Non ionising radiation
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Transcript of Non ionising radiation
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Hazards and principles of control
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Non-ionising radiation
Photons with energy less than 12.4 eV
Wavelength > 100nm
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Non - Ionizing Ionizing
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Region Wavelength Frequency
Ultraviolet 100 – 400 nm
Visible 400 – 770 nm
Infrared 770 nm – 1 mm
Radio frequency 3 kHz - 300 GHz
Extremely low frequency
3 Hz - 3 kHz
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The harmful effects caused by non-ionising radiation are mainly due to the absorption of energy which results in tissue heating
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The longer the wavelength, the deeper the radiation will penetrate into the body
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Higher energy NIR (in the UV region) can also cause photochemical interactions
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Biological effects
Effects on the eye
Skin burns
Damage to internal organs
Cancer (UV)
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The type of eye damage depends on the wavelength
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The type of eye damage depends on the wavelength
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100 to 400 nm
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UV Regions
Wavelength (nm)
UVA “Black light” 315–400
UVB Erythema 280-315
UVC Germicidal 100-280
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UV – Effects on the skin
Skin ageing UV-A
Erythema (“Sunburn”) UV-B
Cancer UV-B
Photosensitisation
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Picture source: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/ultravioletradiation.html
UV-BUV-C UV-A
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Erythema
Reddening is due to blood flowing to the affected area in response to skin damage
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Erythema
Delayed response Starts 2 to 4 hours
after exposure
Peaks after 14 to 20 hours
Can last 48 hours
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Skin Cancer
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Basal cell carcinoma
Rarely metastasize and rarely cause death Easily treated with surgery or radiation
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Squamous cell carcinoma
Can metastasize if untreated
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Malignant melanoma
Most serious type of skin cancerLess common than other types
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Sunbeds emit mostly UVA, but between 0.5 and 4% of their total output can be UVB
Source: www.sunsmart.org.uk/
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Sunbeds are estimated to cause around 100 deaths from melanoma every year in the UK
Source: www.sunsmart.org.uk/
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Keratitis
Cataracts
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UV – Effects on the eye
Photokeratitis“welder’s flash”
Caused by exposure to UV-B or UV-C
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UV – Effects on the eye
Cataracts – caused by UV-A
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100 to 400 nm
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Infrared regions
Wavelength
IR-A 770–1400 nm
IR-B 1.4–3.0 mm
IR-C 3.0 mm–1 mm
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Infrared radiation
Skin burns
Effects on eyes
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“Glassworker’s cataract”
Picture source: National Eye Institute, U.S. National Institutes of Health
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IR – Eye absorption
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IR – Skin absorption
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Radiofrequency radiation
Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) <3KHz
Low Frequency (LF) 300KHz-30KHz
Medium Frequency (MF) 3MHz-300KHz
High Frequency (HF) 30MHz-3MHz
Very High Frequency (VHF) 300MHz-30MHz
Microwave 300GHz-300MHz
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Microwaves and Radio Waves
Tissue heating
Burns
Organ damage
Reproductive effects
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Microwaves and Radio Waves
The most dangerous frequencies have wavelengths similar to body dimensions
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<30 MHz 30-300 MHz >300 MHz
Low absorption
Uniform distribution
High absorption Surface heating
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Microwaves and Radio Waves
Indirect effects Electric shock
Pacemakers
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Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Electromagnetic Fields
Frequency < 3 kHz
Wavelength considerably larger than human body
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Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Electromagnetic Fields
Some concerns regarding Cancer
Reproductive effects
Neurological effects
Other effects
Jury still out
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Prevention
Turn off the source before starting work on equipment
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Containment
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Shielding
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Distance
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Distance
Inverse square law applies
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Distance Relative exposure
1 metre 1
2 metres 0.25
4 metres 0.06
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Restrict access
No entry
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Reduce exposure time
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PPE
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Occupational Health Management
Prevention
Engineering
Work Practices
PPE
Supervision
Maintenance
Procedures
Auditing
Testing
Health surveillance
Monitoring
Information
Training
Housekeeping
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Further information
www.hse.gov.uk/radiation/nonionising/
www.sunsmart.org.uk/
www.radhazonline.com/Appnotes.asp
www.cdc.gov/niosh/emf2.html
www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/emf/
www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/ultravioletradiation.html
www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/Radiation/RadiationAZ/
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Picture credits Kavitha @Stock.xchng (www.sxc.hu)
Zulema011 @Stock.xchng (www.sxc.hu)
Mailsparky @Stock.xchng (www.sxc.hu)
Chillipadi @Stock.xchng (www.sxc.hu)
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (www.ccohs.ca)
National Eye Institute, U.S. National Institutes of Health (http://www.nei.nih.gov/)
Occupational hygiene training association (www.ohlearning.com)
www.sunsmart.org.uk
WHO (www.who.int)
Wikipedia commons
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http://www.slideshare.net/mikeslater
http://diamondenv.wordpress.com
Twitter @diamondenv
Mike Slater
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Mike Slater, Diamond Environmental Ltd. ([email protected])
This presentation is distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
UK:International Licence