C-Ocoating) resulting from the DI-MAX processing for bestdie life. This smooth, tightly adherent film provides suf-ficient surface insulation resistance for many applica-tions in small apparatus. The insulation resistance ofthis surface is usually enhanced by a stress-relief an-neal and is not adversely affected by oils. However thistype of insulation provides less protection against rustthan other available insulations. For rust protection andadditional insulation resistance for larger apparatus, itis suggested that a suitable coating be applied.

C-3 InsulationThis organic varnish coating (equivalent to ASTM TypeC-3 coating) is applied over the natural oxide surface. Itprovides very high levels of surface insulation resistanceas well as protection against rusting. C-3 insulation alsohas a beneficial effect on die life. While it is suitable atnormal operating temperatures of electrical apparatus,it will not withstand the heat of stress-relief annealing.It withstands oil and is suitable for oil-immersed andair-cooled cores.

C-4 InsulationThis inorganic surface treatment (equivalent to ASTMType C-4 coating) is produced by special chemical andthermal processing of the steel surface. C-4 insulationis best for punched laminations where only a moderatedegree of surface insulation is required, but good dielife and minimum effect on lamination factor are veryimportant. It provides thorough surface coverage witha very thin film that affords a moderate amount of sur-face insulation. It is not harmed by ordinary stress-re-lief annealing temperatures, retaining adequate surfaceinsulation characteristics for many applications whenannealed in recommended neutral atmospheres. C-4insulation is unaffected by oils, making it useful for ei-ther oil-immersed or air-cooled apparatus. This specialAK Steel insulation provides some protection againstrusting.

C-5 InsulationThis inorganic-based surface insulation (equivalent toASTM Type C-5 coating) is suggested for use wheresuperior insulation is required after a stress-relief an-neal. It provides a uniform, high-resistance insulationfor the more severe requirements of large electricalapparatus. C-5 insulation has a minimum effect on lami-nation factor. It can be exposed to ordinary stress-reliefannealing temperatures without impairment of itssuperior insulation resistance when specified protectiveannealing atmospheres are used. In addition, C-5insulation is not affected by oils, and provides some rustresistance. A small amount of organic material iscontained in C-5 insulation to enhance die life relative tothe standard surface finish and C-4 insulation. C-5 insu-lation is especially useful in large transformers madewith stacked, flat laminations and in large motors andgenerators.

6

Table 4Types of Surface Insulation and Typical Applications*

AK SteelCoatingType Description Typical Applications

C-0 An insulation consisting of the natural oxidefilm formed in processing annealing. Theinsulation resistance is low, but usually isadequate for small cores. It will withstandstress-relief anneals in neutral or slightlyreducing atmospheres.

C-3 An organic varnish coating intended forair-cooled or oil-immersed cores. It providesexcellent interlaminar resistance and alsoserves to promote better punchability. Thistype will not withstand stress-relief annealing.

C-4 An insulation formed by a chemical treatmentthat is suitable for air-cooled or oil-immersedcores. It withstands stress-relief annealing attemperatures below about 1500°F (815°C)in neutral or lightly reducing atmospheres.Moderate insulative resistance makes itadequate for most 60 Hz cores weighing upto a few hundred pounds.

C-5 This is a high-resistance insulation formed bya chemical treatment similar to that of C-4,but with the addition of an inorganic filler toenhance its electrical resistance and a smallamount of organic material to enhancepunchability. It withstands stress-reliefannealing if temperature does not exceedabout 1500°F (815°C) and a neutral or slightlyreducing atmosphere is used. High resistancemakes this insulation advisable for cores oflarge size with a volts per turn ratio in thehighest range. It has little effect on laminationfactor and is unaffected by oil immersion.

*Based on the classification of surface insulations in ASTM A 976. AK Steel’s standard surface finish (C-O) is produced by normal processing used to develop magnetic

quality and is an integral part of the steel surface. Other surface insulations are coatings applied over the standard surface finish to boost insulative capability in severe

applications.

Ballasts, ignition coils, small motorsand transformers.

Large motors, generatorsand transformers.

Medium motors, generatorsand transformers.

Large motors, generatorsand transformers

7

Surface Insulation ResistanceMeasurement of how effectively insulation can limitextraneous interlaminar eddy currents to negligibly lowvalues is important where power ratings are quite high.

Determination of Insulation ResistanceThe surface insulation resistance method of ASTMA 717 is the standard for quality control for insulativecoatings. The method is easy to use and measures theresistivity of each surface independently. Surfaceinsulation resistivity values obtained by the Franklin Testnormally are lower than those obtained in stack-resis-tance tests, and in reality are not interlaminar resistivityvalues. For this reason it is preferred that insulation ef-fectiveness evaluated by the Franklin Test beexpressed by the test reading in amperes rather thanthe derived resistivity value.

Effect on DesignThe effectiveness of insulative coatings in resistinginterlaminar current flow depends on the pressure onthe core lamination surfaces and on the surface charac-teristics. Therefore, for best performance, unduly highassembly pressures should be avoided. Likewise,designers should avoid making excessively high esti-mates of needed insulation resistance. This penalizesthe design because of the reduced lamination factorresulting from heavier-than-needed surface coatings.

Typical Insulation ResistancesThe graphs of insulation characteristics provide a guideto the relative insulating abilities of available core platefinishes and show their response to pressure. Values inthe graphs are typical of those obtained at the mill bythe Franklin Test method. The range of the Franklin Testmethod is not suitable for the evaluation of the surfaceresistance of the standard mill finish which is usuallyin the fractional ohm range, with Franklin amperestypically over 0.90 amperes. Of course, normal varia-tions in both the mill surface and the applied coatingswill necessitate allowing for resistance both higher andlower than those stated.

*Values determined by the Franklin Test.

C-4 Insulation

C-3 Insulation

C-5 Insulation

1

0.5

0.2

0.1

0.05

0.01

1000(6.9)(0.69)

100

Test Pressure - psi (MPa)

Typical Surface InsulationCharacteristics of AK Steel FullyProcessed Nonoriented Electrical Steelsat Various Pressures

Fran

klin

Tes

t Cur

rent

(A)

8

Maximum Core Loss LimitsThe core limits presented in Tables 5 and 6 are appropri-ate for fully processed as-sheared (AS) and semi-processed quality annealed (QA) Epstein specimensprepared in accordance with procedures specifiedin ASTM Method A 343, latest issue. For most grades,the typical core loss is appreciably lower than themaximum core loss.

Table 5Core Loss Limits for Fully Processed Material at60 Hz* (ASTM A 677) (Watts/lb)

15 kG

AK Steel 0.014" 0.0185" 0.025"Grade (29 gauge) (26 gauge) (24 gauge)

DI-MAX M-15 1.45 1.60 —DI-MAX M-19 1.55 1.65 2.00DI-MAX M-22 1.60 1.80 2.10DI-MAX M-27 1.75 1.90 2.25DI-MAX M-36 1.85 2.00 2.35DI-MAX M-43 1.95 2.10 2.50DI-MAX M-45 2.05 2.40 2.75DI-MAX M-47 — 2.80 3.20

*As-Sheared, 50/50.

Table 6Core Loss Limits for Semi-Processed Material at60 Hz* (ASTM A 683)(Watts/lb)

15 kG

AK Steel 0.0185" 0.025"Grade (26 gauge) (24 gauge)

DI-MAX M-43 1.55 2.00DI-MAX M-47 1.65 2.10

*Anti-Stick Coating, QA, 50/50.

9

Mechanical and Magnetic PropertiesEmpirical equations have been developed to describethe typical 60 Hz core loss, 60 Hz exciting power, andD-C magnetizing field strength as a function of induc-tion for each of the more popular grade and gauge

combinations of fully processed and semi-processednonoriented electrical steels. Spread sheets with theseequations are available upon request.

Table 7Typical Mechanical and Physical Properties*

Density Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation HardnessGrade gm/cm3 ksi (MPa) ksi (MPa) % in 2" (50 mm) Rockwell B

DI-MAX M-15 FP 7.65 52 (358) 71 (490) 23 72DI-MAX M-36 FP 7.70 42 (290) 63 (434) 30 64DI-MAX M-47 FP 7.75 39 (269) 62 (428) 34 61DI-MAX M-43 SP** 7.70 50 (345) 70 (483) 32 64DI-MAX M-47 SP** 7.75 48 (331) 67 (462) 33 62

*Values are typical of data obtained on as-sheared specimens.

**Semi-processed grades have not been quality annealed.

Table 8Typical D-C Magnetic and Electrical Properties

Electrical Hysteresis loss Coercive Force SaturationResistivity Bmax= 10 kG Bmax= 10 kG Maximum Induction

Grade µΩ•cm J/lb/cycle Oersteds Permeability Kilogausses

DI-MAX M-15 FP* 50 0.0068 0.41 8000 20.1DI-MAX M-27 FP* 43 0.0077 0.46 7400 20.5DI-MAX M-36 FP* 43 0.0085 0.52 6900 20.5DI-MAX M-43 FP* 43 0.0092 0.57 6500 20.5DI-MAX M-45 FP* 37 0.0083 0.50 7200 20.8DI-MAX M-47 FP* 37 0.0094 0.57 6800 20.8DI-MAX M-43 SP** 43 0.0054 0.30 15000 20.5DI-MAX M-47 SP** 37 0.0050 0.28 16300 20.8

*Values are typical at data obtained on as-sheared specimens.

10

Specimen Preparation for TestingAll magnetic tests are made on Epstein specimenssheared with sharp shears to avoid burr and excessivestrain to dimensions specified by ASTM Method A 343.Core losses determined on fully processed as-sheared(AS) specimens represent the magnetic quality of mill-annealed material except for the effect of strains intro-duced in shearing the strips.

When core loss tests for grading purposes are madeon semi-processed quality annealed (QA) specimens,strips are given a laboratory anneal to develop the in-herent magnetic properties of the material. This anneal-ing, performed in a standardized method, is similar toannealing that must be performed by the customer onsemi-processed grades.

Annealing ProcedureIn accordance with industry practice for grading pur-poses only, specimens of semi-processed material areannealed for one hour at 1550°F (843°C) in a decarbur-izing atmosphere. All test specimens are annealed onflat plates to ensure a suitable degree of flatness forcore loss measurement.

Testing MethodsData are typical and not maximum, minimum or aver-age. Test conditions are in accordance with ASTMMethod A 343.

Induction DeterminationsInduction is calculated from the net cross-sectional areaof the specimen. Net area is determined from the actualweight of the specimen and the assumed specific grav-ity values (as specified by ASTM). Designers mayapproximate net area by multiplying gross area of thecompacted core by its lamination factor, expressedas a decimal. A-C induction is calculated from voltagemeasurements made on an unloaded secondarywinding using an average-responsive (rectifier-type)A-C voltmeter.

Test CircuitMagnetic data are obtained on a magnetic circuithaving negligible joint effects with an exciting windinguniformly distributed along the circuit. In all tests forA-C magnetic properties, the flux wave form is sinusoi-dal. If a design calls for a substantial departure fromthese test conditions, suitable allowances must be madein applying the test data.

Core Loss and Exciting Current MeasurementCore loss values are determined using wattmeter meth-ods that eliminate the factor of copper loss and voltagedrop in the test windings. Exciting current values aremeasured using a true rms reading ammeter, so excit-ing power (exciting volt-amperes) is the rms value.

11

Annealing by the UserTwo types of annealing may be performed by users ofnonoriented electrical steels. If fully processed gradesare used, annealing will consist of a stress-relief anneal.This treatment is required only to eliminate the impair-ment of magnetic properties caused by stresses inducedduring punching or assembly. If semi-processed mate-rial is used, a different type of anneal is required todevelop the magnetic properties fully.

Stress-Relief AnnealingStresses are introduced into the electrical steels when-ever they are punched, sheared or wound into cores.These stresses have an adverse effect on magneticcharacteristics such as core loss, permeability andexciting current.

A stress-relieving anneal restores magnetc proper-ties of highly stressed regions in laminations to theiroriginal values. Annealing also reduces the effectof the sharp edges of burrs and improves the stackingfactor.

Stress-relief annealing is not always necessary.Whether or not it is required depends upon thickness,size and type of lamination or core, and the requiredmagnetic properties. Stress-relief annealing alwaysincurs the possibility of impairing lamination flatnessunless special precautions are taken to preserve orimprove flatness during annealing. However, if the fullmagnetic properties of a grade are required, stress-relief annealing is necessary, particularly when thelamination width is less than one inch. The user mustdecide, based upon his specific requirements.

Annealing Semi-Processed GradesBecause semi-processed electrical steels are not pro-cessed at the mill to develop their magnetic propertiesfully, the user must always complete the processing ofthese materials by proper annealing. This treatment, bythe user, might be called a final processing anneal.

This necessary annealing not only decarburizes thematerial, but also produces grain growth. Both of theseare essential to the development of the optimummagnetic properties of semi-processed grades.

Because decarburization and grain growth areinvolved, proper decarburizing atmospheres must beused, and both temperature and time of annealing care-fully controlled. Temperatures generally are higher andannealing times somewhat longer than for stress-reliefannealing.

General ProceduresBoth stress-relief and final process annealing can beaccomplished by the batch method or by continuousannealing. However, with either process, adequate pre-cautions must be taken to assure proper atmospherecontrol and that time and temperature necessary for thegrade being processed are compatible with the processused.

Batch AnnealingThis type of annealing is especially adapted to intermit-tent or relatively low-volume annealing operations. How-ever, it is more easily controlled and more flexible inoperation than continuous methods.

Stacked flat laminations, wound cores or stampingscan be annealed in batches, either in a covered anneal-ing box, or on open trays with an adequate furnaceatmosphere.

Annealing trays or plates should be flat. Plates andcharge covers, if used, should be made of low-carbonmaterial to prevent possible harmful carbon contamina-tion. For the same reason, punching lubricants shouldbe removed before annealing.

Load the charge compactly on the plate, preferablyin such a manner that radiant heat can strike a portionof the edges of laminations or cores. This facilitates heattransfer and reduces heating time.

12

Use of a box or annealing cover is preferred foreither stress-relief or final process annealing. This makesit much easier to control the atmosphere properly andrequires much less gas. When an inner cover is not used,a sufficient quantity of protective gas must be usedto flush the furnace adequately and diminish theeffect of leaks. Oxidation of electrical steels mustbe avoided because it impairs magnetic properties,particularly at high inductions. Annealing box coversshould fit closely and original air should be flushedcompletely before heating.

To avoid distortion from cooling large batches of widelaminations too rapidly, cool the material slowly underprotective atmosphere to a temperature of 600 to 800°F(316 to 427°C). For charges weighing only a few thou-sand pounds, the cooling rate should not be more than50°F (28°C) per hour. Even slower cooling is advisablefor heavier furnace charges.

Continuous AnnealingContinuous annealing methods are especially adaptedto high volume production. They can be used effectivelyto either stress relieve or process anneal electrical steels.

As in batch annealing, adequate precautions mustbe taken to assure proper atmosphere control. Becausecontinuous annealing furnaces are apt to have leaks,they must be adequately flushed with protective atmo-sphere to prevent oxidation. Usually, oil can be removedfrom stampings and cores by burn-off in the pre-annealchamber. Although individual charges are not as largeas those used in batch processes, care should be takenin loading and stacking to prevent the possibility ofdistortion. This is especially important if stampings arestacked on edge.

Because of the continuous nature of this process,laminations and cores are brought to temperaturequickly. This precludes stacking cores or laminations inheavy charges. Metal volume in any given mass mustbe small enough to permit it to reach the annealing tem-perature quite rapidly.

Special attention must be paid to stacking proce-dures and furnace capacity if process annealing is donein a continuous unit. This is necessary because the finalprocess anneal of semi-processed material requireslonger time at temperature and good circulation of thedecarburizing atmosphere to all parts of the charge.

Temperatures and AtmospheresA controlled atmosphere, suited to the type of materialbeing annealed, is necessary to prevent contaminationand consequent impairment of magnetic properties.Temperatures for commercial annealing should beclosely controlled and no higher than required to obtainthe necessary magnetic performance of the finalproduct.

In certain critical applications, somewhat higher tem-peratures or modified atmospheres may yield slightlybetter magnetic properties. However, such practice isnot generally recommended because the temperature,time and atmosphere must be controlled more carefully.This is necessary not only to obtain consistent results,but also to avoid deterioration of surface insulationsand an increased tendency for adhesion, or sticking, oflaminations. Special annealing requirements should bediscussed with AK Steel specialists to obtain specificrecommendations for the conditions involved.

13

Procedures for Specific Grades

Fully Processed DI-MAX gradesThese grades, M-15 to M-47, have exceptionally lowcarbon content and have been processed at the mill todevelop their magnetic properties. They are annealedby the customer only to relieve fabricating stresses.Annealing should be done at 1450°F (788°C) in anatmosphere of nitrogen which may contain 2 to 10%hydrogen. Such atmospheres will not support a flame.However, atmospheres containing more than 4% hydro-gen may be explosive in the presence of oxygen. Timeat maximum temperature need be no longer than thatrequired to heat the charge uniformly. Contamination ofthe steel must be avoided during annealing. The recom-mended atmosphere is the least expensive one that doesnot contain the most common contaminants — carbonand oxygen. The addition of hydrogen to the nitrogenatmosphere provides protection against oxidation, buta minimum amount is recommended when annealingmaterials which have C-4 or C-5 coatings.

Semi Processed GradesThese grades, M-43 and M-47, have not been processedat the mill to develop magnetic properties fully. Thecustomer must complete this processing by properannealing. This necessary annealing involves decarbur-ization and grain growth, both of which are essential todevelopment of optimum magnetic properties.

Decarburizing atmospheres of nitrogen/hydrogenmixtures containing water vapor are preferred. Althoughnot recommended, atmospheres formed by partial com-bustion of a fuel gas are also used. Annealing tempera-tures range from 1550 to 1600°F (843 to 871°C). Thehigher temperatures produce somewhat improved mag-netic properties, but increase the problem of adhesionor sticking of laminations. Higher temperatures can alsoproduce excessive oxidation, resulting in deteriorationof magnetic properties. A practical temperature, basedon service experience, seems to be about 1550°F(843°C).

Because decarburization is involved, annealing timedepends not only on the temperature and atmosphereused, but also on the width of the laminations or coreand time. Sufficient annealing time permits adequatecirculation of the atmosphere that removes the carbonfrom the steel surface. This, of course, means therequired annealing time must be specifically determinedfor any given set of conditions. It also means that widelaminations may require lengthy annealing times. Con-sequently, there is a practical limit to lamination widthfor which the semi-processed grades are economical.

If you need recommendations on your particular annealingproblem, please provide us the following information:

a) Type of furnace and annealing covers.

b) Composition of furnace atmosphere,including dew point.

c) Type of lamination or core involved, itssize and the weight of the furnace charge.

d) Is 60 Hz core loss of primary interest, or areother characteristics of greater importance?

e) Are laminations to be used at either unusuallyhigh or extremely low flux density?

Effects of FabricationDetrimental effects of stresses introduced into lamina-tions by shearing or other fabricating operations can beeliminated by a suitable stress-relieving anneal of thecore material after fabrication. When stress-relievingis impractical, design allowances must often compen-sate for magnetically harmful fabricating stresses.

14

Additional AK Steel Electrical SteelsAK Steel also produces a complete range of Orientedand TRAN-COR® H Electrical Steels. These gradesinclude:

AK Steel Oriented M-2AK Steel Oriented M-3AK Steel Oriented M-4AK Steel Oriented M-6AK Steel Oriented M-6 PQ*AK Steel TRAN-COR H-0AK Steel TRAN-COR H-1AK Steel TRAN-COR H-0 DR**AK Steel TRAN-COR H-1 DR**

*Punching Quality

**Domain Refinement by laser scribing.

Complete magnetic, mechanical and physical prop-erties plus fabrication and annealing information arecontained in the AK Steel Oriented and TRAN-COR HElectrical Steels brochure.

Conversion of Magnetic UnitsThe following conversion factors may be useful in theapplication of data on AK Steel Nonoriented ElectricalSteels:

Core loss at 50 Hertz = 0.79 x Core lossat 60 Hertz.

Kilogauss =

Oersted =

Weber =

Teslas =

Teslas =

Ampere/meter =

Flux lines per square inch6450

Ampere-turns per inch2.02

Flux lines108

kilogausses10

Flux lines per square inch64,500

Oersteds0.01257

15

• Determining the most critical design andmanufacturing factors affecting proper equipmentperformance.

• Assisting you in isolating and solving designor manufacturing problems.

• Determining the standard test method best suitedfor your particular application.

• Providing assistance in defining or performingnonstandard testing.

This is one more opportunity AK Steel offers you tomake the most effective use of AK Steel Electrical Steels.Our vast experience in electrical steels development andproduction, commitment to quality, extensive designdata, and valuable research assistance are unparalleledin the industry. Contact us for this complete range ofelectrical steel products and services.

Applications Research AssistanceAK Steel’s Research offers our electrical steel custom-ers a number of valuable services. Engineers devotedto electrical steel testing and applications can provideyou guidance in the most cost effective and efficientuse of AK Steel Electrical Steels. Using the most versa-tile and comprehensive collection of magnetic test equip-ment ever assembled, these engineers investigate themany applications of electrical steels and the factorswhich influence the performance of the finished prod-uct. As a result, we are able to offer you a broad scopeof materials, design and production assistance in suchareas as:

• Analyzing the sensitivity of your equipment'sperformance to small but normal variations inmaterials properties.

• Helping you assure efficient use of electricalsteels now and when you consider productdesign changes.

NONORIENTED ELECTRICAL STEELS

PD-118 7180-0139 7/07© 2007 AK Steel Corporation

9227 Centre Pointe DriveAK Steel Corporation

West Chester, OH 45069

www.aksteel.com

Customer Service 800-331-5050