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ACTIVITY
Lecture (2 hours)
WEEK 5
At the end of this lecture/week, the students
will be able to :
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Learning Outcomes :
1. Understand the purpose and objectives of physical characteristics and classification of soils.
2. Determine physical properties of soils based on the analysis of laboratory test data
Week 5 : (3HL) Coverage : Physical Characteristics
and Classification of Soils : Density, PSD, ATL, Organic matter,
pH value, Compaction test
1.0 Overview
2.0 Scope of laboratory test
3.0 Physical properties tests
and their applicability
OUTLINE of PRESENTATION
LABORATORY TESTING
Based on the soil exploration works carried
out two types of samples are normally
retrieved from the site. These are disturbed
and undisturbed samples.
1.0 Overview.
In the SI Planning the engineer/designer must
specify the tests that need to be carried out in the
laboratory so that relevant and appropriate
parameters are obtained to be used in the design
of the geotechnical structures.
LABORATORY TESTING
BS Standards BS1377:1990, BS5930:1999
American Standards ASTM
Malaysian Standards MS
Standards for testing
LABORATORY TESTING
2.0 Scope of Laboratory Tests
2.1 Basic Properties Tests
2.2 Index Properties Tests
2.3 Chemical Properties Tests
2.4 Engineering Properties Tests
LABORATORY TESTING
2.1 Basic Properties Tests
Include for colour, smell, natural
moisture content, Gs, Porosity,
Void Ratio, Reactivity, etc
For soil identification, description,
classification and correlation
LABORATORY TESTING
2.2 Index Properties Tests
Include Atterberg Limits (LL, PL, PI),
Shrinkage Limit (SL), Particle Size
Distribution (PSD), Organic Content.
For soil description, classification and
correlation with engineering properties
LABORATORY TESTING
2.2 Index Properties Tests
Cone Penetration &
Casagrande Apparatus
for Liquid Limit Test
LABORATORY TESTING
2.2 Index Properties Tests
Shrinkage Limit Apparatus
LABORATORY TESTING
2.2 Index Properties Tests
Particle size distribution
apparatus
LABORATORY TESTING
2.3 Chemical Properties Tests
Include Total Dissolved Salts,
Sulphate & Chloride Contents,
pH value, etc
For corrosion and durability
assessment of foundation
LABORATORY TESTING
2.3 Chemical Properties Tests
LABORATORY TESTING
2.4 Engineering Properties Tests
Include shear strength, stiffness,
compressibility/swelling,
compaction/CBR, permeability
For analysis and design
Can be obtained from insitu testing &
laboratory test on undisturbed samples
should be compared with correlated
values from Index Properties
LABORATORY TESTING
2.4 Engineering Properties Tests
Triaxial Apparatus
for Strength Test
LABORATORY TESTING
2.4 Engineering Properties Tests
Shear Box Apparatus
for Strength Test
Vane Shear
Apparatus
LABORATORY TESTING
2.4 Engineering Properties Tests
Consolidation Apparatus to determine compressibility
LABORATORY TESTING
2.4 Engineering Properties Tests
Automatic Compaction
Apparatus
CBR
Apparatus
LABORATORY TESTING
3.0 Physical Properties Tests and their
Applicability
3.1 Density Tests
3.2 PSD Tests
3.3 ATL Tests
3.4 Organic Matter
3.5 pH value
3.6 Compaction test
LABORATORY TESTING
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Sieving Apparatus
Particle size
distribution apparatus
Sieve Shaker
Set of Sieves
Lid & Pan
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Sieving Apparatus
Particle size distribution
accessories
Riffle box
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Procedures of Sieving
Dry sieving.
Wet sieving
BS Test Sieve
Can you differentiate the process between these two types of sieving
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Tabulation of Test Data
TABLE OF CALCULATION
for a typical three stage
sieving
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Plotting of Graph
PSD Graph
Geotechnicques I (KJC412) /Soil Mechanics (ECG413) ARM - July 2006
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Analysis of Test Results
100
60
30
10
0d10 d30 d60
Grading Curve
Particle Size (mm)
Percen
tag
e F
iner
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Analysis of Test Results
Grading Characteristics
Based on the plot, the following characteristics are determined in order to classify the soil :-
Uniformity Coefficient,
Coefficient of Gradation,
Percentage Composition
Effective size = D10
10
60 D
DCu
6010
2
30
x
DD
DCg
(C u < 3 is uniformly graded whereas Cu > 3 is well graded)
(Cg ranging between 0.5 to 2.0 to confirm as well graded soil)
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Analysis of Test Results
Determination of the grading characteristics of the sample
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Fine Grain Analysis
Hydrometer Test (Sedimentation Test)
Grading of Fine Soil
Hydrometer test bulb
Hydrometer bath
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Fine Grain Analysis
Hydrometer test bulb
Hydrometer Test (Sedimentation Test)
Hydrometer test is based on theprinciples of sedimentation of soilgrained in water.
This is based on Stoke’s law whichexpressed that:
where
v is the velocity
γs is the unit weight of soil particles, γw is the unit weight of water,
η is the viscosity of water, and
D is the diameter of soil particles.
2 D 18
-
ws
Examples of Grading Curves
75
63
50
37.5
28
20
14
10
6.3
53.3
5
21.1
8
0.6
0.4
25
0.3
0.2
12
0.1
5
0.0
63
6020620.60.20.060.020.0060.002
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100particle diameter, (mm)
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Pa
ssin
g,
(%)
British Standard Sieves, (mm)
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
PS4
CLAYSILT
fine medium coarse
SAND
fine coarsemedium
GRAVEL
fine coarse
Cobble
smedium
GRADING
CHARACTERISTICS
% Gravel
% Sand
% Clay
D85 (mm)
D60 (mm)
D50 (mm)
D30 (mm)
D15 (mm)
D10 (mm)
Cu
Cg
Job No. Project
Site Beta Copy
Date
Tested by
Checked by
BH/Pit no.
Sample no.
Depth (m)
Client
Test method
Soil Classification
© BBB2000
Remarks :
Soil Descrip.
0.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
% Silt
D90 (mm)
A
B
C
D
E
F
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Determination of Consistency Limits
Plastic Limit Test
Determination of Consistency Limit tests
Liquid Limit test
Cone Penetration Method
Casagrande method
Shrinkage Limit Test
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Determination of Consistency Limits
Cone Penetration &
Casagrande Apparatus
for Liquid Limit Test
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Determination of Liquid Limit
20 mm penetration
Liquid Limit
Pen
etr
atio
n
(m
m)
Water Content (%)
Analysis of Test Data
Sample of Cone Penetration Method
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Determination of Liquid Limit
Determination of Liquid Limit
using
Cone Penetration Apparatus
Tabulation and plot
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Determination of Liquid Limit
Wate
r C
on
ten
t (%
)
Number of Blows, N
Liquid Limit
25 no. of blow
Figure shows the preparation of sample in the brass cup and the sample before and after the test.
Sample of Casagrande’s Method
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Determination of Liquid Limit
Determination of Liquid
Limit using
Casagrande Apparatus
Tabulation and plot
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Determination of Plastic Limit
Figure shows how plastic limit is obtained (1) apparatus forplastic limit, (2) preparation of specimen, (3) the soil is rolledinto a thread of 3 mm and (4) crumbling of the soil at 3 mm
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Determination of Linear Shrinkage
Linear Shrinkage Test
COMPACTION OF SOIL
Laboratory compaction apparatus
LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF THE COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS
COMPACTION OF SOIL
Laboratory compaction apparatus
COMPACTION MOULD
AND RAMMER
LABORATORY COMPACTION
COMPACTION OF SOIL
Laboratory compaction apparatus
Automatic Compaction
Apparatus
CBR
Apparatus
COMPACTION OF SOIL
Analysis of test data
A) To determine the compaction
characteristics of the soil.
o Maximum Dry Density
o Optimum Moisture content
B) Plotting the air voids line
Normally 0% , 5% and 10%
C) Plotting zone of variation
applicable in the field, i.e.
Change in moisture contents
and air voids content
COMPACTION OF SOIL
Analysis of test data
RELEVANT FORMULAE FOR DATA ANALYSIS
s
w
M
Mw
solid of Mass
water of Mass content,Water
T
s
dV
M
volume Total
soil dry of Mass density, Dry
T
bV
M
volume Total
soilwet of Mass density, Bulk
)1( w
bd
)1(
)1(v
s
ws AwG
G
d
orAlso
COMPACTION OF SOIL
Analysis of test data
COMPACTION OF SOIL
Analysis of test dataField variations
LABORATORY TESTING