No Slide Titlecontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2013/gacheon/SuhHanseok/... · 2016-09-09 ·...

69

Transcript of No Slide Titlecontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2013/gacheon/SuhHanseok/... · 2016-09-09 ·...

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Strongly recommend!

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What is “Culture?” • culture - the way of life (values, beliefs

and behaviors) of a people passed down from one generation to the next through learning

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Culture is like an Iceberg.

6/7th’s of it is UNDER the

water.

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BEHAVIOR BELIEFS VALUES AND THOUGHT PATTERNS

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Erroneous Assumptions • Just get the right “cookbook.” • As we interact, differences will become

LESS important. • It’s just a matter of communication. • It’s just a matter of applying basic

management principles. • Conflict is the same in all cultures.

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Dominant or Mainstream American Culture

“Middle Class” Protestant Psychology of Abundance

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What are the dominant or Mainstream Korean

Culture ?

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Communication Styles

A B

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Communication Styles

A B

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

We send messages, not meaning To Do people tend to be verbally-oriented To Do people trust vision

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동양과 서양의 생각하는 방식의 차이

• Both ancient China and modern Asian culture relatively collectivist or interdependent

• Both ancient Greece and modern Western culture relatively individualistic or independent

• Collectivistic patterns require attention to people; individualistic patterns allow attention to objects

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생각하는 방식의 차이가 초래한 결과?

중국인은 상황에 초점(situation-centered)을 맞춘다.

중국인은 환경과 상황에 의존적 미국인은 개인에 초점(individual-centered)을 맞춘다.

미국인은 개인에 의해 환경이 좌우되어야 한다고 믿는다.

(결론) 미국인은 환경을 지배하는데 매우 적극적인 자세를 취하는데 중국인은 소극적이다.

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"Asian thinking" vs. "Western thinking." by Geography of Thought

1) The West is reductionist, the East is holistic

2) The East is accepts contradiction, the West must be consistent

3) The West focuses on the object, the East observers the context

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어항에서 눈을 뗀 이후 10분이 지나 무엇이 기억에 남는가?

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Results

1) 미국인: 중심에 있는 큰 물고기에 대한 언급이 많다. 2) 일본인: 미국인들보다 물, 바위, 거품, 수초등 주변적인 배경요소들에 대한 언급이 많다. 동양인들은 전체에, 서양인들은 개별적인 것에 주의를 기울인다

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1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4 USA JPN

Focal Object Information

Contextual Information

Changes Detected in Objects and Context

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다음 세개중 두개를 묶어보시오.

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Results

1) 중국어린이들: 대부분이 <관계>에 근거해서 소와 풀을 하나로 묶었다.

2) 미국아이들: 대부분이 같은 동물이라는 <분류체계>에 속하는 소와 닭을 하나로 묶었다.

서양인들은 범주를, 동양인들은 관계를 중시한다

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Categorization 삽입

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25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

Perc

ent S

imila

rity

Judg

men

t

European American

Asian American

East Asian

Family Resemblance

Rule

Free Classification Similarity Judgments

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group1과 group2중 어느 것이 표적(object)과 유사한가?

한국인 대부분 그룹1이 유사하다고 답함 (이유: 외형적 유사성) 미국인 대부분 그룹2가 유사하다고 답함 (이유: 줄기가 직선이라는 공통적인 규칙성) (결론) 서양인들은 규칙에 의거 사물을 범주화하는데 익숙함

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Procedure: Training Phase

Rule: If an animal has at least 3 out of the following 5 features -- curly tail, hooves, long neck, mouth, antennae ears -- then it lives on Venus. Otherwise it lives on Saturn.

Press “Venus” button

Correct VENUS

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Procedure: Test Phase Rule: If at least 3/5 -- curly tail, hooves, long neck,

mouth, antennae ears -- then Venus. Otherwise Saturn.

Negative Match Test Item SATURN

Positive Match Test Item VENUS

Training Item Known VENUS

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Procedure: Test Phase Rule: If at least 3/5 -- curly tail, hooves, long neck,

mouth, antennae ears -- then Venus. Otherwise Saturn.

Negative Match Test Item VENUS

Positive Match Test Item SATURN

Training Item Known SATURN

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Purely apply the rule No difference between and ignore exemplars PM and NM animals

Attend to exemplars Slower and more while applying rule errors for NM than for PM animals -- “perceptual interference”

Rationale

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Perc

ent E

rror

European American

Asian American

East Asian

Posmatch Negmatch

Category Learning Rule Condition

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Cognitive Differences:

동양:Relationships and similarities 서양: Rules and Categories

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미적으로 선호하는 것이 무엇이냐? Object vs. Context

• 동양인들은 그림을 그릴 때 배경의 상세한 부분에 대해사도 신경을 기울인다.

• 인물화를 사진찍을 때에도 동양인은 사람, 그 자체보다 배경을 중시한다.

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American Data East Asian Data

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Infant Attention 실험

• 5-19개월 아이들과 엄마들의 행동을 미국과 일본에서 관찰 미국엄마들: 아이들에게 사물과 그 속성을 설명해 주면서 이들 사물에 주목할 것을 요구함 일본엄마들은 사회적인 것들( social routines)을 강조하고 엄마의 얼굴에 주목할 것을 요구함

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사물의 구별능력 실험

• 2-4살, 그리고 성인들을 대상으로 하여 크기와 모양이 비슷한 코르크로 만들어진 피라미드상자와 플라스틱및 코르크등 여러가지로 만들어진 피라미드 상자를 보여주면서 구별할 수 있는지 실험 미국과 일본인들의 확연한 차이.

나이 들어감에 따라 사물의 구별능력의 차이가 확대됨

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Early 2 Late 2

4 Adults

American Japanese

사물을 구별할 수 있는 비율 Pe

rcen

t Sha

pe R

espo

nses

Age From Imai & Gentner, 1997

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명사와 동사

• 서양아이들은 유년기에 매우 빠른 속도로 명사를 익힌다. (매일 1-2개) 동사를 익히는 속도는 늦다.

• 반면 아시아의 엄마들은 아이들에게 동사를 더 많이 사용한다.

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Culture and Thought System Holistic versus Analytic thinking

• Attention: 전체를 보는 동양 vs. 부분을 보는 서양 • Causality: 동양의 상황론 vs. 서양의 본성론 • Categorization: ‘동사’의 동양 vs. ‘명사’의 서양 • Resolution of contradiction: 타협하는 동양 vs. 논쟁하는 서양 • Perception of change: 동양의 순환론 vs. 서양의 직선론

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Eastern Dialectism

• 1. Principle of change: – Reality is a process of change – What is currently true will shortly be false

• 2. Principle of contradiction: – Contradiction is the dynamic underlying

change – Because change is constant, contradiction is

constant • 3. Principle of relationships (or holism):

– The whole is more than the sum of its parts – Parts are meaningful only in relation to the

whole • The Tao

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Proverb Types

• 모순이 되는 변증법적 속담 (1) 적보다 친구를 조심해라 (2) 인간은 쇠보다 강하지만 파리보다 약한 존재이다

• 모순이 없는 속담(Non-dialectical Proverbs) (1) 빵한쪽이라도 아예 없는 것보다는 낫다 (2) 예를 드는 것만으로 증거가 될 수는 없다.

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어느 속담이 좋은가?

• 아시아계통은 모순이 되는 변증법적 속담을 선호한 반면 미국과 유럽인들은

• 모순이 없는 속담(Non-dialectical Proverbs)을 선호하고 있다.

• 고대 중국철학(특히 노장철학)은 모순이 되는 주장들을 타협과 조화를 통해 수용하고, 모순이 되는 주장들속에서 진리를 발견한다는 특징을 갖는다.

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American and Chinese Preferences for Dialectical and non-Dialectical Yiddish Proverbs

1

2

3

4

5R

atin

g Sc

ale

Non-dialectical Dialectical

Type of Proverbs

Chinese

American

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Contradictory(?) Statements

• Statement 1A: • A social psychologist studied young adults and asserted that those

who feel close to their families have more satisfying social relationships.

• Statement 1B: • A developmental psychologist studied adolescent children and

asserted that those children who were less dependent on their parents and had weaker family ties were generally more mature.

• Statement 2A: • A sociologist who surveyed college students from 100

universities claimed that there is a high correlation among college female students between smoking and being skinny.

• Statement 2B: • A biologist who studied nicotine addiction asserted that heavy

doses of nicotine often lead to becoming overweight.

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American Participants Ratings of Plausibility in Both

"A or B Conditions" and "A and B Condition"

3

4

5

6

7A

vera

ge R

atin

gs o

f pla

usib

ility

A or B A and B

Condition

Less plausible

More plausible

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Chinese Participants Ratings of Plausibility in Both "A or B Conditions" and "A and B Condition"

3

4

5

6

7A

vera

ge R

atin

gs o

f Pla

usib

ility

A or B A and B

Condition

Less plausible

More plausible

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Results 첫번째의 A or B가 plausible한지에 대해서는 미국인과 중국인의 차이가 거의 없다. 두번째의 A and B가 more plausible한지 Less plausible한지에 대해서는 미국인과 중국인의 차이가 확연하다.

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Results A or B: A와 B, 둘 중 어느 하나가 plausible하다는 의미 A and B: A와 B가 동시에 plausible하는 것도 가능하다 위의 1A, 2A 그리고 1B, 2B가 논리적으로 완전하게 모순되는 것은 결코 아님을 알 수 있다.

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“I am _____” 이 문장을 완성하시오 (20회)

Person A outgoing creative fun loving introverted liberal outrageous

Person B

40세

아이가 둘

교회집사

식당 운영

한국에서 현대 근무

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Results

Person A: 서양인 자기중심적 인간 Person B: 동양인 관계중심적 인간

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자기 •* * * * •* * * * 친구

* * 형제 * *

엄마 * * * *

아빠 * * *

동료 * * *

자기 •* * * * •* * * *

엄마 * * * *

아빠 * * *

형제 * *

동료 * * *

친구 * *

Independent Interdependent

Self Self

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관계정보와 내적정보(예)

• 관계 정보 조건: – who the person has close relations with – the social groups to which the person belongs – The person’s social status (social class)

• 내적 정보 조건: – The person’s interests – The person’s beliefs – The person’s accomplishments

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서양 동양

내적 정보관계 정보

정보가 얼마나 유용한가?

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서양 동양

내적 정보관계 정보

사람의 행동을 예측하는데 얼마나 도움이 되는가?

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동양인이 서양인보다 논리적이지 못하다고 한다.

그런데 왜 동양인들은 수학을 잘하는가?

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서구문화의 특징

Self-expression의 중요성

서구(미국) 문화 = “expressive individualism”

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직장과 일에 대한 태도

• 어떤 직장이 좋은가?

a) 개인의 능력이 격려, 자극되고 성취가 중요한 곳 b) 모두 함께 일을 잘 할 수 있는 곳 • More than 90% of U.S., Canadian, Australian, British,

Dutch, and Swedish respondents preferred “a” • Fewer than 50% of Japanese and Singaporeans chose “a” • Germans, Italians, Belgians, and French in between

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나이에 대한 태도

“ 직장내에서 관리자가 부하보다 나이가 많은 것이 중요하다고 생각합니까?”

“ 나이많은 사람이 젊은이보다 더 존중받아 합니까?” More than 60% of U.S., Canadian, Australian, British, and

Swedish rejected this idea Only 40% of Japanese, Korean, and Singaporean respondents

rejected this idea Again, the French, Italians, Germans, and Belgians were in

between

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성과에 대한 태도

왕년에 일을 잘했던 사람이 근래 생산성이 떨어졌다. 이 경우 (a) 그의 과거 전력과는 무관하게 성과가 나쁘므로 책임을 물어야 한다.

(b) 비록 현재의 성과는 나쁘지만 과거의 좋은 성과는 고려해야 한다.

• Americans and Canadians: 75% choose “a” • British, Australians, Dutch, and Belgians: 40% choose “a” • French, Italians, Germans, and Japanese : 30% choose “a” • Koreans and Singaporeans: 20% choose “a”

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Attention to task vs. relational elements in workgroups

• 업무관련 “they didn’t get much done” “they asked questions” “they were productive”

• 대인관계 관련

“one person was rude/friendly” “they seemed congenial” “they seemed like friends”

“미팅에서 무엇이 기억에 남습니까?”

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Memory for Task-Specific Events

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Anglos Latins

Sanchez-Burks, Nisbett, & Ybarra (2000) JPSP

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Memory for Social-Emotional Events

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Anglos Latins

Sanchez-Burks, Nisbett, & Ybarra (2000) JPSP

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Language & Communication

– Direct vs. Indirect

– High context vs. Low context

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• 서양은 개인의 내적 특성 위주의 설명

• 동양은 개인의 상황 위주의 설명

Causal perception

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(사건 개요) “ 1991년 미국 University of Iowa 물리학과 박사과정 학생 루강은 논문경연대회에서 탈락하자 지도교수에게 이의를 제기했지만 받아들여지지 않았다. 그리고 그는 교수직을 얻는데 실패했다.

그 후 그는 지도교수를 총으로 쏘고 주변의 다른 학생들에게도 총을 난사한 후 자살하고 말았다.”

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뉴욕 타임즈등 미국 주요일간지: 루강의 심리적 약점이나 개인적 태도, 그리고 심리적 문제점과 같은 개인적인 면에 초점을 맞추었다.

중국의 일간지: 루강의 인간관계, 지도교수와의 관계, 학내에서의 경쟁상황, 중국인 유학생 사회와 얼마나 단절되었는지등에 초점을 맞춤

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또 다른 사건 “1993년 미시간주 오크벨리의 우편배달부인 매킬은 직장에서 해고당하자 문제제기 했으나 받아들여지지 않고 일자리를 잃는다. 그해말 그는 자신이 근무했던 우체국에 들어가서 상사와 동료, 고객을 향해 총을 난사하고 자살했다”

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컬럼비아대학의 Morris교수는 위 두 사건의 개요를 학생들에게 제시하고 가해자들의 개인적 요인과 상황적 요인이 어느 정도 사건에서 비중을 차지하는지 평가토록 하였다. (결과) 미국학생들은 살인자의 개인적 속성에 비중을 크게 두었으나, 아시아학생들은 상황적 변수를 중시하였다.

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“ 상황 요인이 달랐더라면 살인사건이 발생하지 않았을까 아니면 그래도 발생했을까?” 하는 Counterfactual question 을 제시함

아시아계 학생들은 “그렇다면 살인사건이 발생하지 않았을 것이다”는 답이 많았다. 그러나 미국학생들은 “ 살인사건이 오랜 기간 형성된 살인자의 개인속성에 의한 것이므로 결과는 달라지지 않을 것”이라고 답함

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Intellectual History

• Big picture ideas vs. small theories and concerns • Anglo-Am philosophers: ordinary language analysis: • Continental phil:

– Phenomenology – Existentialism – Structuralism – Post-structuralism – Post-modernism

• Marxism • Sociology: Comte and Weber • Psychology: Freud, Piaget, Lewin, Heider, historical-

cultural psych vs. • 끊임없는 과학철학의 발달