Research Article Noise Exposure and Hearing Capabilities ...
Noise Heat Stress Exposure - The Source
Transcript of Noise Heat Stress Exposure - The Source
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Noise
&
Heat Stress
Exposure
Jim Banach
Quest Technologies, Inc., a 3M company
800/245-0779, ext. 110
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Applying Noise Measurements
• Detection
who is at risk
• Selection
the appropriate use of personal protection
• Education
making the employee part of the solution
• Elimination
the best hearing conservation is NO noise
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Detection
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Detection
• Instrumentation
• Metrics
• Sampling Methods
• Qualified Sampler - CAOHC
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Standards & RegulationsHearing Conservation & Noise Measurement
• OHSA
29 CFR 1910.95 March 1983
• MSHA
30 CFR Part 62 September 13, 1999
• NIOSH
Pub. No. 98-126
• ACGIH
Threshold Limit Values & Biological Exposure Indices 2009
• DOD
Instruction Number 6055.12 March 5, 2004
• European Union
Directive 2003/10/EC
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Sound Metrics
Term Unit of Measure Purpose
Criterion decibel The level set by regulation, that if you were exposed to
it on average for eight hours, would result in a
maximum allow-able exposure.
Threshold decibel The level set by regulation, below which all measured
values are assigned a value of zero.
Exchange Rate decibel The amount of increase from the criterion necessary to
result in a doubling of the maximum allowable
exposure, and the amount of decrease necessary for a
halving of the maximum allowable exposure.
Average Level decibel The level that if it were present continuously, would
generate an equal amount of sound energy as the
varying levels that are present in the environment.
Time Weighted
Average
decibel A level average with an assumed average sample
period of eight hours.
Dose percentage %The allowable daily exposure value. A maximum
allowable exposure is equal to 100%.
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Sound Metrics
Exchange Rate (ER)
– Also known as the Doubling Rate, refers to how the sound energy is averaged over time. Using the decibel scale, every time the sound energy doubles, the measured level increases by 3 dB. For every increase of 3 dB in the time weighted average, the measured dose would double.
– Commonly used exchange rates include 3, 4 and 5 decibels. Which exchange rate is to be applied is determined by the regulation being applies, for example OSHA, MSHA, the European Union, US Department of Defense, etc.
www.3M.com/jhh
Recommended Changes to OSHA Noise Exposure Dose Calculation
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Sound Metrics
Dose
While a Time Weighted Average is a decibel based measure, a dose is a
percentage of allowable exposure. Related to the Criterion Level, a dose
reading of 100% is the maximum allowable exposure to accumulated noise.
For OSHA, 100% dose occurs for an average sound level of 90 dB over an
8 hour period (or any equivalent exposure). This relationship varies
according to the regulation being applied. A TWA of 90 dB is the equivalent
of 100% dose in the OSHA scheme. The dose will double (halve) every time
the TWA increases (decreases) by the Exchange Rate.
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StandardsFor Instrumentation
Sound Level Meters, Octave Band Analyzers & Real Time Analyzers
– ANSI S1.4-1983(R2001) “Specification for Sound Level Meters”
– ANSI S1.43-1997(R2002) “Specifications for Integrating Averaging Sound Level Meters
– ANSI S1.11-2004 “Specification of Octave Band Filters
– IEC 61672–1(2003) –Electroacoustics, Sound level meters, Part 1
– IEC 61672-2(2003-04)-Electroacoustics, Sound level meters, Part 2
– IEC 61260 – Electroacoustics, Octave band and fractional-octave band filters
Noise Dosimeters
– ANSI S1.25 – 1991(R1997) Specification for Personal Noise Dosimeters
– IEC 1252 – 1993 Electroacoustics, Specifications for personal sound exposure meters
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Standards & RegulationsIntrinsic Safety
For some applications an instrument rated for intrinsic safety may be
required.
– UL, cUL, Atex, SIMTARS, MSHA – These agencies provide testing
laboratories and certification to standards stating where instruments can
be used safely.
– Zones, Classes, and Divisions – Terminology that users need to
understand if their environments may contain hazardous gases or
flammable fibers.
– IP Ratings – A numeric system that defines how tightly sealed an
instrument is. A good indication of water resistance.
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Sound Level Meters
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Dosimeters - NoisePro
Microphone Connection
Microphone with
wind Screen
Microphone Clip
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• LAS – A weighted sound level in dB
• Lavg or Leq (determined by exchange rate) in dB
• TWA in dB
• Max Level in dB
• Min Level in dB
• Peak Level in dB
• Exposure in percent of allowable dose
• Run Time Battery Gas Gauge
• Memory Utilized
• Run / Pause Time
• Over Limit
• Dose Exposure Indicator
Dosimeters - Edge
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1. Setting up two eg4 dosimeters 2. Send setup to instrument
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Customize what appears on the display
1. Click in one of the “items to display” field.
2. Choose a field name by selecting from the “Set Selected Item” field.
3. Then click “Send Setup to Instruments” button.
Send setup to instruments (3)
Set Selected item (2)
Item to display
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Measurement
What to record in addition to the sound level metrics:
1. Dates and Times
2. Model and Serial numbers of the instruments used
3. Pre and Post survey calibration levels
4. Workplace DescriptionsPlant locationBuilding numberDepartment numberFloor number
5. Task DescriptionsMachine typeMachine identificationMaterial being usedWork rate informationLot sizeMobilityVariations
6. Environmental FactorsTemperature & humidityWindRFI
7. Instrument SettingThreshold & criterion levelsSlow or fastWeightingRangeExchange rate
8. Unusual Conditions
9. Photos, Video & Recordings
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Survey Methods
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Learning How to Measure Noise
www.caohc.org
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Impulse & ImpactPeak Measurements
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/research/impulse_conf.html
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Selection
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40 CFR Part 211 Product Noise Labeling
Hearing Protection Devices;
Proposed Rule EPA–HQ– OAR–2003–0024
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Integration of Noise Study
with PPE Options
- Red icon appears if TWA>85dB
- Clicking on the red icon takes
customers to the page below
Customer can then narrow recommendations
based on various criteria and obtain more
information on specific protection options.
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NRR Update Information
• NRRupdate.com
• http://www.e-a-r.com/hearingconservation/
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Fit Test
• http://www.e-a-rfit.com/
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Education
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Revved
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How do we reach this guy?
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Hearing Protection May
Not Be Necessary
Hearing Protection May
Be Necessary
Indicates < 85 dBA Indicates > 85 dBA
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Elimination
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Center
Frequency
Low High
31.5 Hz 22.4 44.7
63 44.7 89.1
125 89.1 178.0
250 178.0 355.0
500 355.0 708.0
1000 708.0 1410.0
2000 1410.0 2820.0
4000 2820.0 5620.0
8000 5620.0 11200.0
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1/1 Octave Filter Function
• The 1/1 octave function allows the user to display and log the sound measured in 11 discreet octave bands from 16Hz to 16KHz.
Measurement
view selector
Selected
octave band
frequency
Selected
octave band
decibel levelRun Time
Broadband
decibel level for
meter 1 or meter 2
Octave band
selected
Virtual meter
selected
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Curves Function
• The curves function allows
the user to compare
measurements to a large set
of pre loaded curves or
stored data.
Data will be presented
relative to captured
curve 2
The range is +/- 32 dB
over the curve
The curve is
normalized
1 KHz measurement is
18.4 dB over the curve
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1/3 Octave Filter Function
• The 1/3 octave function allows
the user to display and log the
sound measured in 33
discreet 1/3 octave bands
from 12.5Hz to 20KHz.
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Sample Octave band analysis from QSP-II
for SoundPro SE/DL
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ISO/FDIS 9612
Acoustics – Determination of
Occupational Noise Exposure –
Engineering Method
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Quest Thermal Environmental
Exposure Assessment
(aka Heat Stress)
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You Will Learn…
• What – is a Quest Thermal
Monitor?
• When and Why – will I use a
Quest Thermal Monitor?
• How – are the Quest Thermal
Monitors operated?
• What models and features are
available?
• Where can I find out more?
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What is a Quest Thermal
Environmental Monitor?
• The Quest Thermal Environmental Monitor is a Wet
bulb, Dry bulb, Globe thermometer used to assess
human heat stress.
• It uses an accepted method to gage the effects of
temperature, humidity, and air flow on human
subjects.
• Measurements valid per ISO, ACGIH, US NAVY &
MARINE guidelines
• Models with both wet and waterless Wet bulb
thermometers are available.
• Advanced features such as data logging and stay
time calculations are optional.
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Major Components of a
QUESTemp 44
The QT-44 Thermal monitor
components include:– Removable Sensor bar including
a Globe and Dry bulb
thermometer along with a
Humidity sensor
– RS232 connector
– Inputs for two additional sensor
bars
– Two line easy to read display
– Membrane keypad
Globe
Thermometer
Humidity
Sensor
Dry bulb
thermometer
Removable
Sensor bar
RS-232
Sensor
Bars 2 & 3
Two line
Display
Keypad
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Basic Thermal Environmental
Measurements
• Globe temperature – Indicates radiant heat
• Wet bulb temperature – Indicates the effect
of humidity and air flow
• Dry bulb temperature – Standard ambient
air temperature
• Wet Bulb Globe temperature– WBGT (indoor) = 0.7WB + 0.3G
– WBGT (outdoor) = 0.7WB + 0.2G + 0.1DB
• Stay Times – Limit of exposure time
• Heat Index / Humidex – How warm it
feels
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When to use a QUESTemp
Thermal Environmental Monitor• Hot work environments
such as power generation plants, foundries, laundries, kitchens, and bakeries
• Sports training and events such as football, tennis, and soccer games
• Military training and deployment where ever heat exposure may be a problem
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How to Run an Area Heat Stress
Survey
1. Make sure the wet bulb wick is clean. Fill reservoir
with distilled water. Note: This step can be
skipped if a waterless model.
2. Place the instrument in the work area approx. 3.5
feet off the ground.
3. Turn unit on. If the battery is less than or equal to
6.4 volts replace or recharge the battery.
4. Allow 10 minutes for sensors to stabilize.
5. Press RUN/STOP key to begin data logging.
6. Use arrow keys to display desired measurements.
7. Download data
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1. Check and Fill Wet bulb
Reservoir
• Make sure the wet bulb
wick is clean. If not replace
it.
• Remove reservoir cover
and fill will distilled or de-
ionized water.
• Replace reservoir cover
WickReservoir
Cover
Reservoir
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2. Place the Instrument
• Place the instrument in
the work area approx.
3.5 feet (1 meter) off the
ground.
• Make sure it is in similar
conditions as the worker
but in a safe place.
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3. Power On and Check the
Battery
• Press the I/O Enter button
to turn the unit on.
• During power up watch the
display for the battery
voltage.
• If the battery voltage is 6.4
volts or less, replace or
recharge the battery
depending on type of
battery.
Turn unit on
Display
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4 / 5. Warm-up and Run a survey
• Allow ten minutes for the
sensors to stabilize.
• Press the Run/Stop button
to begin data logging.
Run / Stop button
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6. Use Arrow Keys to Display
Desired Measurements
Arrow Keys
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7. Download Data and Evaluate
Results
• Transfer data to QSPII
• Print data to a computer
using a program such
as Windows
HyperTerminal.
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Advanced Features
The QUESTemp 36 and 46 have these additional features– Optional hot wire anemometer
allows
• Air flow rate
• PPD – Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied
• PMV – Predicted Mean Vote
– Stay Times
• ACGIH
• Navy PHELS
• Marine Flag System
• EPRI
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QUESTions
???