No Slide Title · beside her dog in the purple dress. ... An infinitive phrase consists of an...
Transcript of No Slide Title · beside her dog in the purple dress. ... An infinitive phrase consists of an...
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Using Phrases
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Prepositional Phrase
A prepositional phrase consists
of a preposition, its object, and
any modifiers of the object. It
can function as an adverb or
an adjective.
Here’s the Idea
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By placing phrases properly,
you can make your writing
clear and descriptive.
On the English portion of the
ACT, proper placement of
phrases is a popular question.
Here’s the Idea
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NOUN
PRONOUN
The dance club on Main Street holds
a contest every weekend.
Some of the competitors dance
professionally.
What does each adjective phrase modify?
Here’s the Idea
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VERB
ADJECTIVE
The graceful champion dives into the pool.
The city diving finals are the
most difficult of all competitions.
What does each adverb
phrase modify?
Here’s the Idea
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The placement of a prepositional
phrase can affect the meaning of
a sentence.
As you write, make sure
that prepositional phrases
appear to modify the words
you want them to modify.
Why It Matters
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At the dog show the woman waits
beside her dog in the purple dress.
How does the placement of the highlighted
prepositional phrase affect the meaning of
this sentence?
Why It Matters
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At the dog show the woman in the
purple dress waits beside her dog.
How could the position of the
prepositional phrase be changed
to make the meaning clear?
Why It Matters
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Identify the prepositional phrase,
along with the word it modifies.
The ostrich is a bird for the record
books.
1.
Practice and Apply
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Identify the prepositional phrase,
along with the word it modifies.
The ostrich also holds a record for
speed.
2.
Practice and Apply
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Rewrite the sentence, changing the
position of a prepositional phrase so
that the meaning is clear.
John told us about the ostriches he had
photographed after the test.
4.
Practice and Apply
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Rewrite the sentence, changing the
position of a prepositional phrase so
that the meaning is clear.
The ostrich photographs won first
prize by Chad.
5.
Practice and Apply
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Appositives
An appositive is a noun or
pronoun that identifies or
renames another noun or
pronoun.
An appositive phrase is made up
of an appositive plus its
modifiers.
Here’s the Idea
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Appositives can be essential
to the sentences meaning in
which case no commas are
needed.
Nonessential appositives
are unnecessary information
and are set off with
commas.
Here’s the Idea
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NOUN
NOUN
The Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci drew a
flying machine with flapping wings around 1500.
Leonardo da Vinci, an Italian artist, drew a flying
machine with flapping wings around 1500 .
Essential v/s Nonessential?
Here’s the Idea
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Identify the appositive in each
sentence. Is it essential or
nonessential?
Leonardo da Vinci, the great
Renaissance painter, was also an
inventor.
5.
Practice and Apply
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Identify the appositive in each
sentence. Is it essential or
nonessential?
Practice and Apply
Submersibles, vessels that operate under
water, are used in research.
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Identify the appositive in each
sentence. Is it essential or
nonessential?
Practice and Apply
The submersible Alvin can dive very deep.
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Verbals
Participles Gerunds Infinitives
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Participle
A participle is a verb form that
acts as an adjective. It modifies
a noun or a pronoun.
Here’s the Idea
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NOUN
Exhausted, Monique finished her workout.
Here’s the Idea
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Stumbling, the player
dropped the ball.
There are two kinds of participles.
He fell to the ground, exhausted.
past participle
present participle
Here’s the Idea
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Participial Phrase
A participial phrase consists of
a participle plus its modifiers
and complements.
Here’s the Idea
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The ball dropped by Martin went
out of bounds.
Participial phrases can be used
to add details to descriptions.
Here’s the Idea
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Pay attention to the placement of
participial phrases in your writing.
A phrase in the wrong place is
known as a misplaced modifier
or dangling participle.
Why It Matters
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STUDENT MODEL
Gasping for breath, the crowd
watched the runner. The runner
broke the ribbon.
DRAFT
A misplaced participial phrase, often called
a misplaced modifier, modifies a word other
than the one it is intended to modify.
Why It Matters
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STUDENT MODEL
DRAFT
Gasping for breath, the crowd watched
the runner. The runner broke the ribbon.
Who is gasping for breath?
Why It Matters
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STUDENT MODEL
Coming home with
the trophy, our
parrot said, “Hello!”
DRAFT
A dangling participial phrase does not
logically modify any of the words in the
sentence in which it appears.
Why It Matters
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STUDENT MODEL STUDENT MODEL
DRAFT
Coming home with
the trophy, our
parrot said, “Hello!”
REVISION
Coming home with the
trophy, we heard our
parrot say, “Hello!”
Why It Matters
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Identify the participle and the word it
modifies.
Smiling, John began to photograph
the butterflies.
6.
Practice and Apply
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Identify the participial phrase and
the word it modifies.
Visiting gardens, the butterflies fly
among the flowers.
7.
Practice and Apply
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Identify the participial phrase and
the word it modifies.
Butterflies, driven by instinct, use
the flowers as meal stops.
8.
Practice and Apply
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Rewrite the sentence to eliminate the
dangling or misplaced participial phrase.
Hovering quietly, Jane saw a
hummingbird at the feeder.
9.
Practice and Apply
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Rewrite the sentence to eliminate the
dangling or misplaced participial phrase.
The bird ate from the feeder
swooping in gracefully.
10.
Practice and Apply
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Gerunds
A gerund is a verbal that ends in
-- ing and acts as a noun.
A gerund phrase consists of a
gerund plus its modifiers and
Complements.
Here’s the Idea
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Gerunds
Here’s the Idea
Function Example
Subject Using the bow and arrow made
William Tell famous.
Predicate Nominative My goal is becoming a competent
archer.
Direct Object The teacher demonstrates holding the bow correctly.
Object of a Preposition Daily practice helps in developing archery skills.
Indirect Object I wanted to give using the bow and
arrow a chance.
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A gerund or gerund phrase is an essential
part of the sentence.
Why It Matters
To distinguish between gerunds and
participles, see what it is doing in the
sentence.
Participles can be removed;
gerunds can not be removed.
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Identify the gerund/gerund phrase and
what part of the sentence it is.
Practice and Apply
Skiing is an extremely popular
sport in many countries.
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Identify the gerund/gerund phrase and
what part of the sentence it is.
Practice and Apply
The sport consists of gliding
over snow on runners called
skis.
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Identify the gerund/gerund phrase and
what part of the sentence it is.
Practice and Apply
Many fans enjoy watching ski
competitions.
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Identify the gerund/gerund phrase and
what part of the sentence it is.
Practice and Apply
Speeding down mountain slopes
thrills many skiers.
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Infinitives
An infinitive is a verbal that
begins with the word “to” is
followed by a verb
to + verb
An infinitive phrase consists of an
infinitive plus its modifiers and
complements.
Here’s the Idea
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Infinitives
Here’s the Idea
Function Example
Noun To find the lost child was
everyone’s goal.
Adverb To find the lost child, we
combed the woods.
Adjective Our efforts to find the lost
child ended in success.
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The only problem with infinitives and infinitive
phrases is that they can be confused with
prepositional phrases.
•to + verb = infinitive
•to + noun/pronoun= preposition
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Identify the infinitive phrase.
Practice and Apply
The tourists asked the bus driver
to go slower.
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Identify the infinitive phrase.
Practice and Apply
Their purpose for taking the tour
was to see the countryside.
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Identify the infinitive phrase.
Practice and Apply
The earliest attempts to fly
ended in embarrassment, if not
injury.
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Identify the infinitive phrase.
We went to the store to buy groceries.
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Identify the infinitive phrase.
I would like to go to the movies
this weekend.