Nocturia in Elderly - Hong Kong Continence Society
Transcript of Nocturia in Elderly - Hong Kong Continence Society
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Nocturia in Elderly
Dr. BC TongMBBS(HK), MRCP(UK), FHKCP, FHKAM(Med), FRCP(Edin and Glasg)
Specialist in Geriatric MedicinePrincess Margaret Hospital
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Nocturia
is the complaint that the individual has to wake at night one or more times to void
International Continence Society Definition
ICS Standardisation of Terminology Report 2002
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Neurourol Urodyn 2002; 21:179-83
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Wein A, Lose GR, Fonda DBJU Int 2002; 90(suppl 3) 28-31
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Swithibank LV, Abram PBJU Int 2000; 85(suppl 2):19-24
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Consequence of NocturiaSleep deprivation
Middelkoop HAM et alJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med 1996; 51:108-15
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Fall
Stewart RB et al.JAGS 1992; 40(12):1217-20
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Asplund RBJU Int 1999; 84:297-301
Man > 3 nocturnal voiding episodes
All men
Women > 3 nocturnal voiding episodes
All women
Survival
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Etiology of nocturiaNocturia polyuria NP(Nocturia urine vol >35%)
7%
Nocturnal detrusor NDOoveractivity
57%
Mixed(NP+NDO)
36%
Polyuria(24 hour urine output> 2.5L)
23%
Weiss JP, Blaivas JG et al.Neurourol Urodynam 1998; 17:467-72
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Circadian Urine Production
Established at 5 years of age7-year-old: 2-3 times the amount of urine during the day c.f. nightAdult: 25% or less during hours of sleep– 70-80 ml/h during waking period and 30-40
ml/h during sleepAfter 60 years: a shift to more nocturnal urine production; with increasing age, ratio of day to night time urine flow fallsTotal 24 hour urine secretion remains unchanged
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Healthy adult aged 21-35 years excreted ~14% of total urine output at nightOlder people ~34%
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Nursing Home residents: around ¼ produced substantially more urine at night
No.
Ouslander J, Schnelle J et al.JAGS 1993; 41:371-6
Total night (9p-7a) urine volume
Total day and night (9p-7a and 9a-7p) urine volume
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Age related changes
Water diuresis– Arginine vasopressin– Renal concentrating ability
Solute diuresis– Renal sodium loss– Atrial natriuretic hormone– Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Miller MJAGS 2000; 48:1321-29
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Arginine vasopressin
Daytime blood AVP level: no consistent age-related changeGreater response of AVP to– Hypertonic saline infusion– Water deprivation– Intravenous metoclopramide– Cigarette smoking
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Diurnal release of AVP– Peak blood concentration occurs during
the hours of sleep– Blunting of the nocturnal phase of AVP
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Renal concentrating ability
Decline of renal concentrating ability– Water deprivation: unable to alter urine
flow or osmolalityImpaired renal tubular response to AVP– Acquired form of partial nephrogenic
diabetes insipidus
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Renal sodium loss
Impaired ability of the kidney to retain sodium– Acute water load caused exaggerated
natriuresis– Took a longer time for reduction of urine
sodium excretion after salt restriction
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Renin-angiotensin-aldosteronesystem
Lower level of plasma renin activity and aldosterone in supine positionLower increase in plasma renin activity and aldosterone after stimulation by low dietary sodium intake or upright posture
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Atrial natriuretic hormone
ANH concentration increase with age Exaggerated increase after normal saline infusionIncrease renal response to ANHHigh ANH suppress renal reninsecretion, plasma renin activity, plasma angiotensin II and plasma aldosterone
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Noctural polyuria syndromeUrine output during sleep >33% of total 24 hr volumeNight time urine flow >0.9 [1.3] ml/min7p to 7a urine volume >50% of total 24 hour volume
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Disease MechanismMultiple sclerosisSpinal cord injuryAlzeihmer’s diseaseCerebrovascular diseaseAutonomic dysfunctionObstructive sleep apnoea High ANH concentrationCongestive heart failureEdematous state
Redistribution of third space fluid
Altered circadian rhythm of AVP
Nocturnal polyuria of disease state
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Lancet 2000; 355:486-8
Age related impairment of endothelial NO release. The resultant increase in urodilatin secretion causing a lost of its circadian rhythm causing natriuresisAge related impairment of endothelial NO release also cause HT
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Management of Nocturnal Polyuria
Life styleDiureticsDesmopressinImipramineOthers
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Lifestyle modification
Fluid restriction after dinnerCompressive deviceLate afternoon naps with legs elevatedAvoidance of caffeine and alcoholImprovement of sleep quality Asplund R Gen Pharmac1995; 1203-9
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Management of Nocturnal Polyuria
Life styleDiureticsDesmopressinImipramineOthers
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Diuretics
Heart failure and edematous state
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Frusemide 40 mg 6 h before bedtime in non-heart failure patient
Parameter Tx vs Placebo P
Night-time frequency -0.5 vs 0 0.014*
Daytime frequency +1.9 vs –0.1 <0.001*0.0640.002*
24 h urine output 1780 vs 1663 0.2
Night-time voided volume -120 vs +9 mlDaytime voided volume +365 vs -31
No relationship between severity of NP and reduction in night-time frequency
Reynard JM, Cannon A, Yang Q, Abram PBr J Urol 1998; 81:215-8
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Management of Nocturnal Polyuria
Life styleDiureticsDesmopressinImipramineOthers
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Desmopressin
Drugs 2005; 65:99-107
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Abram P, Mattiasson A, Lose GR, Robertson GIBJU Int 2002;90(Suppl 3):32-6
Nocturia Study GroupAm J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189:1106-13
Mattiasson A, Abram P, Kerrebroeck V, Walter S, Weiss JBJU Int 2002; 89:855-62
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Short term results: 3 weeks
Primary end-point: > 50% reduction of nocturnal void– Men: 34% vs 3% (p<0.001)– Women: 46% vs 7% (p<0.001)
Drugs 2005; 65:99-107
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Secondary end-point
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Long term results: 10-12 months
Lose G, Mattiasson A et al.J Urol 2004; 172:1021-5
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Adverse event: short term study
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Adverse event: long term study
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Hyponatremia 35/248 (14%)– 33/35 >130 mmol/L– 2(one male and one female)/35= 125-130 mmol/L
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Desmopressin studies on Elderly
Desmopressin reduced nocturnal diuresis in polyuric elderly subject and this reduction, occurring with doses of 0.1 mg given at bedtime, does not increase in a dose dependent way
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BJU Int 2003; 91:642-6
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Sensitivity to change in serum sodium- mean serum sodium level during treatment deviate by more than 5 units from the baseline: 6/72
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Sensitivity to hyponatremia
Increasing age (>77 y)Concomitant cardiac disease (angina, AF, previous MI)Increase baseline 24 h urine outputGreater effect on 24 h diuresis
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Cautions: see under Vasopressin; less pressor activity, but still considerable caution in renal impairment, in cardiovascular disease and in hypertension (not indicated for nocturnal enuresis or nocturia in these circumstances); elderly (avoid for nocturnal enuresis and nocturia in those over 65 years); also considerable caution in cystic fibrosis; in nocturia and nocturnal enuresis limit fluid intake to minimum from 1 hour before dose until 8 hours afterwards; in nocturia periodic blood pressure and weight checks needed to monitor for fluid overload; pregnancy (Appendix 4)
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HYPONATRAEMIC CONVULSIONS. The CSM has advised that patients being treated for primary nocturnal enuresis should be warned to avoid fluid overload (including during swimming) and to stop taking desmopressinduring an episode of vomiting or diarrhoea (until fluid balance normal). The risk of hyponatraemic convulsions can also be minimised by keeping to the recommended starting doses and by avoiding concomitant use of drugs which increase secretion of vasopressin (e.g. tricyclic antidepressants)
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Protocol for desmopressin10 ug/0.1mg desmopressin increased by 10 ug/0.1mg every third nightSeen next afternoon – for symptom of headache, N/V, lightheadedness,
visual disturbance– check electrolyte
Recheck electrolyte 1 week laterPatient / caregiver taughter to monitor daily BW, presence of edema and symptom of hyponatremiaSharply reduce evening water intake
Weiss JP, Blaivas JGJ Urol 2000; 163:5-12
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Desmopressin excluded in
History of hyponatremia while on thiazide or other drugsRenal failureCongestive heart failureCirrhosisSuspected primary polydipsiaLow basal sodium level
Abram P, Mattiasson A, Lose GR, Robertson GIBJU Int 2002;90(Suppl 3):32-6
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Management of Nocturnal Polyuria
Life styleDiureticsDesmopressinImipramineOthers
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Imipramine15 monosymptomatic enuretic patient (15-37y) and 8 controls (25-32y)6 with nocturnal polyuria– Single dose Imipramine 50 mg
• decrease in urine output (0.67+ 0.45 ml/kg/h vs 1.14+ 0.24 [P 0.007])
• reduced osmolal (Na, K, urea) clearance (1.27+ 0.38 ml/kg/h vs 1.82 + 0.47 [P 0.02])
Effect not observed at non-polyuric / controlIncrease alpha-adrenergic stimulation in proximal tubules with a secondary increase urea and water reabsorption more distally in the nephron
Hunsballe JM, Rittig S et al
J Urol 1997; 158:830-6
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Imipramine
Daily dose 25-100 mg per dayComplicated mechanism of action: CNS modulation, anticholinergic, beta-adrenergic, alpha-adrenergic, direct smooth muscle relaxation, increase ADH secretionConflicting results from evaluation of its clinical efficacy on urge incontinence and stress incontinenceProven effect in nocturnal enuresis
Urol Res 2001;29:118-25
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Management of Nocturnal Polyuria
Life styleDiureticsDesmopressinImipramineOthers
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Other observation
Dry fruit Thomas DV J Urol 2003; 170:1956-7
Aspirin Le Fanu J BJU Int 2001; 88:126-7
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Take home messageIn elderly nocturic, multiple pathologies interactNoctural polyuria is commonMechanism for NP can be age-related changes and/or pathology-relatedA precise frequency volume chart is the key for diagnosisLife style change can help some of the patientsDiuretics 6 hours before bed-time can help edematous patientDesmopressin can be use in otherwise healthy elderly but close monitoring is essential