NON-ELECTRONIC SOURCES OF BIOGEOGRAPHICAL DATA

Daphne G. Fautin

Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

and

KU Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center

Electronic data are essential in addressing important oceanographic

questions

among them those involving ecology

including biodiversity and biogeography

Oceanographic data acquired electronicallyLack taxonomic resolutionDiffer fundamentally from biological dataLack historical dimension

To put into electronic form taxonomically and geographically resolved data

Requires human interventionIn the fieldIn museumsIn publication/capture from publication

Is no more costly than remote sensingIs essential to many scientific and societal issues

May explain organism distribution but does not show organisms

“Two beautiful SeaWiFS satellite images of blooms off Newfoundland in the western Atlantic, the left-hand on 21st July 1999, the right-hand one

on 16th July 2000.”

http://www.soes.soton.ac.uk/staff/tt/eh/satbloompics.html

“Two more stunning SeaWiFS satellite images of a probable (no ships have ever taken water samples to confirm them there) coccolithophore bloom cradling the Falkland Islands (Patagonian Shelf), the left-hand one on 29th November 1999, the right-hand one two weeks later on 13th December. Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE.”

http://www.soes.soton.ac.uk/staff/tt/eh/satbloompics.html

Oceanographic data acquired electronicallyLack taxonomic resolutionDiffer fundamentally from biological dataLack historical dimension

To put into electronic form taxonomically and geographically resolved data

Requires human interventionIn the fieldIn museumsIn publication/capture from publication

Is no more costly than remote sensingIs essential to many scientific and societal issues

http://www.osdpd.noaa.gov/PSB/EPS/SST/climo&hot.html

Current Potential Coral Reef Bleaching Hot Spots

DID CORALS BLEACH ?? WHICH TAXA ?? TO WHAT EXTENT ?? TO WHAT DEPTH ??

biologically meaningful questions involving biogeography and

biodiversity

environmental dataAND

data on distribution of (identified) organisms

Oceanographic data acquired electronicallyLack taxonomic resolutionDiffer fundamentally from biological dataLack historical dimension

To put into electronic form taxonomically and geographically resolved data

Requires human interventionIn the fieldIn museumsIn publication/capture from publication

Is no more costly than remote sensingIs essential to many scientific and societal issues

Discontinuous/discrete

Heterogeneous

Oceanographic data acquired electronicallyLack taxonomic resolutionDiffer fundamentally from biological dataLack historical dimension

To put into electronic form taxonomically and geographically resolved data

Requires human interventionIn the fieldIn museumsIn publication/capture from publication

Is no more costly than remote sensingIs essential to many scientific and societal issues

SOURCES OF DATAon identified, georeferenced organisms – back in time

MUSEUM SPECIMENS PUBLISHED LITERATURE

An On-line Atlas of Marine Diversity

National Science Foundation grant OCE 00-03970 (NOPP)

Swedish Museum of Natural HistoryCalifornia Academy of Sciences

Substantial changesin data hardlyaffected trends

Oceanographic data acquired electronicallyLack taxonomic resolutionDiffer fundamentally from biological dataLack historical dimension

To put into electronic form taxonomically and geographically resolved data

Requires human interventionIn the fieldIn museumsIn publication/capture from publication

Is no more costly than remote sensingIs essential to many scientific and societal issues

“Two beautiful SeaWiFS satellite images of blooms off Newfoundland in the western Atlantic, the left-hand on 21st July 1999, the right-hand one on 16th July 2000. Humanity has invested billions of dollars putting satellites into space; these images are part of the reward. Provided by the

SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE.”

http://www.soes.soton.ac.uk/staff/tt/eh/satbloompics.html

Expenses the community has agreed to share

Sensing and receiving equipmentDevelopmentInstallationMaintenance

Data ProcessingServingArchiving

Oceanographic data acquired electronicallyLack taxonomic resolutionDiffer fundamentally from biological dataLack historical dimension

To put into electronic form taxonomically and geographically resolved data

Requires human interventionIn the fieldIn museumsIn publication/capture from publication

Is no more costly than remote sensingIs essential to many scientific and societal issues

What/whereECONOMIC

fisheries areas (open and closed)

dive sites

CONSERVATIONinvasive species

protected areas

ACADEMICcenters of diversity -- in space and time

habitat preferences

National Science Foundation grants OCE 00-03970 (NOPP)

to Daphne G. Fautin and Robert W. Buddemeier

DEB95-21819, DEB 99-78106 (PEET)to Daphne G. Fautin

Students and colleagues whohave contributed data, time,

and ideas -- especially Adorian Ardelean

BIOGEOINFORMATICS:CHALLENGES AT THE

INTERSECTION OF BIOLOGICAL, BIOGEOCHEMICAL, AND PHYSICAL DATA OVER MULTIPLE SCALES OF

SPACE AND TIME

Robert W. Buddemeier

Daphne G. Fautin

Karen Stocks