Non Destructive Testing Systems

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NDT JAMES INSTRUMENTS INC. 71www.ndtjames.com

Corrosion

JamesCor MapA simple economical method foridentifying areas of probablerebar corrosion.

Featuresand Benefits• Easy to use

• Detachable electrode extension pieces facilitate measurements in hard to reachlocations

• High impedance digital meter is designed for tough field conditions

• Economical

• Conforms to ASTM C-876

72 NDT JAMES INSTRUMENTS INC. www.ndtjames.com

James Cor Map

Technical Specifications Technical

Corrosion, which is an electrochemical process, occurs inconcrete when oxygen and moisture are present. Theactual corrosion is an exchange of energy within differentsections of the uncoated reinforcing steel. The relativeenergy levels can be determined in relation to a referenceelectrode with a stable electrochemical potential.

By connecting a high impedance voltmeter between thereinforcing steel and a reference electrode placed on theconcrete surface, a measurement can be made for the halfcell potential at the location of the reference cell. Thisthen is a measurement of the probability of corrosion activ-ity in the steel in the vicinity of the reference cell.

The reference cell is copper in copper sulphate solution.By taking half cell potential measurements a fixed dis-

tance apart a grid of half cell potentials can be quicklymade and thus areas delineated with a high probability ofcorrosion of the reinforcing steel.

To analyze the results, the measurements made with CorMap can be plotted on a grid and lines of equipotentialcontours drawn, highlighting areas of possible corrosionactivity.

For example the following guide is listed in ASTM C-876 using a copper/copper sulphate half cell:

• For readings of –350mV and greater there is a 95% chance of active steel corrosion

• For readings –200 to –350mV there is a 50% chance ofactive steel corrosion

• For readings less than –200mV there is only 5% chance of active steel corrosion

The method is particularly useful for:• Bridge Decks• Parking Garages• Concrete Piers & Docks• Substructure• Tunnel Lining• Foundations

Sales Numbers & SpecificationsC-CM-4500 High impedance voltmeterC-CM-4410 Electrode extension pieces—each 18 inches (41cm) longC-CM-4400 Reference electrode including copper sulphatereservoirC-CM-4210 Container of copper sulphate (capacity 250 ml)C-CM-4220 Wetting agent reservoir (capacity 125 ml)C-CM-4420 Dispensing spongeC-CM-4300 Cable reel with 250 ft. (80 meters) cableC-CM-4000 Complete system

3727 North Kedzie Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 606181-800-426-6500 (773) 463-6565FAX (773) 463-0009e-mail: [email protected]://www.ndtjames.com

The CorMap System

CorMap inuse, takingcorrosionpotentials ofparking deck


Corrosion

Featuresand Benefits• Ruggedized Electronics allows rapid

analysis of data in the field or office.

• Conforms to ASTM C-876 Standard Method of Half - Cell Potential of un-coated reinforcing steel in concrete.

• Electrode is designed for use on horizontal, vertical and inverted positions.

• Temperature and humidity sensors facilitate inclusion of environmental conditions in data analysis.

JamesCor - Map IIAdvanced System for corrosionpotential data acquisition andanalysis, allowing the user toquickly identify areas of probablecorrosion in the field.



Theory:

F or steel reinforcing bars in concrete, corrosion is anexchange of ions from the steel to the concrete.This chemical exchange of ions produces rust

(FeO2). It also produces areas of concrete where thereis a larger concentration of negative ions due to thecorrosion process of the steel reinforcing bar thanareas where there is no corrosion. This larger concen-tration of ions creates a small electric voltage poten-tial. By measuring and mapping the voltage potentialfound in the concrete we are able to determine rapidlythe presence of corroded steel reinforcement withoutcostly and time consuming demolition of the concrete.

This is done by recording the voltage between therebar and a half cell, which is mapped across the sur-face of the concrete. Areas of rust with high corrosionwill exhibit significantly lower voltages than areaswithout corrosion, thus areas of corroding steel rein-forcing bar in concrete can be rapidly found. There isno need to know the exact position of the steel rein-forcing bar or the amount of cover, the presence of thesteel is all that is required. However, the voltmeter hasto be connected to an exposed piece of the rebar net-work, and because the concrete is being tested, anymaterial on the surface should be removed.

Half Cell Reference Electrode:The Cor Map Mark II system comes complete with

rugged half - cells designed for the tough constructionenvironment. Porous ceramic tips are used in order toprovide long life and eliminate problems from clogs inthe Cu/CuSO4 half - cell. The specially shaped tip hasalso been designed to allow the half cell to take read-

James Cor-Map IIings in the a vertical, horizontal or inverted position.They also have a semi transparent full view window,that allows liquid level observation without removal ofsealed ends and still protects the half cell from dam-age by sunlight. The Ag/AgCl electrode uses an easilyreplaceable disposable cell. This also allows readingto be taken in the vertical, horizontal or inverted posi-tion. It also makes maintenance a simple matter.

Instrumentation Unit:The fully integrated data acquisition and analysis

unit has been designed for the rapid analysis of datain the field or office. As large amounts of data arenormally generated, interpretation of this informationcan be very difficult. Employing the simple to usemenu driven CorMap main unit, data can not only becollected quickly and easily, but it can also be ana-lyzed directly in the field on the graphic display. Theunit produces a symbolic map of the structure, wheresymbols represent various half -cell potential voltagelevels previously acquired. This symbolic map canthen be interpreted like a contour map where areasof high potential represent areas most likely to becorroding.

Not only can this information be acquired and ana-lyzed but the unit will also read the general environ-mental parameters of temperature and relativehumidity.

All this data can also be stored and uploaded to aP.C. This allows the user to include the data in subse-quent reports and spreadsheets for further analysis.Each data point is also recorded with the time anddate to simplify later analysis.

SpecificationsInstrument Weight: 6 lbs. ( 2.75 Kg )Ship Weight: 15 lbs. ( 6.8 Kg )Instrument Dimensions: 4.5” x 8.5” x 10.5”

(115mm x 225mm x 267 mm )Battery: 12 Volt 4 - 10 Hours Continuous OperationDisplay: 320 x 240 pixels backlit for daylight useStorage: Over 5000 readingsOperating Temperature: 0 - 50 C

Temperature Reading Range: -273 - +130 CTemperature Accuracy: +/- 0.5%Humidity Reading Range: 0 - 100%Humidity Accuracy: +/- 5%

Sales NumbersC-CM-5000-CU Cor-Map Complete System Cu/CuSO4 Sensors

C-CM-5000-AG Cor-Map Complete System Ag/AgCl Sensors

C-CM-4000 Cu/CuSO4 Reference Electrode

C-CM-5500 Instrument & P.C. Software

C-CM-5400 Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode

C-CM-4300 Cable Reel w/ 250 ft Cable

C-CM-5100 Sensor Adapter

C-CM-5200 Reservoir Housing

S-3180 Battery Charger

C-CM-5150 Extension Poles

NDT JAMES INSTRUMENTS INC.www.ndtjames.com

James Digital Test HammersDigital hammers for the quickand easy determination of thestrength of concrete

Features and BenefitsDigital Model W-D-2000• Automatic calculation of mean rebound

number, compressive strength and more;Field Printer, PC connection and softwarefor downloading

Digital Model W-D-1700• Automatic calculation of mean rebound

number, compressive strength and more;with Field Printer only

Digital Model W-D-1500• Automatic calculation of mean rebound

number, compressive strength and more;

Application:Rapid estimate of concrete strength

Strength

NDT JAMES INSTRUMENTS INC. www.ndtjames.com

Technical Specifications

James Digital Test Hammers


TechnicalJames Instruments’ digital test hammers are an advanced,

completely automated system for estimating concretecompressive strength. Its calculation, memory and recordingfunctions allow for quick, easy and accurate test results.

Discard values for multiple test results can be set; the mean,median and compressive strength can also be calculated. Theaddition of modern microprocessor technology allows the datato be stored, printed and transferred to a personal computerfor further analysis, or inclusion in your reports.

The unit comes with an integrated alpha – numeric digitaldisplay, and control panel. You can switch between standardor metric units.

The field printer mounts on the belt for ease of use.Connection to a personal computer is via the RS-232 interface.

Sales NumbersW-D-2000 DIGITAL 2000 REBOUND HAMMER

W/PRINTER & SOFTWARE

W-D-1700 DIGITAL 1700 REBOUND HAMMER W/PRINTER

W-D-1500 DIGITAL 1500 REBOUND HAMMER w/o Software or Printer

W-D-1100 DIGITAL 1100 REBOUND HAMMER Software

W-D-1200 DIGITAL 1200 REBOUND HAMMER Printer

SpecificationsDigital HammerDisplay: 2x16 Trans – reflectiveConstruction: All Aluminum for rugged construction

environmentOperating Temperature: 0° to 50° C (32° to 122° F)Batteries: 2 ‘AA’Ap. Size: 100mm x 100mm x 270mm ( 4” x 4” x 10” )Ap. Weight: 1.6 Kg ( 3.5 lbs.)

PrinterSize: 64mm x 49mm x 31mm ( 2.5”” x 1.9” x 1.2” )Weight: up to 0.270 kg ( 0.6 lbs ) with paperBattery: Internal Lithium ion with 1 yr. approximate lifeCharger: 100VAC – 240VAC 5 VDC 3.0AOperating Temperature: 0° to 50° C (32° to 122° F)

SoftwareWindows PC CompatibleRS-232 interface required

Calibration AnvilModel W-C-7312

It is recommended thatcalibration of the testhammers be checkedregularly - usually afterabout 2000 strokes.The James CalibrationAnvil (W-C-7312) hasbeen designed for justthat purpose.

The Calibration Anvilweighs approximately35 lbs. (16kg) andshouldbe ordered separately.


Applications:Freeze Thaw AnalysisYoung’s Modulus DeterminationDampingCoefficient Analysis

Ultrasonic&

StructuralAnalysis

The JamesE-Meter Mk IITMFor the determination of theresonant frequency of materials.

Featuresand Benefits

• Conforms to ASTM C-215 and C-666.

• The easiest method of calculating thefollowing material parameters nondestructively:

Young’s Modulus of Elasticity,Modulus of Rigidity,Poisson’s Ratio,

• Available for specimen sizes up to 6inches (150mm) cross section dimensionand from 1.75 inches (45mm) to 28 inches(700mm) in length.

• Automatic identification of the resonancefrequency. Large easy to view display fordata analysis of time domain andfrequency spectrum signals.

• Data can be stored and uploaded to a PCfor further analysis and inclusion inreports.

• Fast and easy to use system.

The James E-Meter Mk IITM

For the determination of the resonant frequency of materials.

The E-Meter Mk II™ measures the resonant frequencies of the three different modes of vibration –Longitudinal, transverse (Flexural) and torsional.

From these the following material characteristics can be calculated –Young’s Modulus of Elasticity,Modulus of Rigidity andPoisson’s Ratio.

Longitudinal mode test

Principle

The principle used in the E-Meter Mk II™ is based upon the determination of the fundamentalresonant frequency of vibration of a specimen generated by an impact and sensed by anaccelerometer. The frequency spectrum is computed and displayed by the meter.

E-meter Mk II unit

I/P

Concrete specimen

Standard bench

Mechanical impactgenerated byhardened steel ballPick up sensor

www.ndtjames.com46 NDT JAMES INSTRUMENTS INC.

Ultrasonic&

StructuralAnalysis

E-meter Mk II frequency domain spectrum

E-meter Mk II time domain signal allows to visualize the vibration of the specimen

For the determination of the resonantfrequency of concrete.

www.ndtjames.com NDT JAMES INSTRUMENTS INC. 47


3727 North Kedzie Avenue,Chicago, Illinois 606181-800-426-6500 (773) 463-6565FAX (773) 463-0009e-mail: [email protected]://www.ndtjames.com

SystemThe E-Meter™ MK II has an automatic feature thatcomputes the maximum amplitude, which elimi-nates cumbersome frequency scanning.Frequencies are automatically shown in the displayand a cursor allows the user to move along the fre-quency spectrum. Also the time domain signal andthe frequency spectrum can be stored and uploadedto a PC for further analysis and inclusion in reports.

Resonance FrequencyThe E-Meter™ MK II performs a Fast FourierTransform that allows the identification of the reso-nance frequency in the Frequency Spectrum.

Durability of ConcreteThe determination of flexural resonance is veryimportant when studying the degradation of con-crete under accelerated freezing and thawing cyclesand aggressive environments on concrete speci-mens. The advantage of resonance methods are:

1. Tests can be repeated over a very long period onthe same specimen; the number of test specimensrequired is therefore greatly reduced.2. The results obtained with the resonance methodon the same specimen are more reproducible thanthose obtained with destructive tests and groups ofspecimens.

SpecificationsFrequency range: from 10 Hz to 40 kHzSampling frequency: 10, 20, 40 or 80 kHzFrequency resolution: from 4.9 to 78.1 HzRecord length 1024 or 2048 pointsOutput bias level: 9.2 VAccelerometersensitivity: 9.60 mV/g (0.979 mV/m/s2)Battery: 12 Volt. 4-10 hours

continuous useDisplay: 320 by 240; backlit for

daylight useStorage: 200 plus readingsSoftware: Windows compatible

9x/me 32MB RamImpactors: Set of 6 hardened

steel balls.OperatingTemperature Range: 0°C to 40°C

Sales NumbersV-E-1000 E-MeterMkII

Complete systemV-E-1010 E-MeterMkII InstrumentV-E-1020 Accelerometer

The James E-Meter Mk IITM

TechnicalSpecifications

FFT


Corrosion

James InstrumentsGecor 8World’s most advanced systemfor analyzing corrosion ofconcrete reinforcing steel inexisting structures.


•”...giving the corrosion rate most closely matching the true values.”(from the US Strategic Highway ResearchProgram.)

• Rapid mapping capabilities for analysis of large structures.

• Advanced method for more accurate corrosion rate determination.

• New sensor design for analysis of wet or submerged structures.

• New method for analysis of cathodic protection systems while the system isrunning.

• Personal computer software for data analysis and report generation.

• Graphical user friendly interface to facilitate measurements.


James InstrumentsGecor 8

CorrosionRate Analysis

Corrosion of steel reinforced concrete affects the safety and durability of con-crete structures in the following ways:

A. The steel cross section is reduced, weakening the concrete strength. B. The concrete is cracked due to the increased volume in the rust.C. The steel to concrete bond is reduced when cracking and spalling are initiat-ed

A true measure of the corrosion rate is possible by the polarizationresistance technique. It has been well established by Stern and Geary thatcorrosion current is linearly related to polarization resistance. This gives adirect quantitative measurement of the amount of steel turning into oxide atthe time of measurement. By Faraday’s equation, this can be extrapolated todirect metal sectional loss.

James Instruments Gecor 8 represents the latest technology in steelreinforcing bar corrosion rate determination. It combines state of the art embed-ded microprocessor systems and computerized flash technology with theworld’s leading research in reinforcing bar corrosion rate analysis.

The Gecor 8 features:1. A rapid mapping technique that allows the engineer to quickly classifyareas of a structure. Both the classical corrosion potential as well as the resis-tivity of the concrete can be measured. Each individual parameter can bemapped in a multi-color contour graph. The built-in programming also ana-lyzes this data and the two parameters can be combined to reliably determineareas of highest corrosion.

2. Our advanced modulation confinement technique precisely measures thetrue polarization resistance of the steel reinforcing bar. Utilizing the informa-tion obtained by the two reference electrodes in a feed-back network, the unitautomatically adapts the electrical field produced by the guard ring to theconditions of the concrete. This allows the Gecor 8 to reach a quasi steady-state condition for the 30 to 100 seconds required for determining the polar-ization resistance through a galvanostatic pulse. This advanced technologyprovides the most accurate field test currently available for the determination ofcorrosion rate.

3. The Gecor 8 also has the ability to measure corrosion rate in submerged orvery wet structures. An optional sensor has been designed to measure corro-sion rate in extremely wet environments, eliminating the need for an externalguard ring. The sensors measure polarization resistance through the use ofFeliu's formula, using three aligned field-follower electrodes.

4. Another optional feature is a technique to measure the cathodic protectionefficiency by analyzing the electrical impedance obtained from an alternatingcurrent applied with modulated confinement. This method provides a relativeindex of the cathodic protection performance as a percentage.

5. PC software assists the user to graphically interpret, collate, organize andgenerate reports with the data generated from the device. It allows the userto set up the Gecor 8 for more rapid testing later in the field, and will auto-matically link to the PC for data collection.

Complete implementation of these options provides an unprecedented sys-tem for corrosion rate analysis of steel reinforced concrete structures.

Combined with the latest advances in interface systems and database stor-age technology, Gecor 8 is an easy to use, reliable, automatic and intelligent cor-rosion rate analysis system. A system that can save an engineer time, moneyand effort in evaluating corroding structures for subsequent rehabilitation.


Corrosion

Resistivity vsCorrosionCurent Density

Contour Map ofRisk Levels


James Insturments Gecor 8


Gecor 8 Main Unitwith Sensor “A”

Sensor “C” for Very Wet Submerged Structures

Measurement ofResistivity with

Sensor “B”

Sales NumbersC-CS-8300C: Complete System • Cu/CuS04C-CS-8000C: Basic System with Cu/CuS04 sensors

C-CS-8300A: Complete System • Ag/AgCIC-CS-8000A: Basic System with Ag/AgCI sensors

C-CS-8100C: Submersion Upgrade with C Cu/CuS04 sensors

C-CS-8100A: Submersion Upgrade withC Ag/AgCI sensor

C-CS-8232: Database Software

SpecificationsCORROSION RATE METER C-CS-8010Weight: 9 lbs. (4 Kg)Dimensions: 12 x 8 x 6.5 in.

(300 x 200 x 360 mm)Batteries: Rechargeable nickel hydrideLCD Display: 320 x 240 1/4 VGA

SENSOR A C-CS-8020C / C-CS-8020AWeight: 2 lbs. (0.9 Kg)Dimensions: 7 x 0.8 in. (180 Dia x 20 mm)

SENSOR B C-CS-8030C / C-CS-8030AWeight: 0.6 lbs. (0.3 Kg)Dimensions: 1.4 x 5 in.

(35 mm Dia x 130 mm)

SENSOR C C-CS-8040C / C-CS-8040AWeight: 2 lbs. (0.9 Kg)Dimensions: 8.2 x 1.2 in.

(210 mm Dia x 30 mm)

SOFTWARE C-CS-8232OP System: Microsoft Windows 9 x / MeProcessor: Pentium 166 MHz or betterHard Disk: 100 MbRAM: 32 Mb


Corrosion

James InstrumentsGecor 8World’s most advanced systemfor analyzing corrosion ofconcrete reinforcing steel inexisting structures.

Featuresand Benefits•”...giving the corrosion rate most closely

matching the true values.”(from the US Strategic Highway ResearchProgram.)

• Rapid mapping capabilities for analysisof large structures.

• Advanced method for more accuratecorrosion rate determination.

• New sensor design for analysis of wetor submerged structures.

• New method for analysis of cathodicprotection systems while the system isrunning.

• Personal computer software for dataanalysis and report generation.

• Graphical user friendly interface tofacilitate measurements.

Applications:Corrosion Rate AnalysisStructure Service Life AnalysisRepair Cost Estimation


James InstrumentsGecor 8

CorrosionRate Analysis

Corrosion of steel reinforced concrete affects the safety and durability of con-crete structures in the following ways:

A. The steel cross section is reduced, weakening the concrete strength.B. The concrete is cracked due to the increased volume in the rust.C. The steel to concrete bond is reduced when cracking and spalling are initiated

A true measure of the corrosion rate is possible by the polarizationresistance technique. It has been well established by Stern and Geary thatcorrosion current is linearly related to polarization resistance. This gives adirect quantitative measurement of the amount of steel turning into oxide atthe time of measurement. By Faraday’s equation, this can be extrapolated todirect metal sectional loss.James Instruments Gecor 8 represents the latest technology in steel

reinforcing bar corrosion rate determination. It combines state of the art embed-ded microprocessor systems and computerized flash technology with theworld’s leading research in reinforcing bar corrosion rate analysis.

The Gecor 8 features:1. A rapid mapping technique that allows the engineer to quickly classifyareas of a structure. Both the classical corrosion potential as well as the resis-tivity of the concrete can be measured. Each individual parameter can bemapped in a multi-color contour graph. The built-in programming also ana-lyzes this data and the two parameters can be combined to reliably determineareas of highest corrosion.

2. Our advanced modulation confinement technique precisely measures thetrue polarization resistance of the steel reinforcing bar. Utilizing the informa-tion obtained by the two reference electrodes in a feed-back network, the unitautomatically adapts the electrical field produced by the guard ring to theconditions of the concrete. This allows the Gecor 8 to reach a quasi steady-state condition for the 30 to 100 seconds required for determining the polar-ization resistance through a galvanostatic pulse. This advanced technologyprovides the most accurate field test currently available for the determination ofcorrosion rate.

3. The Gecor 8 also has the ability to measure corrosion rate in submerged orvery wet structures. An optional sensor has been designed to measure corro-sion rate in extremely wet environments, eliminating the need for an externalguard ring. The sensors measure polarization resistance through the use ofFeliu's formula, using three aligned field-follower electrodes.

4. Another optional feature is a technique to measure the cathodic protectionefficiency by analyzing the electrical impedance obtained from an alternatingcurrent applied with modulated confinement. This method provides a relativeindex of the cathodic protection performance as a percentage.

5. PC software assists the user to graphically interpret, collate, organize andgenerate reports with the data generated from the device. It allows the userto set up the Gecor 8 for more rapid testing later in the field, and will auto-matically link to the PC for data collection.

Complete implementation of these options provides an unprecedented sys-tem for corrosion rate analysis of steel reinforced concrete structures.Combined with the latest advances in interface systems and database stor-

age technology, Gecor 8 is an easy to use, reliable, automatic and intelligent cor-rosion rate analysis system. A system that can save an engineer time, moneyand effort in evaluating corroding structures for subsequent rehabilitation.


Corrosion

Resistivity vsCorrosionCurent Density

Contour Map ofRisk Levels

James Insturments Gecor 8


Gecor 8 Main Unitwith Sensor “A”

Sensor “C” for Very Wet Submerged Structures

Measurement ofResistivity with

Sensor “B”

Sales NumbersC-CS-8300: Complete System

(Cu/CuS04 or Ag/AgCl)C-CS-8000: Basic System with

(Cu/CuS04 or Ag/AgCl)

SpecificationsCORROSION RATE METER C-CS-8010Weight: 9 lbs. (4 Kg)Dimensions: 12 x 8 x 6.5 in.

(300 x 200 x 360 mm)Batteries: Rechargeable nickel hydrideLCD Display: 320 x 240 1/4 VGA

SENSOR A C-CS-8020C / C-CS-8020AWeight: 2 lbs. (0.9 Kg)Dimensions: 7 x 0.8 in. (180 Dia x 20mm)

SENSOR B C-CS-8030C / C-CS-8030AWeight: 0.6 lbs. (0.3 Kg)Dimensions: 1.4 x 5 in.

(35mmDia x 130mm)

SENSOR C C-CS-8040CWeight: 2 lbs. (0.9 Kg)Dimensions: 8.2 x 1.2 in.

(210mmDia x 30mm)

SOFTWARE C-CS-8232OP System: MicrosoftWindowsMe/XPProcessor: Pentium 166MHz or betterHard Disk: 100MbRAM: 32Mb



NDT JAMES INSTRUMENTS INC.www.ndtjames.com

The James T-M-170Moisture MasterA Hand Held Instrument forFast Accurate Measurement ofMoisture Content in SolidMaterials.

Featuresand Benefits• Direct read out of moisture content, nocharts or tables required.

• Separate modes for concrete, brick,different woods, and gypsum.

• Measures moisture in most solid materials.

• Color coded LED indicates moisturecondition of material

• Alarm values can be set by user.

• Pin mode for low density materials,capacitive mode for high density materials.

Moisture

Applications:Locate leaking pipes in walls & floors.

Locate seeping water in basements &masonry tanks.

Check moisture level of material beforeapplying coatings or adhesives.

Curing condition of wood, stucco, andother construction materials.

NDT JAMES INSTRUMENTS INC. www.ndtjames.com


The James T-M-170 Moisture Master


TechnicalThe James Instruments Moisture Master utilizes the latest

electronic technology to measure the quantity of water withinits sensing field. The unit has two modes of operation the pinmode, and search mode. In the pin mode, two pins are pushedinto the material and a high frequency field is createdbetween these two pins. In the search mode the unit uses ahigh frequency capacitive sensor to sample a large volume ofthe material, instantaneously. Changes in this electromagneticfield are directly proportional to the dielectric constant of thematerial through which it passes. As the dielectric constant ofwater is almost two orders of magnitude greater than mostnon-metallic materials, variations in this parameter can be cor-related to the moisture content. After extensive testing of var-ious materials, relationships between the change in this fieldand moisture content have been determined. These relation-ships have been digitized and implemented using the latest inmicro-computer technology, thereby allowing the user thedirect readout of moisture content for concrete, masonry, hardwood, soft wood, gypsum, and brick. The pin method hasbeen found to be most effective in low density materials suchas fir wood or pine wood. The search mode has been found tobe most effective for higher density materials such as brick,masonry, gypsum and concrete.

Sales NumbersT-M-170 Moisture Master

SpecificationsSize: 165mm x 62mm x 26 cm (6.5 x 2.4 x 1 in)Weight: 175 gr (6 oz)Measurement Range: 0 – 80.0%Resolution: 0.1%Battery: 4 x ‘AAA’Temperature Range: 0° to 50° C


James RM-8000OHMCORRResistivity meter to assesscorrosion currents in concrete.


• Assesses damaging corrosion currentsin concrete.

• Economic and easy to use.

• Direct digital readout of resistivity. Measuring from two small holes avoidsthe problems and errors of surface meas-urements.

• Used in conjunction with CorMap System to produce resistivity plots.

Corrosion


James RM-8000 OHMCORR


OhmCorr Resistivity Meter

RM–8000 Components

TechnicalThe electrical conductivity of concrete is an elec-

trolytic process that takes place by the movement ofions in the cement matrix. This ionic movement willoccur when contaminants such as chloride ions or car-bon dioxide are introduced into the cement mortarmatrix.

A highly permeable concrete will have a high con-ductivity and low electrical resistance. Because resis-tivity is proportional to current flow, the measurementof the electrical resistance of concrete provides ameasure of the possible rate of corrosion. Since carbon-ation seriously affects surface resistance, measure-ment on the concrete surface should be avoided.

The James resistivity meter, OHMCORR, has twoprobes spaced 5cm (1.97 inches) apart which areplaced in two holes drilled to a depth of 8mm (3/8inch) and filled with conductive gel. The concreteresistivity is displayed on an LCD when the controlswitch is activated.

The following table correlates a range of values vs.the possible rate of corrosion of the reinforcementbars.

The James OHMCORR, when used in conjunctionwith the James CORMAP System provides an economic and sound means of diagnoses ofcorrosion in reinforced concrete.

RESISTIVITYLEVEL

(K OHMS CM)

POSSIBLE CORROSIONRATE OF

REINFORCEMENT REBARS

<55 to 1010 to 20

>20

Very High High

Moderate to LowInsignificant

Sales NumbersC-RM-8000 Complete System:C-RM-8030 Electronic MeterC-RM-8040 ProbeC-RM-8042 One 10ft (3M) Cable with

ConnectorsC-RM-8045 3oz (85ml) Jar of Conductive GelC-RM-8055 1/4” Drill Bit

SpecificationsWeight complete in carrying case 8 lbs (4 kilos)Display: 41⁄

2” Digit in LCDResolution: ± 0.1K ohms cm (± 1 Digit)Battery: 9 VoltRange: 0.5 - 20K ohms cm


Moisture

The James Trident T-90Moisture MeterA microwave meter for rapiddetermination of moisturecontent in sand and other fineand coarse aggregrates.


• Fast and easy to use: Simply insert the prongs into the sand or aggregate.

• Accurate.

• Completely portable.

• Easy to read display.

• Instantaneous readings.


TechnicalThe James Trident represents a break-through in modern

moisture measurement technology. By utilizing the latestmicrowave and microprocessor technology, the Trident candetermine the moisture content of sand, gravel, crushed stoneand other fine and coarse aggregate. Simply insert the prongsof the probe into the material to be measured and instantan-iously the percentage of moisture content is shown on the easyto read display.

The Trident Microwave moisture meter uses a five prongsensor to measure the complex dielectric constant of the mate-rial encompassed by the outer four prongs. As the dielectricconstant of water is four to eight times greater than mostaggregates, changes in water content directly effect the sensoroutput. An average of five to ten readings is normally taken inorder to ensure a valid reading. This output is then convertedby the integrated microprocessor and moisture content is dis-played directly as a percentage of dry weight.

The unit comes calibrated for both sand and aggregate. Itcan also be programmed with up to ten different materials bythe user. For highest accuracy, the unit should be programedfor the material being tested. Simple to use WIN95/WINNTsoftware is provided for calibrating the unit to the variousmaterials.

Finally, the Trident can store over 150 readings. Storage iscomplete with the time and date for future reference. Data canbe recalled via RS-232 interface to a personal computer runningWIN95/WINNT.


The James Trident T-90 Moisture Meter

Computer display of the Trident’s actualreadings of moisture content within a sandtest sample.

Accuracies can achieve +/- 0.2% with usercalibrated mode for sands. Accuracies willvary with particle size and material type.

Note: Maximum aggregate particle size isapproximately 25 mm in diameter.

SpecificationsMoisture Range: 0 - 20% by Dry WeightFrequency: 50 MhzPower: 4 AA BatteriesDisplay: 4 x 16 Char. Trans - reflectiveData Link: RS - 232Weight: 4 lbs. (1.8 kg)

Sales NumbersT-T-90: Trident Microwave Moisture MeterT-T-92: Trident Microwave SensorT-T-93: Trident Microwave Meter

Ultrasonic&

StructuralAnalysis

The JamesV-Meter Mark IIIThe most advanced ultra-sonictest system for accuratelyidentifying basic characteristicsof coarse grained materials.

Featuresand Benefits• Direct digital read-out of transit time

• Built-in wave form display on LCD

• Daylight visible display

• Rugged and splash resistant case

• Flaw detection

• Simple calibration; no special bar required

• Portable, light weight with battery andA-C power

• Conforms to ASTM C-597, BS 1881-203 andother international standards

• RS-232 output for uploading to computer

• Direct reading of calculated P-wave velocityand S-wave velocity

• Direct reading of calculated modulus ofelasticity

• Direct reading of Poisson’s ratio

• Signal and trigger output

Applications:Locate Honey Combs & VoidsFire DamageCrack Depth DeterminationYoung’s ModulusFind Rotting Wood


The JamesV-Meter Mark IIIApplications Concrete

The V-Meter Mk III is widely used and accepted forquality control and inspection of concrete. It canmeasure and correlate concrete strength to standard

strength measurement, permitting non-destructivetesting of complete structures. It will identify honey-combs, voids, frozen concrete, cracks and other non-homogenous conditions in concrete. Ultrasonic testingcan be applied to new and old structures, slabs, columns,walls, fire damaged areas, hydroelectric structures, pipe,prefab and pre-stressed beams, cylinders and otherconcrete forms. A wide range of transducers areavailable.Typically, the 54 KHZ transducers are used for concrete

testing – the signal wavelength is about 3 inches (75mm).Finer materials require higher frequencies for optimumresolution. The basic V-Meter Mark III contains atransmitter, a receiver and a very accurate high speedelectronic clock. The transmitter generates an electricalpulse which when applied to a transmitting transducer,converts the electrical energy into a pulse of ultrasonicmechanical vibration. This vibration is coupled with thespecimen under test by placing the transducer in contactwith the specimen. At another selected point on thespecimen another receiving transducer is coupled bymechanical contact. Each transmitted pulse of energyregisters on the high speed clock. The first energy wavereaching the receiving transducer is converted back to anelectrical signal and turns off the clock. The elapsed time isdisplayed on the LCD in 0.1 microsecond increments.

Wood

V-Meter Mark III, ultrasonic testing of wood can,nondestructively, detect knots, shakes, splits, grainorientation, windfall cracks and presence of decay

and rot. Basic parameters such as modulus of elasticityand density can be calculated. Practical applicationsinclude field testing of utility poles and structures,grading in the manufacturing process, fire ladderinspection, examination of laminates and paper rolldensity. The velocity of ultrasonic energy pulsestraveling in a solid material are related to the density andelastic properties of the material. The pulse velocity isthus a measure of density and elastic properties of thematerial. In transmitting ultrasonic energy through acoarse grained material such as concrete, ceramics orwood, it is necessary for the wave length of energy to begreater than the diameter of the largest grain particle. Ifit is not, all of the energy will be reflected back by theparticles and none will reach the receiver.Typically, the 54 KHZ transducers are used for concrete

testing – the signal wave length is about 3 inches (75mm).Finer materials require higher frequencies for optimumresolution.

Direct configuration


Technical

Indirect configuration Semi-direct configuration

The instrument has an easy to view display (320by 240 pixels). The backlit for daylight use, makesfield work easier and faster, since the operator canidentify good results in seconds without the problemsrelated with the sun light reflection on the screen.The signals can be recorded in the instrument for

review on the screen or for transfer to a PC. A remoteswitch located on the sender transducer, instantlycaptures the signal on the display for viewing. Use ofthe remote switch facilitates field work and makesthe V-Meter M III a very practical system. More than200 readings can be recorded in the main memoryand data can be transferred to a PC.

Ultrasonic&

StructuralAnalysis




The James V-Meter Mark III

Sales NumbersV-C-9900: V-Meter MkIII Complete SystemV-C-9901: V-Meter Mk III System w/o SoftwareV-C-9902: V-Meter Mk III Basic system

(everything but transducers)

SpecificationsInstr. Weight: 6 lbs. (2.75 Kg)Ship Weight: 17 lbs. (7.7 Kg)Dimensions: 4.5” x 8.5” x 10.5”

(114.3mm x223.5mm x 267mm)

Frequency range: 24 to 500 kHz, based ontransducers selected.

Receiver sensitivity: 250 micro volts, between30 kHz and 100 kHz.

Receiver input impedance: approximately 100 kOhms.Transit time measurement: 0.1 to 6553.5

microseconds, directdigital display.

Measurement accuracy: 0.1 microseconds.Transmitter output: pulse 1000V/500V, 2

microseconds.Transmitter pulse group rate: selectable 1, 3 or 10.Gain Selection: 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100,250,

500Battery: 14 Volt. 4-10 hours

continuous use(lithium ion).

Display: 320 by 240; backlit fordaylight use.

Storage: 1800 plus readingsSoftware: Windows XP compatible.Temperature: 0° - 50°C



Strength

The WindsorHP Probe System

Featuresand Benefits• New electronic measuring system

enhances accuracy and efficiency.

• Measurement up to 17000 psi (110 MPa).

• Memory for data storage anduploading to PC.

• Safe: no accidental discharge andno recoil.

• Fast and economical use.

• Determines the developing strengthof concrete; improves safety, ensuresquality and reduces costs.

• Monitors the strength for rehabilitationas concrete ages.

• Conforms to ASTM C-803, ACI 347-78,BS 1881 #207, ANSI A. 10-3.

For in-place strength testingof normal andhigh-performance concrete.

Applications:Form RemovalStructural AnalysisLight weight concrete strengthdeterminationStandard concrete strength determinationHigh strength concrete strengthdeterminationHigh precision strength determination

The Windsor HP System does not require greatskill to use and consistent results can beobtained by construction site supervisory staff or

field technicians. In fact, among its users arecontractors, engineers, architects, testinglaboratories, ready mix concrete producers, owners,managers and government authorities. This systemhas widespread use in testing concrete in-situ, onconventionally placed, sprayed or precast concrete;on horizontal or vertical slabs; on floors or overhead;on fresh or mature concrete.

The system is safe to use. The driver cannot bedischarged unless it is fully depressed with someforce against the actuating template which restsagainst the surface being examined.

ProbesThere are two power settings available, low and

standard power. The low power is used whereconcrete strength is less than 3000 psi (19.4 MPa).Standard power is for any strengths above that.

The newly designed silver probes can be used forhigh performance concrete with strength up to17000 psi (110 MPa). The probes are made of a highstrength alloy, specially heat treated and annealedto achieve a hardness of Rockwell C 48. Specialmachining of each probe eliminates stressconcentrations.

The gold probe has a 56% greater cross-sectionalarea than the silver; it is recommended for lightweight concrete — less than 125 lbs/cu. ft. (2003Kg/m3) in density. The silver probe is used withconcrete having a density greater than 125 lbs/cu.ft. (2003 Kg/m3).

Safe and User Friendly

The WindsorHP Probe System


Strength

ProcedureA. ActuatingLoad the driver with a power load and probe

suited for the type of concrete being examined.Place the driver firmly on the actuating template

and fire. The locating template is then used tolocate the probes at the corners of a fixed

triangle. Normally, threemeasurements are required for

consistent and statisticallyreliable results.

B. MeasuringThe electronic measuring

device is menu driven and programmed for selectionaccording to the following parameters.

• Aggregate hardness• Light weight, normal, or HP concrete• American or Metric unitsThe three individual tests are automatically

averaged and displayed on the LCD in accordancewith ASTM procedure. This data together with timeand date of the test are stored in the memory forsubsequent uploading to a PC. An extractor issupplied to facilitate probe removal after the test.The Standard Windsor Probe System includes a

depth gauge and “Strength Chart” for determiningthe concrete strength.This is an economical alternative for many

concrete test environments.

Manual Depth Gauge

Front andSide View



The Windsor HP Probe System

TechnicalThe Windsor HP Probe System is designed to evaluate the

compressive strength of concrete in place. It is non-destructiveand can be used with equal effectiveness on fresh and matureconcrete. Equally accurate results are obtained on horizontal orvertical surfaces provided that the probe is perpendicular or atright angles to the test surface.

A hardened steel alloy probe is propelled at high speed byan exactly measured explosive charge into the concrete and itspenetration measured. Each power load is guaranteed to havean energy level to give an exit muzzle velocity tolerance within±3%. The compressive strength of the concrete is directlyrelated to the resistance to penetration of the crushedaggregate and cement matrix: this is determined by thedistance required to absorb the specific amount of kineticenergy of the probe. The compressive strength of the concreteis empirically related to the penetration that varies with thehardness of the aggregate. This relationship is recognized bydetermining the Moh’s scale of hardness of the aggregate andapplying a correction factor to the penetration.

The combined contributions of both the aggregate and thecement paste to concrete strength are examined by the test.The accuracy of the inferred strengths has been examined inmany independent tests and trials. The Windsor HP resultscorrelate well with the concrete strength determinationsobtained by conventional means.

For most accurate test results ASTM recommends that acorrelation be developed for the particular mix design beingtested. Exact duplication of cylinder test results should not beexpected. The probes measure the strength of the actualconcrete in a structure rather than that of a sample compactedand cured understrict and somewhat artificial conditions which do notnecessarily represent those of the structure itself.

The Windsor Probe test has been approved by federal, stateand municipal agencies as well as a number of foreigncountries. It conforms to the following tests, specifications andpractices:

ASTM C803 ACI 347ANSI A.10-3 BS 1881 #207

Sales Numbers & SpecificationsZ-WP-1000 PSI Complete Windsor HP System

with readings in PSIZ-WP-1000 MPAComplete Windsor HP System

with readings in MPAZ-WP-534 Complete Windsor Probe Standard SystemZ-WP-500 Driver UnitZ-WP-700 PSI Electronic Measuring Kit

with readings in PSIZ-WP-700 MPA Electronic Measuring Kit

with readings in MPAU-PRS-01 Box of 75 Silver Probes and 75 Power LoadsU-PRS-03 Box of 75 Gold Probes and 75 Powder Loads

The Windsor HP Probe System.

Standard measuring gauge



PROOVE’it

101

Purpose

The PROOVE´it system is used to evaluate the resistance of concrete to the ingress of chloride ions

in two ways:

By determining how easy it is to force chloride ions into saturated concrete by applying an

electrical potential across a test specimen in accordance with AASHTO T 277 or ASTM C1202.

This is known as the “Coulomb Test” or the “Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT).”

By measuring the penetration depth of chloride ions, after an electric potential has been applied

to the specimen in accordance with NORDTEST BUILD 492 (Chloride Migration Coefficient from

Non-Steady State Migration Experiments) to determine the “Chloride Migration Coefficient,”

which can be used to estimate the chloride diffusion coefficient for service life calculations.

Principle

A water-saturated concrete specimen, 100 mm diameter and 50 mm thick,

is positioned in a cell (right and page 104) containing fluid reservoirs on

both sides. For the RCPT or Coulomb Test, one reservoir is filled with a 3 %

NaCl solution and the other with a 0.3N NaOH solution. A potential of 60

VDC is applied across the cell. The negative terminal is connected to the

electrode in the reservoir with the NaCl solution and the positive terminal

is connected to the electrode in the NaOH solution. The negatively charged

chloride ions will migrate towards the positive terminal.

The more permeable is the concrete, the more chloride ions will migrate

through the specimen, and a higher current will be measured. The current

is measured for 6 hours. The area under the curve of current versus time is

determined, which represents the total charge or Coulombs passed across

the specimen. The Coulomb values are used for classifying the concrete as

follows (ASTM C1202):

Coulombs Permeability Class Typical of

>4000

4000-2000

2000-1000

1000-100

<100

High

Moderate

Low

Very Low

Negligible

w/c*o > 0.5

w/c = 0.4 to 0.5

w/c < 0.4

Latex-modified concrete

Polymer concrete

*w/c = water-cement ratio

Alternatively, for the NT BUILD 492 migration test, the reservoir surrounding the negative terminal

contains a 10 % NaCl solution and the reservoir surrounding the positive terminal contains a 0.3N

NaOH solution. A 30 VDC potential is applied across the specimen, and the initial current is

measured. Based on the initial current, the test voltage and test duration are selected accordingly.

For example, if the initial current is between 120 and 180 mA, the test voltage is reduced to 15 VDC

and the test duration is 24 h, but if the initial current is less than 5 mA, the test voltage is 60 VDC

and test duration is 96 h. After the test is completed, the specimen is split, and the chloride ion

penetration is measured by spraying the split surface with a 0.1 M silver nitrate solution. From the

penetration depth and test conditions, the chloride ion migration coefficient is calculated.

The chloride diffusion coefficient can be determined directly by profile grinding (page 99) and testing

for chloride ion content after ponding with a NaCl solution, in accordance with NT BUILD 443

“Concrete, Hardened: Accelerated Chloride Penetration” or ASTM C1556 "Test Method for

Determining the Apparent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient of Cementitious Mixtures by Bulk

Diffusion." The required ponding period is at least 35 days. A correlation can be developed between

the chloride ion migration coefficient and the diffusion coefficient.

Accuracy and Variability

At 60 VDC, the accuracy of the PROOVE´it microprocessor power supply is within ± 0.1 mA for a

current between 30 mA and 300 mA. The repeatability of the RCPT or Coulomb Test is reported to

60 V DC Power Supply + -

NaCl Cl- NaOH

PROOVE’it

102

be about 12 % (ASTM C1202), and the repeatability of the migration test is reported to be about 9 %

(NT BUILD 492).

PROOVE’it System Features

Windows®-based software for testing and report

preparation

Computer controlled microprocessor power supply

Testing up to 8 cells simultaneously

Voltage settings of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 VDC

Programmable testing time as required

Temperature measurement and recording

Cyclic testing option for effect of curing duration

Measure concrete conductivity at 60 VDC in 1

minute

Predicted 6-h Coulomb value every 5 minutes

Documentation of each test result

Easy to assemble, simple to maintain, watertight

cells

A complete system composed of coring and slicing equipment, vacuum desiccator, vacuum pump,

watertight test cells, microprocessor power supply, and software are shown on the following page.

Testing Example

PROOVE´it screen-shot after completion of 8 simultaneous tests according to ASTM C1202

Pointing with the mouse arrow on any of the windows will produce a pop-out window with

explanatory notes for that window. The “Status” line for the eight cells is either OFF, ON or FIN, as

shown after the tests have been completed. The “Voltage-Actual” line indicates the test voltage, and

the “Current-Actual” line indicates the instantaneous current during testing. The “Temperature” line

indicates the instantaneous temperature in the reservoir solutions during testing, and “Elapsed

Time” indicates the time since start-up of each cell. The “Pred. Coulombs” line indicates the

predicted Coulombs at 6 hours, which are estimated after every 5 minutes of testing. The “Testing

time” indicates the selected testing time, and the “Specimen Diameter” indicates the actual diameter

of the specimen. The “Coulombs” line indicates the measured Coulombs at any time during testing.

The last line shows the “chloride ion permeability” classification according to ASTM C1202, as

indicated on page 101. In arriving at the classification, the displayed Coulomb values are adjusted to

a standard specimen diameter of 95 mm, as required by ASTM C1202. As an example, cell number 3

containing a specimen with a diameter of 100 mm has been measured to have 2100 Coulombs.

Adjusted for a diameter of 95 mm, the Coulomb value is 1898 and, according ASTM C1202, the

permeability class is LOW and not MODERATE as evaluated from the measured Coulomb value.

PROOVE’it

103

Sample Test Report

The following figure shows an example test report. In this case, the report is for Cell #2 shown on the

previous page. The top of the report summarizes the test result. The graph shows the measured

solution temperature (——) and current (—–), and the table shows the temperature and current at 5-

min intervals.

GI

The PROOVE’it System

The PROOVEít system is shown with its main components: At the front is the PROOVEít

microprocessor power supply connected to one PROOVEít test cell.

Optional Items: At the back is the CEL-100 CORECASE for coring with an electric drill, a

diamond saw for trimming the core, a vacuum desiccator, and a vacuum pump.

Note: A computer is also required with the following minimum requirements: 75 MHz

Pentium, 32 MB RAM, 1.0 GB hard drive, and Windows 95, 98, NT, 2000 or XP.

PROOVE’it

104

The PROOVE’it Cells

Two types of cells are available, the PR-1000 cell and the PR-1100 cell, shown below. The PR-1000

cell is the standard cell. The PR-1100 is supplied with cooling fins, which are needed if the

temperature is required to be kept constant, as for example, for chloride ion migration testing using

the NT BUILD 492 test method.

The cell is sealed by tightening the four corner

bolts, which squeezes the gaskets against the

specimen.

The following gaskets are available for

different specimen diameters:

Specimen

Diameter

Ordering #

104 to 102 mm PR-1010A

101 to 97 mm PR-1010B

96 to 93 mm PR-1010C

The cells are supplied with PR-1010B gaskets, unless otherwise specified. The PR-1010B gaskets

match the 100-mm core diameter produced by the CEL-100 coring equipment (see page 29).

The PR-1055 Verification Unit

The PR-1055 verification unit is used to verify that

the microprocessor controlled power supply is

working properly. The unit is connected to line

power, 110 VAC or 220 VAC. Each channel of the

PROOVE’it power supply is set up for testing at a

selected voltage and connected to the verification

unit. When the PROOVE’it system is operating

properly, the “Current-Actual” indicated on the

computer screen (see page 102) should be within 30

mA ± 0.1 mA or 300 mA ±0.1 mA for the two switch

settings on the verification unit.

PROOVE’it Ordering Numbers*

Item Order # Item Order #

PROOVEít cell, standard PR-1000 Power cable for power supply 230 VAC PR-1064

PROOVEít cell, with cooling ribs PR-1100 Power cable for power supply 110 VAC PR-1065

Red connecting cord PR-1001 RS-232C serial cable for power supply PR-1066

Black connecting cord PR-1002 PROOVEít manual PR-1090

Spare mesh for PROOVEít cell PR-1003 Verification unit PR-1055

Temperature probe PR-1005 Vacuum desiccator for max.16 specimens PR-1070

17 mm (2) wrenches for bolts PR-1006 Vacuum pump, < 10 mm Hg (1.3 kPa) PR-1081

300 mL bottle of 3.0 % NaCl solution PR-1020 CORECASE for 100 mm cores CEL-100

300 mL bottle of 0.3N NaOH solution PR-1030 Drilling machine, 1150W CC-29

PROOVEít software for Windows® PR-1040 Diamond saw for trimming cores PR-1060

PROOVEít power supply for 8 cells PR-1050

*These items can be selected as needed to assemble a system to meet the purchaser's requirements.

Two types of PROOVE’it cells: standard PR-1000 cell

(left) and PR-1100 cell with cooling ribs (right)

GERMANN INSTRUMENTS A/S Emdrupvej 102, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark

Phone: +45 39 67 71 17, Fax +45 39 67 31 67

E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.germann.org

GERMANN INSTRUMENTS, Inc.8845 Forest View Road, Evanston, Illinois 60203, USA

Phone: (847) 329-9999, Fax: (847) 329-8888

E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.germann.org

Test smart - Build right

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Non Destructive Testing Systems

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