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No. 9

DECEMBER-1960

AUSTRALIAN SOCIETY OF SOIL SCIENCE

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S O I L S N E W S

The N e w s l e t t e r of the A u s t r a l i a n S o c i e t y of So i l S c i e n c e .

N o . 9 . D e c e m b e r , i 9 6 0

C O N T E N T S

T e c h n i c a l N o t e s ; P a g e

Solod ic s o i l s of the New Eng land T a b l e l a n d s - R . W . J e s s u p 3

Use of the b o t t o m w i t h d r a w a l tube for p a r t i c l e s s i z e

a n a l y s i s of s o i l s - A . V. 3 1 a c k m o r e 4

S o m e p lo t t r i a l s on i n c r e a s i n g d o w n w a r d d r a i n a g e t h r o u g h

p o o r l y p e r m e a b l e o r c h a r d s o i l s in the Gou lbu rn

V a l l e y - A. C . B a k k e r 6

S u m m a r i e s of T a l k s :

P e d o l o g y and the u s e of land - J . K. T a y l o r 8

Can a s o i l s c i e n t i s t h e l p the h u n g r y n a t i o n s ? - F . R . Gibbons 10

T h e p e t r o g r a p h i c a p p r o a c h to the s tudy of s o i l - R. B r e w e r 11

I s r a e l a f te r 12 y e a r s as an i ndependen t na t ion - R . G . D o w n e s 13

C h a n g e s in s o m e p r o p e r t i e s of a s o l o d i s e d s o l o n e t z a t

Kybybo l i t e , S . A . - J . S . R u s s e l l 15

Should m i c a a t w i s t and k a o l i n s c u r l ? - E . W . R a d o s l o v i c h 17

A u s t r a l i a n S o c i e t y of Soi l S c i e n c e :

F e d e r a l Counc i l N o t e s 17

So i l T r i p a t B r i s b a n e A . N . Z . A . A . S . Mee t ing 19

B i e n n i a l R e p o r t of So i l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n C o m m i t t e e 19

B r a n c h A c t i v i t i e s 21

P e r s o n a l No tes 23

N e w s I t e m s and N o t e s : 25

L i s t of 2^/Iembers: 27 1 ;f»^ie[5)s!«^!»;s;c;elo;(s;«!o;e;«;^e;«;ii;o^;«^

SOILS NEWS is issued solely to m e m b e r s of the Austral ian Society of Soil

Science and is regarded as an informal news se rv ice of that body. The

s ta tements printed here in a re not intended for citation e l sewhere , and repr in t s

a r e not avai lable .

This is the f i r s t of four ha l f -year ly i s sues to be made from Melbourne

the location of the F e d e r a l Office of the Society for the two years Ju ly I960

to Ju ly 1962. L e t t e r s , communicat ions , shor t reviews and news i tems a re

invited; ma te r i a l for the next i s sue should reach the editor by mid-May.

OFFICE-BEARERS OF FEDERAL COUNCIL

Pres iden t : M r . R . G . Downes, Soil Conservation Authority, Kew.Vic .

Vice -Pres iden t : Mr. B . E . But ler , C . S . I . R . O . Division of Soils , Canber ra , A . C . T .

Hon. Secre ta ry : Mr . J . S . Murray , Soil Conservation Authority, Kew, Vic.

Hon. T r e a s u r e r : Mr. W.R. Rothols, Soil Conservation Authority, Kew, Vic.

Hon. Edi tor , Soils News: Mr . J .G .Ba ldwin , Commonwealth Resea rch Station, Merbein, Vic.

Hon. Business Manager , Soil News: Mr. T . R . Hansen, Shell Chemical

(Aust.) Pty. L td . , Melbourne. Vic.

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TECHNICAL NOTES

SOLODIC SOILS OF THE NEW ENGLAND TABLELANDS

( R.W. J e s s u p . C S . I. R. O. Division of Plant Industry, Canberra)

Genera l Charac te r i s t i c s

The solodic soils of the New England have strongly differentiated

profiles with a ve ry abrupt boundary between the A and B hor izons . The

A horizon, the upper p a r t of which is darkened by organic staining, is eithe

apedal or has a mult i -angular blocky s t ruc tu re , usually of weak grade , and

va r i e s between loamy sand and sil ty or clay loam in tex ture . Consis tence,

following the sys tem descr ibed in the U . S . D . A . Soil Survey Manual 1951,

is friable or f i rm when mois t .

The Bj horizon consis ts of clay while the texture of the B£

horizon is sandy clay loam or clay. Consistence is very f i rm to extremely

f i rm when mois t and plast ic to ve ry plast ic and sticky to ve ry sticky when

wet. The s t ruc tu re of the upper pa r t of the B horizon is blocky, pr ismati i

or occasional ly apedal and the B horizon always become apedal at depth.

The surfaces of the peds in the upper p a r t of the B horizon a re often much

d a r k e r in colour than the ma te r i a l within the peds .

Sodium is an important consti tuent of the exchangeable cations in

the B horizon, constituting between 10 and 60% of the total . The pH va r i e s

between 5. 5 and 6. 5 in the A horizon and between 7. 0 and 9. 0 in the B

horizon except in the ca lcareous solodic soils ( see below ), when the pH

may r i s e as high as 10.0 in the lower pa r t of the profi le .

Classification

Soils with these cha rac t e r i s t i c s have been called solodic soils by

Hallsworth et al (1953 ) . According to these authors , solods have a

s imi la r profile morphology to the solodic so i l s , but a re acidic in react ion

throughout the profi le . F u r t h e r m o r e , Stephens (195 6) s ta tes that "hydroger

la rge ly takes the place of sodium in the B horizon" in the solods . The

New England solodic soils a r e often fully saturated in the B horizon.

The New England solodic soils have been subdivided into meadow

solodics , yellow-brown solodics and ca lcareous solodics . The latter, whici

contain l ime in the B horizon, differ from solodized solonetz as defined by

Stephens ( 1956 ), since they lack columnar s t ruc ture in the B horizon.

The solodic and podzolic soils of the New England have s imi la r

morphological cha rac te r i s t i c s and, fu r the rmore , they grade one into the

o ther . However, they differ in the following features :

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1. Consistence of the B horizon is f i rm when moist and slightly

plast ic to plast ic and sticky when wet in the podzolic soils and

very f i rm to ex t remely f irm when moist and plast ic to ve ry

plast ic and sticky to ve ry st icky when wet in the solodic so i l s .

This difference in consistence is probably re la ted to differences

in exchangeable cations ( see below ).

2. The boundary between the A and B horizons is more abrupt in the

solodic than the podzolic so i l s .

3 . The pH of the B horizon is general ly higher in the solodic than

the podzolic soils being 7. 0 to 10. 0 in the former and 6. 0 to 7.4

in the l a t t e r .

4 . The solodic soils have a higher percentage of exchangeable sodium in the B horizon than the podzolic so i l s .

5. Saturation percentage of the B horizon in the solodic soils

( 7 6 - 100% ) tends to be higher than in the podzolic soils

( 48 - 84% ).

6. Some of the solodic soils have dark stainings on the ped faces in

the B horizon, some a re p r i s m a t i c in the upper p a r t of the B

horizon and some contain carbonate in their prof i les . These

features a re not shown by any of the New England podzolic so i l s .

REFERENCES

Hallsworth, E . G . Costin, A . B . and Gibbons, F . R . (1953) - Studies in

pedogenesis in N .S .W. VI . On t h e classif ication of

soils showing features of podzol morphology. J . Soil Sci . 4(2) :

241-256

Stephens, C. G. (1956) - A Manual of Austra l ian Soi ls . C . S . I . R . O . ,

Melbourne, (2nd Ed . )

USE OF THE BOTTOM WITHDRAWAL TUBE FOR

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS OF SOILS

( A . V . B lackmore , C . S . I . R . O . Division of Soils, Adelaide, S. A.)

In the course of soil studies it is often des i rab le to make detailed

pa r t i c l e size analyses ei ther as a means for identification of a horizon or

layer ( loes s , al luvium, e tc . ) or as a guide to the p roper t i e s and behaviour

of m a t e r i a l . The conventional method used by soil worke r s involves d i s -

pe r s ion of the sample in water and then measu remen t of the <20 yu fraction

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by some sedimentation procedure (Plummet balance, pipet te , e t c ) and of

the<20^i fraction by sieving after decantation and drying . While this is

normal ly sat isfactory when no subdivision of the fine sand fraction

( 20yu"*200^yu ) is required it is not ideal when detai l is wanted in this

reg ion . Sieving with smal l aper ture sieves is unrel iable and because of the

high settling velocit ies of these par t ic les sedimentation methods involving

inser t ion of p lummet , p ipet te , or hydrometer a re also unsa t i s fac tory .

Separate decantation of each fraction required is t ime consuming and

labor ious .

The bottom withdrawal tube is a simple device initially repor ted

in a compendium of methods for the measu remen t and analysis of sediment

loads in s t r e a m s drawn up by a group of U . S . Government Agencies ( 1943).

Its application to soil work is obvious and s t ra ight forward. Analyses may

.be made over the range from 1 yu-^T000yu and a sample may be quite

a rb i t r a r i l y divided into any number of fractions within any par t of this

r a n g e . No actual physical separa t ion of the fractions is achieved however

and so in those cases when these a re required for further study the method

is not helpful.

The apparatus consis ts of a glass tube about 120 cm„ long and

2 .5 c m . inside d i a m e t e r . The lower end tapers ( 60° cone ) to join a short

tube of about 0,7 c m . inside d iameter„ This tube is connected to a shor t

length of rubber tubing which is closed by a strong pinch-clamp* The

d ispersed sample ( 5-^10 gm. ) is t r ans fe r r ed to this cylinder and diluted

until the suspension is level with the top of a 100 cm,, scale attached to the

side of the cyl inder . The apparatus is inverted slowly at leas t 25 t imes

thoroughly to mix the contents and then clamped ver t ical ly in a stand. After

a p rede te rmined interval (depending upon the size fractionation des i red)

the pinch clamp is opened and the surface of the suspension allowed to fall

a measured amount close to 10 cm. Settled ma te r i a l is swept in the p ro -

cess into the sampling conical f lask. After another interval a second

aliquot is withdrawn and so on unti l , after usually ten such sampl ings , the

tube is empty. The aliquots a re dried and weighed and knowing the sample

weight and the depth and t ime interval of each aliquot it is possible to

calculate what the accumulation of sediment would have been in a column of

fixed length as a function of time and thence by normal graphical or com-

putational methods to a par t ic le size distribution,,

The method has been used extensively for the study of River ina ,

N . S . W , soil ma te r i a l s in which case the fine sand fraction was separa ted

_ 5 _

and then divided by this procedure into 13 sub- f rac t ions . F o r routine use

tables were printed for entry of the data and subsequent working up of the

calcula t ions . These calculations a re somewhat lengthy but perfectly

s imple .

REFERENCE

St. Pau l , U . S . Engineer Dis t r i c t Sub-Office (1943).

"A Study of Methods Used in Measurement and analysis of

sediment loads in s t r e a m s . Repor t No. 7. A Study of new methods for size

analysis of suspended sediment s a m p l e s " . Hydraulic Lab, Iowa City , Iowa.

SOME PILOT TRIALS ON INCREASING DOWNWARD

DRAINAGE THROUGH POORLY PERMEABLE

ORCHARD SOILS IN THE GOULBURN

VALLEY

( A. C. Bakker , Depar tment of Agr icu l tu re , Hor t icu l tura l

R e s e a r c h Station, Tatura)

In occasional very wet yea r s such as in 1956 many peach and

apricot t r e e s have been lost in o rchards in the Goulburn Valley. In 1956

these losses amounted to a total of 60%. In these ye a r s the flat topography

of the land combined with a B-horizon of low permeabi l i ty (containing more

than 70% silt + clay ) in many a r e a s caused excessively wet conditions in

the surface hor izon, thus causing surface waterlogging of the t r e e s . Many

of these soils including the main ones - Shepparton fine sandy loam and

Cobram loam a re underla in by l ighter textured C hor izons .

Work at Purdue University U . S . A . on improving root penetrat ion

by subsoiling and incorporat ing organic mat te r to a depth of 18" suggested

a s imi la r approach for increasing the downward movement of water

through Goulburn Valley so i l s .

An exploratory t r i a l was laid down accordingly in 1959. It

consisted of a number of plots in which narrow channels were dug to a

depth of 24" which is approximately the top of the C hor izon. These were

backfilled with the following ma te r i a l s mixed with the dugout soil : S t raw,

g rave l , sawdust , prunings , topsoil and one plot was backfilled with the

same ma te r i a l which came out of the channel. These plots were compared

with s imi la r plots having no subsoil d i s tu rbance , by noting the t ime for

each plot to d ra in after equal amounts of water were applied.

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The following resu l t s were obtained:

TABLE 1.

Drainage Rates with Different T rea tmen t s Relative to

Control Plot No. 4.

Plot No. *1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

T r e a t -

ment

Back

F i l l

Straw Gravel Control Saw-

Dust

Pruning Control Saw-

Dust

Rela t -

ive

Dra in -

age

Rates

5. 6 4 . 3 3 . 6 1 2 . 0 1.2 1.8 2 . 9

Plot No 9 10 11 1 2*

P r u n -

ing

Top-

Soil

Straw Control * Results from Plots 1 and

12 should be d i s regarded

2 . 0 2 . 1 2 . 9 2 . 8

as these were disturbed

by previous digging.

Field measu remen t s of permeabi l i ty on soils slightly lighter

than Shepparton fine sandy loam and Cobram loam, where surface

waterlogging did not occur suggest that these improved drainage r a t e s

would be ample to prevent surface waterlogging.

The t rea tments with prunings were slower to d ra in , than was

expected, which can not be explained at this s tage.

As a r e s u l t of this work a more elaborate field t r i a l has bet-n

commenced under orchard conditions using s t raw and topsoil as the

fill m a t e r i a l s .

SUMMARIES OF TALKS

PEDOLOGY AND THE USE OF LAND

(Summary of address by the re t i r ing P re s iden t , M r . J . K .

Taylor , at the biennial General Meeting of the Society in

Adelaide on 22nd July, I960.)

Introduction

In this address pedology is viewed in its b roades t form as the study

of soil by all scientific d i sc ip l ines . Many problems confront national

development in which the soil scient is t has a stake though few are the kind

he may solve alone. We have to work in ha rness with others recognizing

the soil is linked with the plant and the animal .

Aus t ra l ia faces a stage in development calling for long range

decis ions to be put into effect in the next 25 yea r s to cope with an i n c r e a s -

ingly fast r i s e in white population with a ceiling far above that previously

envisaged and at the same t ime to supply a reasonable contribution in

food to a hungry world. There is no vir tue in planning for the sake of

planning and poli t ical judgment will decide what shall be done but soil and

agr icu l tu ra l sc ient i s t s have to get on with the job of fact finding. The

p rob lems to be answered a r e legion. What will the north of Aust ra l ia be

able to produce? What will Aus t ra l ia south of the Tropic produce . What

as a be t te r thing will Queensland produce? How shal l the soil r e s o u r c e s

be de te rmined? What is the future use of i r r iga t ion? What is the

possibi l i ty of the bet ter use of ar id and semi arid lands making up 55% of

the Continent? Are t ropica l soils different to t empera te soi ls? The

pedologist en te r s al l these fields at an ea r ly s t age . At the same t ime we

mus t keep a balance of r e s e a r c h time in bas ic laws even though applied

r e s e a r c h seems the urgent need. We must seek the reason why and not

only the fact. Eve ry sound p rac t i ce r e s t s on a sound theory. There is

a tug of war between the fundamentalists and the applied w o r k e r s . The

answer is the t eam approach.

Soil ca r tography

So far by the action of a number of agencies a total of 830, 000

square miles has been surveyed at some level from deta i l to broad

reconna i s sance . A bet ter p ic ture m a y b e to sum up like t h i s : -

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Total a r ea Surveys

South of Tropic above 10" rainfall 827, 000 sq . m. ( Detailed 30, 000 s q . m

( Soil Associat ions 13 6, 000 sq. m

( Reconnaissance 81,000 s q . m

North of Tropic above 20"rainfall 502, 000 sq. m. ( Detailed 1,503 s q . m

( Soil Associations 625 s q . m

(Reconnaissance 391,000 sq .m ,

Excising unusable country say 25% of the total there s t i l l is a g rea t deal to do

in both zones .

It is suggested that for the non arable lands, the reconnaissance meets

the p r i m a r y need; for the a rab le , the useful approach would be at the soil

associat ion level preceded by reconnaissance if convenient. As a roush

calculation 20 surveyor pedologists might cover the tempera te zone a r ea s at

the reconnaissance and associat ion level , as de s i r ab l e , in 15 years work. This

a s sumes a will to survey and an organization at a scale not previously at tempted.

Detailed surveys of selected a r ea s is long t e r m work with a different, often less

skilled, staff and the proper bas is of mapping has to be de te rmined .

Maximum production

Why should we be satisfied with p resen t wheat yields, the ca r ry ing

capacity of p a s t u r e s , the production of fores t plantat ions? There is an

optimum level for every soil and we should be looking at the controlling f ac to r s .

Of these water is the most impor tant . The plain fact is that we do not know

the water reg ime of cropped a r e a s , and little about the effect of this on the

crop yield. What are the future l imi ts of the wheat belt pass ing into higher

rainfall a reas and what may be expected of i r r igat ion for this crop?

Taking crop plants at l a rge the question has been ra ised as to the soil

cha rac t e r i s t i c s - physical , chemical , microbiological - and the water re la t ions

affording optimum conditions for growth. Soils m a y b e classified for use

purposes if we know enough to cha rac te r i ze them in these ways. Much has

been done with nutri t ion and chemis t ry , much more has now to be done with the

physical state and water supply.

I r r igat ion

Ir r igat ion has been a little haphazard in the pas t in assuming the u s e -

fulness of expansive a r e a s , when commanded by gravi ty supply, and in the

belief water is p r i m a r i l y to be applied to the d r i e r inland a r e a s . Unfortunately

the genera l tendency is for the soils to become less favourable with decreas ing

rainfal l . There are fundamental considerat ions to be observed.

Arable farming under i r r iga t ion should be d iverse and this demands

knowledge of the soils since a number of plants pa r t i cu la r ly hor t icul tura l types

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a re selective in r e q u i r e m e n t s . Extensive farming for one product must in

t ime give way to intensive and varied u s e , when we know enough of the soil

pa t te rns and their relat ion to the needs of specific c r o p s .

Supplementary i r r igat ion has a good future, when we know both how to

use it and where the supplies a re avai lable . This brings us back to annual

water r eg imes in soils and the requ i rements of crops for maximum yield.

Other p roblems in which the pedologist has a par t a re the ameliorat ion

of intractable so i l s , i . e . if we a re forced to use them, the waterlogging

question by i r r igat ion or winter flood in intensively used hor t icu l tu ra l a r e a s ,

and salinity under i r r iga t ion .

Hydrology

We have left hydrology too much to geologists and engineers when it comes

to understanding soil conditions affecting crop growth. The es tabl ishment of

the layering of soils involving buried remnants of older prof i les , which may

contain slowly permeable horizons at re la t ively shallow depths producing

perched water tables or c o a r s e r horizons acting as aquifers , is a significant

contribution of pedologists to the understanding of in ternal hydrology. This

applies not only to i r r igated soils as in New South Wales but to some of the

wheat belt valley soils in Western Aust ra l ia and doubtless many other conditions.

The question of land cover and seepage has not received enough attention but

it is c lear ly one for the pedologist and physic is t .

A number of other aspects were dealt with in the address such as some

soil fer t i l i ty - land use problems and the l imitat ions of production in Austra l ia

on the bas is of soil quality and available wa te r .

CAN A SOIL SCIENTIST HELP THE HUNGRY NATIONS?

(Summary of p res ident ia l address by Mr. F . R . Gibbons to the

Victorian Branch in Melbourne on 24th June , I960.)

Mr. Gibbons briefly sketched, using F . A . O. publications as source

mater ial , the population and nutr i t ional status of the various regions of the

world in the p r e - W a r per iod, the post -War period (1953-5), and the est imated

situation in 1965. The nutr i t ional status was presented in t e r m s of the average

consumption of ca lor ies and protein , compared with the es t imated requ i rements

based on age and weight dis tr ibut ion of the population and the t empera tu re

reg ime of their count r ies .

The grea t d i spa r i ty between the countries of North Amer ica , Oceania,

and Western Europe on the one hand, and some underdeveloped Asian and

African countr ies on the other, was brought out, with Southern Europe and

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South American countries in te rmedia te . National income, f a rm income and

l i te racy appeared to be cor re la ted with higher national s tandards , so that

the remedy for the differences appeared to lie not in bet ter distr ibution of

existing food supplies , as this was precluded by the re la t ive economic

r e s o u r c e s of the countr ies but in the economic development within the poorer

count r ies .

The role which a society like A . S . S . S . could play was examined, and

the suggestion made that it could help best by st imulating in te res t in its

members to work in under-developed countr ies and by co-ordinat ing t he

se rv ices requi red in under-developed countries with serv ices available from

its m e m b e r s .

THE PETRQGRAPHIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF SOILS

(Summary of p res ident ia l address by Mr. R. Brewer to the

A . C . T . Branch at Canber ra on 27th July , I960.)

1. The Basis of the Pet rographic Approach

Pet rographic methods ( s t ruc tu re analyses and minera l ana lyses)

have focussed attention on the highly heterogeneous nature of soils and offer

the means of descr ibing such heterogenei ty in de ta i l . They are concerned

p r i m a r i l y with descr ip t ion of the re la t ive ly uniform mate r ia l s of soil

horizons whereas the descr ip t ion of a soil profile is an integration of the

descr ip t ion of a number of soil ma te r i a l s and their re la t ionships to each

o the r .

Soil ma te r i a l s consis t essent ia l ly of two groups of const i tuents :

the re la t ively stable skeleton grains, and the re la t ively unstable p lasma

whose activity is the cause of many of the significant s t ruc tu ra l features of

soil m a t e r i a l s . These consti tuents become organised during soil formation

by the development of different kinds and a r rangement s of peds , pedological

features and ma t r i ces . Each of these can develop levels of organisat ion:

s imple , or p r i m a r y peds can be a r ranged to form secondary peds which in

turn can be ar ranged to form t e r t i a r y peds; in compound pedological features

the host can include smal le r fea tures ; m a t r i c e s can have their p lasma grains

a r ranged into recognisable un i t s .

The organisat ion of soil ma te r i a l s is descr ibed by s t ruc tu re analysis

which is concerned with the s ize , shape and a r rangement of recognisable

ent i t ies , whether of single gra ins or compound pa r t i c l e s , such as peds and

pedological fea tures , and voids; fabric is the aspect of s t ruc ture which deals

with a r r angemen t . Levels of s t ruc tu re and fabric equivalent to the levels

of organisation can be desc r ibed , that i s , p l a smic , basic, e lementary , p r i m a r y ,

secondary and t e r t i a ry . Complete s t ruc ture and fabric analysis r equ i r e s

examination in the field, on hand spec imens , and on thin sec t ions , depending

- 11 -

on the kind and scale of development of the cha rac t e r i s t i c s to be desc r ibed .

Such descr ip t ions a r e apt to be lengthy and involved so it is n e c e s s a r y to

develop a sys tem of descr ipt ive t e r m s .

Mineral analysis deals with the s ize , shape and identification of the

• p lasma and skeleton gra ins by the standard methods of sed imentary pet rography.

2. The Significance of the Pe t rographic Approach.

Pedological studies a re concerned with characterising soil mate r ia l s

and prof i les , studying their genesis and classifying them. Pet rographic methods

offer the means of obtaining more complete descr ip t ions which include

cha rac t e r i s t i c s impossible to desc r ibe o therwise . They have a l ready revealed

inadequacies in the less r igorous descr ipt ive sys tems by focussing attention

on (i) the recognition of na tura l surfaces on which bas i s peds can be defined

more specifically, (ii) pedological features and their internal fabric which

ref lects the p roce s se s of their formation and(iii) the descr ip t ion of the bas ic

fabric ( fabric of the mat r ix ), which is usually ignored in descr ip t ion .

The heterogeneity of soil ma te r i a l s demonst ra ted by such studies

demands study of the effect of a r rangement of constituents on their p rope r t i e s ,

as well as study of their p roper t i es in an unorganised s ta te , that i s , the

individual constituents must be cha rac te r i sed in the form in which they occur

in the soi l . The effect of these a r r angemen t s , such as a high degree of

orientation of c lay-s ize ma te r i a l , on chemical and physical p rope r t i e s needs

investigation. Chemical analyses of crushed and sieved soil mate r ia l s and

the usual methods of identification of clay minera l s only give average re su l t s

for the whole mater ia l . S imi lar ly , physical p rope r t i e s , such as permeabi l i ty ,

shrinkage and swelling, may be affected by the organisat ion of the constituents

both as pedological features and in the ma t r ix .

By minera l ana lyses , calculations can be made of losses and gains

of const i tuents , changes in volume and th ickness , and degree of weather ing, for

each horizon and for the whole profi le , provided the parent ma te r i a l can be

shown to be uniform by standard petrographic methods . In addition, qualitative

studies of weathering can be made by isolating weathered g ra ins , and s t ruc ture

and fabric analyses can be in terpreted in t e r m s of soi l - forming p r o c e s s e s ,

such as illuviation and concentrat ion of const i tuents , especia l ly if substantiated

by exper imenta l work.

St ructure analysis is also important in regard to soi l -plant re la t ionships .

The s i ze , shape and a r rangement of voids and the nature and internal fabric

of ma te r i a l s coating the voids ( cutans ) must be of fundamental importance in

controlling the environment of plant r o o t s .

Final ly , pe t rographic analysis is an integral p a r t of the descr ipt ion of

soil m a t e r i a l s . Thus, these a re important cha rac te r i s t i c s for soil classification

whether based on descr ip t ion or genes i s .

- 12 -

3 . Conclusions.

The application of pet rographic techniques to soil studies leads to the

following conclusions:

(1) Soil ma te r i a l s a re highly he terogeneous .

(2) Descr ipt ion of soils is inadequate without petrographic s tudies .

(3) Analyses of whole soil ma te r i a l s a re unrewarding compared with analyses of specific constituents cor re la ted with their distr ibution and a r rangement .

(4) There is evidence that the physical behaviour of soil mate r ia l s

depends on their s t ruc tu re and fabric , especial ly that of the

p l a sma .

(5) Genetic studies of weathering and soil formation can be made

by pet rographic methods provided the original state of the

parent ma te r i a l is establ ished by sedimentary petrographic

s tud ies .

(6) St ructure and fabric a re important in soi l-plant re la t ionships .

(7) St ructure and fabric studies indicate the kind of exper imenta l

work needed to study soi l - forming p r o c e s s e s ; the success of

such exper iments in reproducing the s t ruc ture and fabric of

soils can be checked by pet rographic methods .

ISRAEL AFTER TWELVE YEARS AS AN INDEPENDENT NATION

(Summary of talk by Mr. R .G. Downes to the Victorian Branch in

Melbourne on 21st October, I960.)

Mr. Downes visited I s rae l in 1958 and again in I960, the la t ter period

was as consultant to advise on a land use project and a hydrologic exper iment .

In his talk he t raced the development of I s r a e l since its formation in

1948. Migrant intake averaging 100, 000 per year has been maintained into a

country 8,000 square miles in s ize , much of which is s emi -a r id , with limited

r e s o u r c e s . The integration of these migrants into the community presented

grea t social and physical p rob lems which have largely been overcome and has

laid emphasis on the development of na tura l r e s o u r c e s , pa r t i cu la r ly on water

and rec lamat ion of land.

The cl imate of I s r a e l is Medi ter ranean, with the annual average rainfall ranging from one inch in the d e s e r t to 35 inches in the mountains.

- 13 -

Apart from the coasta l plains and the broad valleys of some r i v e r s the

soils have been mainly developed from l imestone , giving t e r r a r o s s a s and

rendz inas . In par t s loess deposi ts cover these and there a re some stony

soils developed on basa l t .

Reclamation and development is aimed at increasing food, raw ma te r i a l s ,

national income, providing employment and for defence pu rposes .

The main emphasis in Soil Conservation is F a r m Planning and co r r ec t land u se , the lat ter pa r t i cu la r ly where an inflexible form of Agricul ture is proposed, such as an o rcha rd . Many a reas a re being planted with Allepo pine and Red gum for t imber and pulping.

The main land rec lamat ion works a re concerned with dra inage , stone

c lear ing and coastal sand-dune s tabi l isa t ion.

As water will be the factor limiting expansion, the major projects a re

concerned with the development and efficient use of water r e s o u r c e s . Invest-

igations are taking place into de-sa l t ing of sea -wa te r , increas ing the yield from

coasta l aquifers , soil and water conservat ion in arid catchments and hydrologic

s tud ie s .

In arid p a r t s , ancient water spreading sys tems a re being examined

and recons t ruc ted to spread the flash floods f rom the wadis and allow absorption

to occur for plant growth.

Mr. Downes said his recen t visi t to I s r ae l was to act as consultant to

de te rmine the best land use on a United Nations Special Fund Projec t called

the "Nahal Shikma Pro jec t " . Also tc design hydrologic exper iments in

another a r e a to decide the re la t ive water use of fo re s t s , g r a s s e s or sh rubs .

The "Nahal Shikma Pro jec t " concerned a catchment of 180, 000 a c r e s

in a semi arid environment. Rainfall varied from an annual average of 11

to 16 inches with a growing season of 3>; - 4 months . The country ranges

f romhi l ly , with grey stony l imestone soi l s , rolling up-lands with brown

calcar ious soils developed from l o e s s , and r iver valleys with alluvial so i l s .

The p re sen t water lost from this catchment ranges up to 20, 000 ac/f t . pe r

annum and severe erosion occurs in p a r t s . It is hoped to prevent soil loss

and to s tore excess water underground in the w a d i b e d s , and in gravel lenses

in the valley bottoms and in the coas ta l aquifer by pumping into sand dunes .

The main task in this a rea was to se lect pilot a reas in which to c a r r y out t r i a l s

and economic a s s e s s m e n t . Cne difficulty was to get ag reement on the bes t

economic land use and to calculate the economics as m o s t i tems used in

Agricul ture a r e subsidised.

The second project concerned c.n a r ea where there was d i sagreement

on whether to develop it for fores ts or for grazing. Meat is expensive and in

short supply and the c la im was made that the a rea should be developed for

pas tu re as less water would be used than under fores t .

- 14 -

The main problem area was where the annual average rainfall

exceeded 22 inches and unarable , stony, t e r r a r o s s a soils occur red . Measure-

ments e lsewhere showed that there was less than 1% run-off from these so i l s .

As a run-off plot technique could not be used, repl icated plots of forest ,

g r a s s , shrubs and bare ground were recommended. The use of a neutron

scat ter ing meter to measure soil mois ture was proposed. However, this has

l imitat ions due to var iat ions of mois ture not due to plant u s e , caused by slow

drainage through the rock - so i l mix ture . Also to the very deep rooting

habit of some shrubs which tap deep sources of moi s tu re . To complete the

hydrologic equation a measure of the evapo- t ranspi ra t ion was r equ i red . The

Penman formula was considered suitable to measure this in winter . However,

there were factors limiting its use in s u m m e r .

D i rec t measu remen t of summer evapo- t ranspi ra t ion by means of a

p las t ic tent was decided on. It is intended to draw air samples before and

after entering the plast ic enclosure and to collect the mois ture in them by

freezing with d ry i ce .

Mr . Downes said in conclusion that he had found the I s rae l i s an

energet ic and capable people.

CHANGES IN SOME PROPERTIES OF A SQLQDISED SOLONETZ

AT KYBYBOLITE, S. A.

(Summary of talk by D r . J . S . Russe l l to the South Austral ian

Branch in Adelaide on 23rd, June , I960.)

The increasing fer t i l i ty of many soils in the higher rainfall a r eas due to

use of legumes is one of the most significant developments in the agr icul ture

of the Southern Austra l ian region. However little is known about the actual

mechanics of organic mat te r accumulation due par t ly to the magnitude of the

t ime factor in this p r o c e s s .

Plots were established at Kybybolite Resea rch Centre on a solodized-

solonetz soil in 1919,-,, Soil and plant analyses on these plots have been made

from time to t ime . The plots were resampled in 1957-58 and var ious

p roper t i e s measu red . The main conclusions which can be drawn from these

r e su l t s a re as follows:-

1. In the absence of applications of l ime, soil pH has decreased

slightly.

2 . Most change in organic mat ter content has occurred in the 0-2

inch horizon - from 0.08% - 0.25% N. Little change has

occurred at the 6-8" level .

3 . When considered on a volume basis (pounds per ac re six inches )

the i nc reases in soil nitrogen appears to be l inear with t ime and

even after 39 years shows lit t le sign of approaching an

asymptotic value.

- 15 -

4. However there appears to be differential behaviour within the soil

prof i le . The ra t e of inc rease to the 0-2 inch horizon in recen t

years was l ess than in ea r l i e r y e a r s . On the other hand in the

2-4 and 4-6 inch horizons the recent ra te of increase was s imi la r

to and g rea t e r than in ea r l i e r years indicating that a deepening of

the organic mat te r profile is occurring^

5. Bulk densi ty was dec reased being inverse ly re la ted to organic

mat te r i n c r e a s e .

6. The half-life of organic mat ter equilibration for the 0-2 inch

horizon was calculated to be 24 y e a r s ,

7 . No causal re la t ionship was found between organic mat te r inc rease

and amounts of superphosphate applied. Various ra tes of

application were used and increasing the ra te above 60-90 pounds

of superphosphate per ac re per year did not r e su l t in equivalent

i nc reases in soil ni trogen accumulated.

8. There was a relat ion between productivity (measured as sheep car ry ing capacity) and soil nitrogen increase - being equivalent to 14 pounds of soil ni trogen per sheep per ac re per yea r .

9. Additional ca lc ium, pa r t i cu la r ly l ime, applied with water soluble

phosphorus appeared to r e su l t in the highest levels of soil organic

m a t t e r .

10. Considerable penetrat ion of phosphorus applied as water

soluble phosphorus has occur red . Less than half the phosphorus

applied as superphosphate could be accounted for in the surface 8

inches . The r ema inde r was p resumed to have leached to lower

soil ho r i zons .

1 1 . Where acid soluble phosphorus was applied l ess movement

through the soil was apparent and 7 5-89% of the res idua l

phosphorus applied as rock phosphate could be accounted for in

the surface soil - most ly in the top 2 inches .

12. Inc reases in cation exchange capacity were closely re la ted to

i nc reases in organic mat te r content.

13 . Where metal cations were not added as fe r t i l i ze rs or amendments

most of the inc rease in cation exchange capacity was satisfied

by exchangeable hydrogen. There appeared to be little upward

movement of meta l cations by p lants .

The need for a r e a p p r a i s a l of the p resen t widespread prac t ice of

continuous mono-application of superphosphate to pas tu res after the res idua l

levels in the soil have been ra i sed was d i scussed . In pa r t i cu la r the ro les of

acid-soluble phosphate and l ime were examined.

- 16 -

SHOULD MICAS TWIST AND KAOLINS CURL ?

(Summary of talk by Dr . E . W . Radoslovich to the

South Austra l ian Branch in Adelaide on 22nd

September , I960.)

This paper d iscussed the re la t ionship between the accepted " ideal"

s t ruc tu res and the actual observed s t ruc tu re s , between composition and

cell d imens ions , and between c rys ta l morphology and composition.

Chemically micas a re charac te r i sed by an in ter layer cation, whose charge is satisfied by ionic substitutions in the two t e t r ahed ra l or one octahedral l ayer .

In the ideal mica s t ruc tu res the t e t r ahedra l oxygen networks a re

hexagonal, and this layer exceeds the octahedral layer in " n a t u r a l " dimensions

the in te r layer cation is 1 2-coordinated.

The so-cal led unit cell formulae allow the predict ion of b -axes from

chemica l composit ion. Previous formulae b r e a k d o w n for cer ta in micas .

A new ideal s t ruc ture is proposed in which the " s i " t e t r ahedra may

rota te readi ly to give a di t r igonal surface symment ry . This allows ready

contraction of the t e t r ahedra l layer , so that the overa l l b-axis is controlled

by the octahedral layer and in ter layer cation.

The average t e t r ahedra l rotation may be readi ly computed, and

( where comparison is possible ) agrees with observed va lues .

New unit cell formulae have been derived by a multiple r e g r e s s i o n analysis of the data for forty m i c a s . This confirms that t e t r ahed ra l Al does not affect b , and that in ter layer K affects b s trongly.

The same ideas may be applied to the kaolins, and a new unit cell

formula has been computed. This leads to a recons idera t ion of the forces

making kaolins with in ter layer water ro l l up into tubes . Accepted hypotheses

seem to be wrong.

AUSTRALIAN SOCIETY OF SOIL SCIENCE

FEDERAL COUNCIL NOTES

F e d e r a l Council has now t rans fe r red its headquar te rs to Melbourne.

Since the las t issue of "Soils News" it has met three t imes ; once in Adelaide

on June 6th, before the change of office, and then on September 2nd and

November 25th in Melbourne.

- 17 -

CONSTITUTION .

The draft constitution was circulated to all m e m b e r s in June, and a

ballot was held to see whether it was to be adopted. The resu l t s were :

Yes 133 votes

No 5 votes

FINANCIAL MEMBERS 220

The votes for "Yes" constituted an absolute majori ty and the con-

stitution has been duly adopted.

SOIL CLASSIFICATION COMMITTEE

The Soil Classification Committee met in Melbourne on the 30th and

31st of October, and has now completed its r epor t on Dr . Guy Smith 's

classification scheme. Copies will soon be posted to al l b r anches . At its

next meeting Council intends to consider whether the r epo r t should be

published, and, if so , w h e r e .

JOURNAL COMMITTEE.

Fo r some t ime many member s of the Society have felt that there

ought to be an Austra l ian Journa l of Soil Science. E a r l y las t year a

committee of South Aust ra l ians led by Mr. J . K . Taylor , collected evidence

showing the need for such a journa l , and presented their case to the C . S . I . R .O .

and the Austra l ian Academy of Science. The Board of Standards of the

Austra l ian Journa l s of Scientific Resea rch decided against establishing the

journal at that s tage , but suggested that the Society should r a i s e the mat ter

at a la ter da te . The committee p repared the Society 's case again las t

September , and once more submitted its evidence to the C . S . I . R . O . and

the A. A . S . There was c lear proof that the need for the journal had

grown. This t ime the Board of Standards has not rejected the idea, but has

deferred a decision for severa l months .

AUSTRALIAN SOILS CONFERENCE.

The next Austra l ian Soils Conference may be held in Canber ra . Council has accepted an invitation from the A. C. T. Branch to hold it t he re , and will recommend this venue and appropr ia te date to the Agricul tural Council after its next meeting. There is backing for ea r ly 19 62 and backing for 1963. The main problem is to avoid a clash with the meetings to be held in New Zealand in November 1962 of the I . S . S . S . Commissions IV and V (Fer t i l i ty and Soil Classification ).

BIENNIAL GENERAL MEETING.

The outgoing F e d e r a l Council held the Society 's biennial genera l meet -

ing at the Waite Inst i tute, Adelaide, on the 22nd Ju ly . The Pres iden t , Mr .

J . K . Taylor, took the cha i r , and afterwards del ivered the Pres iden t i a l a d d r e s s .

His subject was: "Pedology and Land Use" .

- 18 -

SOILS TRIP AT BRISBANE A.N. Z. A. A .S . MEETING

The Queensland Branch has ar ranged a one day field t r ip in conjunction

with the May Conference of A. N. Z. A. A. S. in Br isbane . The excursion is

planned for Saturday, June 3rd, which is the Saturday i inmediately following

the conclusion of the conference. Departing by char te red bus at 9. 0 a . m .

the round tr ip of about 50 miles is to include d i s t r i c t s to the Eas t and South

of Br i sbane . The luncheon stop will be at the Universi ty F a r m , Redlands.

Soils to be inspected include a la ter i t ic podzolic together with a red ea r th

to be seen in a roadside qua r ry at Capalaba. Other soils of in te res t a re a

humic gley at Carbrook and an acid gilgai clay at Loganlea. It is expected

that the schedule will p e r m i t of an afternoon stop for various re f reshments

and d iscuss ion .

The Branch is keen to have as many southern v is i tors as possible

p re sen t and would apprecia te some notification at a la ter date from those

des i rous of attending.

BIENNAL REPORT OF

SOIL CLASSIFICATION COMMITTEE

JULY I960

With regard to its t e r m s of re fe rence , the Committee repor t s as follows:

I . F o r u m ac t iv i t ies .

No response has been received to the Commit tee ' s ea r l i e r invitation

to member s to submit unpublished r epor t s and correspondence for comment

and dis tr ibut ion to other members of the Society.

I I . Study of soil classif icat ion s c h e m e s .

(i) U .S . 6th Approximation Soil Classification Scheme.

The Commit tee ' s act ivi t ies during the pas t 18 months have mainly

concerned study of this scheme which was introduced to Austral ian soil

sc ient is ts by D r . Guy Smith during his visi t e a r ly in 1959.

All member s of the Committee had, individually, the opportunity of

discussing and test ing the scheme in the field with Dr . Smith. Two " in

person " Committee meetings have since been held. At a meeting in

Melbourne on 18th Apri l , 1959, the Committee defined its position in re la t ion

to comment on the Scheme and d iscussed important features and concepts .

- 19 -

Discuss ions were continued by correspondence over the following 12 months .

Final d iscuss ions were held at a second meeting in Sydney on 8th and 9th

Apri l , I960, and an outline of a r epor t on the Scheme was developed. This

r epo r t is now in prepara t ion and will be completed within a few weeks .

(ii) Nor thcote ' s Fac tua l Key for the Recognition of Austral ian Soi l s .

- The Committee has corresponded with Mr. Northcote and has received

from him a copy of his "Key" (Proposi t ion No. 1, June , 1959 ). He has

advised that, after addition of an introduction and g lossary , this is to be

published in the la t ter pa r t of the year as a C.S . I. R. O. Division of Soils ,

divisional r e p o r t . He has also suggested that considerat ion of the Key

would be mater ia l ly ass i s ted by availabili ty of Sheet No. 1 of the Atlas which

should be published at about the same t ime . The Committee agrees that

comment on the Key should be deferred until the full information is avai lable.

As this is in line with Mr. Northcote ' s wishes no action will be taken until

the ma te r i a l is published.

(iii) Proposed review of r ecen t papers on soil c lass i f ica t ion .

Following completion of its r epor t on the 6th Approximation, the Committee

proposes to review some recen t pape r s on classif icat ion. Comment on them

will concern especia l ly their approach to this subject and impact on

Austral ian soil c lassif icat ion. Among the papers the Committee has in mind

(i) Jones , T . A . (1959). Soil Classification - a des t ruc t ive c r i t i c i s m .

J . S o i l S c i . 1_0, 162.

(ii) Kubiena, W.Li. (1958). The classif ication of so i l s .

J . Soil Sci. _9_, 9.

(iii) Basinski , J . J . (1959). The Russian approach to soil classification

and its recent development .

J . Soil Sci . VO, 14.

I l l , Contact with overseas thought and p r o g r e s s .

The Committee has not established d i rec t contact with overseas

bodies and does not intend to do so . It feels that it would not be able to

maintain a re la t ionship of this kind and proposes instead to r e ly on publications

to keep in touch with overseas thought and development of classif icat ion.

B . E . Butler

R.G. Downes

G.D. Hubble

K .D. Nicolls

L . J . H. Teakle

- 20 -

BRANCH ACTIVITIES

A. C. T. Branch:

elected for 1960/61:

Pres ident :

Secre ta ry :

T r e a s u r e r :

At the 4th Annual Genera l Meeting of the Branch held on

27th July, I9 60 the following off ice-bearers were

Mr. G. A. Stewart

D r . J . R , Simpson

Mr. H. Waring

Pas t Pres ident : Mr. R. Brewer

Following the election of of f ice-bearers Mr. R. Brewer del ivered his Pres ident ia l address entitled:

"The Pe t rographic Approach to the Study of Soi ls . "

The following speakers have addressed Branch gatherings over the

pas t few months : -

Dr . R. Wetse laar - "The nitrogen cycle in a soil at Ka the r ine . "

Dr , S .M. BromfieM - "Aspects of phophorus in p a s t u r e . "

Dr , A, V. Blackmore - "The mechanism of swelling in montmori l loni te ."

D r . J . D . Colwell - "The chemical a s se s smen t of phosphate status in

s o i l s . "

Mr, G. A, Mclntyre - " E r r o r s in soil s ampl ing . "

Dr . D. Cosgrove - "Organic phosphorus in soils'.'

Dr . C . J . Shepherd - "The action of helminthic ides in s o i l . "

Riverina Sub-Branch,;

Two meetings of the Riverina Sub-Branch were held during the second

half of I960, fhe f i rs t at the Wagga Agr icul tura l Institute and the second at

the Regional . i :>astoral Labora tory , Deniliquin. Both meetings were attended

by more than thir ty people, f rom C .S . I . R .O . , N.S„W. Department of

Agr i cu l tu re , and other government depa r tmen t s . The talks were good and

were f -Jloved by lively d i scuss ion .

The Wv-^p-v. meeting centred en the growth and nutrit ion of wheat on

soils in tha'; reg ion . Dealing with nitrogen uptake and protein content and an

exper iment with five wheat ve r i t i e s and two nitrogen levels , Mr. W.V. Single

said 1'hu.i tLcu.',h ^a^_^. was evidence of var ie ta l differences in uptake and

manner of redis t r ibut ion, environment effects are so strong that the var ie t ies

cannot be charac ter ized consis tent ly. Of soil minera l -N M e s s r s . R . R .

S to r r io r ard W.V, Single found a significant fall from the 4 - 5 leaf stage of

a ce rea l crop until flowering, followed by a r i s e at harves t due to an inc rease

in NH4; significant fluctuations were confined to the top foot of soi l . The

soil borne behaviour of the four local species of ce rea l root rot fungi was

- 21 -

dealt with by Mr . F . C . But ler . The aims and p r o g r e s s of agronomy survey were d iscussed by Mr . A. C. Taylor .

At the Deniliquin meeting the p rogramme was as follows:-

Relevance of the ecological status of the vegetation to grazing exper i -

ments on s emi -a r id and arid pas tu res - Mr. O. B. Wil l iams.

Physiology of plant micro-nut r i t ion with especia l re ference to the boron requ i rements of plants - D r . T . F . Nea le s .

Physiology of grain development in wheat - D r . T . F . Nea les .

Effect of nutr ient and environment on the growth of the wheat plant, and the distr ibution of ni trogen in the plant - D r . J . Wilson.

Growth studies and wheat - Mr. J . L. Davidson.

South Austral ian Branch: The Annual General Meeting, held on 23rd. June ,

took place in the absence abroad of the re t i r ing

Pres iden t , Mr . J . A. Bea re , whose address was held over in favour of one

by D r . J . S . Russe l l on "Changes in some proper t i e s of a solodized solonetz

at Kybybolite, South Aus t ra l ia . " This meeting elected D r . J . P. Quirk as

P res iden t and Dr . C .S . Piper as V ice -Pres iden t . Mr . G.D. Bowen and

D r . R . J . Millington were re-appointed s e c r e t a r y and t r e a s u r e r respec t ive ly .

The other member s of the new commit tee a re D r s . D . J . Greenland and

K . Nor r i sh , and Mr. G. Blackburn.

A branch meeting planned for July was waived in favour of the

Biennial Genera l Meeting of the A . S . S . S . , at which the pres ident ia l address

was given by Mr. J . K . Taylor , on "Pedology and the use of l and . "

Two talks were given to the meeting on September 22nd. Mr. R. M.

Taylor spoke on "Iron oxides in so i l s " and D r . E . W. Radoslovich on "Should

micas twist and kaolins cur l? "

A ve ry successful s h e r r y pa r ty on 27th October was enjoyed by

branch members and gues t s . It was timed for the vis i t to Adelaide of a

number of officers of C . S . I . R . O . Division of Soils and for the r e tu rn of

some m e m b e r s from abroad, and about forty attended.

The annual field excurs ion on Saturday 19th November was concerned

with soils and building foundations in the Adelaide a r ea . Thir ty members

and f r iends , led by D r . G.D. Aitchison and Mr. P . Morr i s of the

C . S . I . R . O . Soil Mechanics Section and Mr. A.W. Gibson of the S. A. Mines

Depar tment , visi ted building pro jec t s , construction si tes and housing

es ta tes around Adelaide.

The final meeting of the year , a r ranged for 24th November, will

provide short r epo r t s from four m e m b e r s who attended the Seventh In te r -

national Soil Science Congress in Madison, U . S . A .

The membersh ip of the branch stood at 49 in June .

- 22 -

Victorian Branch: The las t meeting of the branch was held at the

C . S . I . R . O . Soil Mechanics Section, Syndal on

21st October. At 4 p . m . D r . Aitchison conducted members through the

labora tor ies where interest ing aspects of the work in p r o g r e s s were noted

concerning stabili ty of var ious foundation mate r ia l s for buildings and r o a d s .

The labora tory inspection was followed by tea in the staff room, giving

members a good opportunity for informal d iscuss ion . After tea, Mr .Downes ,

the Fede ra l Pres iden t , gave a talk on informative aspects of his recen t work

w i t h F . A . O . in I s r ae l .

The next branch meeting will be held ea r ly next year when Professor Deeper will speak on some aspects of his recent ove r seas exper iences , under the heading "Soil work in E i r e , Germany and the Netherlands ".

Western Austral ian Branch: The W.A. Branch of the Society held an

Annual General Meeting on 12th September

las t , at which Dr . D . P . Drover gave an address entitled "Twelve years

of Soil Science in W.A. " in which be summar i sed and reviewed what had

been done here in the t ime .

At the same meeting there was an election of office - b e a r e r s ,

S . T . Smith, T. Stone man and C.V. Malcolm were elected Branch

Pres ident , Hon. Sec re t a ry and Hon. T r e a s u r e r respec t ive ly . All a r e at

the W.A. Depar tment of Agricul ture Labora to r i e s , J a r rah Road, South

Pe r th .

f PERSONAL NOTES

A. C. T. Branch: D r . S.iv . Bromfield depar ted in August to spend

twelve months at the Macauley Institute for Soil

Resea rch in Aberdeen, Scotland.

Mr. P . Walker of the Division of Soi ls , C . S . I . R . O . has been

t ransfer red from Sydney to Canber ra .

Mr. B.W. Norman has res igned from the N . S . W. Soil Conservation

Resea rch Station at Scone and joined the Plant Nutrition Section of the

Division of Plant Industry, C . S . I . R . O . , Canber ra .

Mr. G. A. Stewar t has been appointed Chief of the Division of Land

Resea rch and Regional Survey, C . S . I . R . O .

Queensland Branch: Mr. C. de Mooy, Soil Surveyor with C . S . I . R . O . has

t aken up a Graduate Research Associateship at Ames ,

Iowa and will work on some aspects of soil fer t i l i ty with Dr . Pesek .

Mr.G.G.Beckmann, fo rmer ly at Brisbane and more recent ly with

C . S . I . R . O . Division of Soils , Adelaide, is undertaking Graduate Resea rch

under Dr . Sherman at Univers i ty of Hawaii and will work on palaeopedology

re la ted to pas t c l ima tes .

- 23 -

Mr. R. Cullinane has taken up a position as Soil Physic is t with the Queensland Depar tment of Agricul ture k Stock, and is at p resen t engaged in equipping a labora tory for his work.

River ina Sub-Branch: Mr . D. Bouma, C . S . I . R . O . Griffith, will be

t r ans fe r red to C . S . I . R . O . , Plant Industry, Canber ra .

D r . W. V, Single will leave the Wagga Agr icul tura l Research

Institute to take up a position as Officer in Charge of a new Resea rch

Institute of the Depar tment of Agricul ture in the Northern p a r t of New

South Wales .

Mr. J . L. Davidson, C . S . I . R . O . , Deniliquin, will commence post

graduate study at Nottingham Universi ty ea r ly next year . M r . O . Wil l iams,

C . S . I . R . O . , Deniliquin, will t ransfer to the North Ryde, C . S . I . R. O. ,

l abo ra to r i e s .

Mr. A. R. Stobbs, from the Commonwealth Pool of Soil Scient is ts ,

cu r ren t ly working in Br i t i sh T e r r i t o r i e s in Africa, is at C .S . I. R. O. ,

Griffith, for 5 months to study soil aspects in i r r igated reg ions .

South Austra l ian Branch: Most of the members mentioned in the las t

issue as delegates to the International Soil

Science Congress have now re turned home.

The following branch members a re ove r seas :

Mr. L, A. G. Aylmore - studying in U .S .A .

Mr . K. P . Bar ley - Universi ty study leave in U.S .A. and Europe .

D r . T . J . Marsha l l - official vis i ts to North Amer ica and Europe .

Mr . K .G. Ti l le r - studying in U .S .A.

Mr. C . B . Wells - studying in U.K.

Mr. J . A. Bea re , the re t i r ing branch pres ident , re turned in October

from an overseas tour .

Professor C M . Donald paid a brief visi t to the U.K. in September

to address the Society of Exper imenta l Biology and to attend the Common-

wealth Agr icul tura l Bureau Conference.

New member s of the branch a r e :

Mr. L. A. G. Aylmore , Mr. E . F . F r i cke (Tasmanian Depar tment

of A- r i ca l tu re ), D r . D . J . Greenland (VTaite Institute), and

D r . J . S . Russel l (S. A. Depar tment of Agricul ture) ,

Mess rs . J . R . Har r i s and R . D . Bond have been filmed in a television

p r o g r a m m e dealing with their studies of salinity in Adelaide c r icke t p i t ches .

Mr. G. G. Beckmann, who spent a year in Adelaide on t empora ry

t ransfer from Br isbane , has gone to Hawaii to study for two years under

Professor Sherman .

- 24 -

Victorian Branch: F r a n k Gibbons sailed for England on the 28th November

with his wife and two smal l sons . They will be away for

twelve months. F rank will work at the Faculty of Agr icul ture , Universi ty

of Durham, where he hopes to note the t ie -up between soils work and

agronomy.

Six new members were welcomed since the las t issue of "Soils News",

namely M e s s r s . K.W. Double, C. de Visse r , E . R . Hopkins, A. Mitchell ,

D r . D. Lafeber and Mr. E . A. Jackson, who t r ans fe r red from the S.A.

Branch .

Western Austra l ian Branch: D r . D. P . Drove r , fo rmer ly Senior

Lec ture r in Soil Science and also pres ident of

the W. A, Branch, left on 17th November to take up a post as Professor and

Head of the Depar tment of Agr icul tura l Chemist ry and Pedology in the

Universi ty of Khar toum. Before leaving, he was entertained by the W.A.

Institute of Agricul ture and C .S . I . R. O. , at a cocktai l par ty , where

Professor Underwood, Reg Ross i te r and Don himself made speeches , and

al l was very jol ly.

Mr. G.K. Burvil l who was foundation Branch Pres ident , re turned

recent ly from an overseas t r ip ( long-serv ice leave) during which he

attended the Grass lands Conference in England.

Dr . A. V. Blackmore , fo rmer ly of C.S . I. R. O. , Division of Soils ,

Canber ra , who recent ly had three years at Cornell , is t r ans fe r r ing to the

Pe r th labora tor ies in January , 1961.

NEWS ITEMS AND NOTES;

SOVIET SOIL SCIENCE: The journal "Soviet Soil Science" published in

U .S .A. as a t ranslat ion of the monthly Russian

journal "Pochvovedenie" is reviewed by C. C. Nikiforoff in T r a n s . Amer .

Geophys. Un. ( I960, 41: 437). He gives some examples of inaccuracies in

t ranslat ion and c r i t i c i s e s the edi tor ia l work on the t rans la ted journa l .

Nikiforoff questions the mer i t of issuing in t ransla t ion the complete a r t i c les

two years after or iginal publication and thinks that most r e a d e r s would be

served bet ter if the English s u m m a r i e s in the Russian journal could be

improved and made longer .

GLOSSARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS: As the Atomic Weapons Research

Es tab l i shment points out in its news-

le t t e r , this is a time of year when confidential r epor t s have to be made on

staff. For those who a re confused by the words general ly used in charac te r

a s s e s s m e n t s , and their p rec i se meanings in this connection, the newsle t ter

- 25 -

goes on to give a g lossary which will " a s s i s t those with limited experience

to si t in judgment on their fellow men" . I quote from it:

Hardworking = Dir ty lab. coat.

Ambitious = Likes money.

Over-ambit ious = Wants to be paid as much as me .

Bright = Agrees with m e .

Good Manager = Gets others to do the work.

Imaginative = Member of Society for Psychica l Resea r ch .

Observant = Watches the g i r l s .

Unobservant = Near re t i r ing age.

Good committee man = Sleeps upright.

Poor committee man = Sleeps horizontal .

Reflective = Sleeps anywhere .

The g lossa ry is actually much more extensive, but it fails to

give a meaning of ' fair ly unsa t i s fac tory ' . I r e m e m b e r that one only too

well , and never knew where it stood in relat ion to fair ly poor , poor , or

plain unsat is factory .

"Geminus" in the New Scient is t .

THORP'S LAW: To Park inson ' s familiar edicts on business behaviour,

the world can now add a law discovered by Professor

Willard Thorp, who conducts seminar s for leading thinkers at the U.S .A. 's

Merri l l Center for Economics .

"The r ight number for a discussion group va r i e s inversely with

the intensity of the in te res t of those part icipating have in the subject being

d i scussed . If all of the par t ic ipants are so in teres ted in the subject that

they are filled to overflowing, the maximum number of par t ic ipants is

eight. This is the maximum number than can all talk at the same time -

and hear t h e m s e l v e s . "

"International Management Digest"

QUOTE WITHOUT COMMENT: "The Union of International Associations

held the second Congress of International

Congress Organizers and Technicians in the Pala is de Beaulieu, at

Lausanne, from 15th to 18th March, I 9 6 0 . "

;^;=:^=; i i; l :K-M:

- 26 -

AUSTRALIAN SOCIETY OF SOIL SCIENCE

LIST OF MEMBERS

(at 1st December , I960)

Aitchison, G . D . (V4)

Anderson , A . J . (ACT1)

Andrew, W . D . (ACTl)

Arndt , W. (Q4)

Aston, M . J . (N.S .W.2)

Atkins , B . F . (NSW 24)

Ay lmore , L . A . G . (SA1)

Bakker , A . C , (V13)

Baldwin, J . G . (V3)

Bar ley , K . P . (SA1)

B a r t e l s , L . F . (V2)

Bas insk i , J . J . (ACT3)

B e a r e , J . A , (SA2)

Bea t t ie , J . A . (NSW 21)

Beat ty , H . J . (ACT2)

Beckmann, G .G. (SA3)

Beckwith, R . S . (Q2)

Bettenay, E , (WAl)

B ieske , G . C . (Q3)

Blackburn, G. (SA3)

B lackmore , A . V . (ACT2)

Bond, R . (SA3)

Bouma, D . (NSW3)

Bowen, G . D . (SA3)

Bradley , J . (NSW1)

B r e w e r , E . R . O . (Q)

B r e w e r , R . (ACT2)

Br idge , B . J . (NSW26)

B r i n e r , G . P . (VI)

Br i sbane , P . G . (SA3)

Bromfield, S .M. (ACTl)

Burvi l l , G . H . (WA2)

But le r , B . E . (ACT2)

Cameron , D . G . (NSW4)

Car tmi l l , W . J . (Ql)

Catchpoole, V .R . (Q4)

Channon, J . R . (Vl3)

Chippendale, F , (Ql)

Churchward, H . M , (WAl)

C la rke , A . R . P . (SA3)

Clough, A . F . (NSW5)

Coaldrake , J . E . (Q5)

Cockroft, B„ (VI2)

Col l i s -George , N. (NSW2)

Colwell , J . D 0 (ACT2)

Condon, R . (NSW4)

Connor, J , (Miss) (NSW23)

Corbet t , J . T . (NSW2)

Cosgrove , D J , (ACTl)

Crack , B . J . (Ql)

C r o c k e r , R , L . (NSW2)

Condon, R . W . (NSW4)

Crockford, R . H . (NSW14)

Cull inane, R, (Q4)

Davey, B . G . (NSW2)

David, D . J . (ACTl)

Dav i s , E . H . (NSW2)

de Laine , R, J . (V5)

Denmead, O . T . (Q5)

Det tmann, M.G , (Miss) (V4)

Dijk-van, D . C , (ACT2)

Dimmock, G .M. (SA4)

Donald, C M . (SA1)

Donald, I .B.(V4)

Double, K . W . W . (VI)

Downes, R , G , (V5)

D r o v e r , D . P . (WA3)

Dunk, W . P . (Vl l )

E l lya rd , P . W . (NSWl)

E m e r s o n , W , f . (SA3)

England, H . N . (NSW7)

Evans , G .N. (NSWl)

F e r g u s , I . F . (Q2)

27

Fl in t , S . E . (NSW7)

Fox , W . E . (Q4)

F r i c k e , E . F . (SA11)

F r i t h , J . L . (ACT3)

F r o m , F . R . (Q4)

Gallet ly, J . G . (Q6)

Gibbons, F . R . (V5)

Gi les , J . B . (SA3)

Graaf, van d e , R . H . M . (ACT3)

Gra ley , G .M. (SA4)

G r a s m a n i s , V .O . (V12)

Greacen , E . L . (SA3)

Green , P . (Miss) (ACT2)

Greenland, D . J . (SA1)

Groenewegen, H. (NSW3)

G u r r , C .G . (3A3)

Gyarmathy, A. (V5)

Haant jens, H . A . (ACT3)

Haldane, A . D . (ACT6)

Hamilton, C D . (ACT4)

Hansen, T . R . (V7)

Harford, L . B . (V5)

H a r r i s , J . R . (SA3)

H a s s l e r , H. (Ql)

Hatch, A . B . (WA4)

Hawkins, C .A. (NSW1)

Henzel l , E . F . (Q5)

H e s s , F . X . (V6)

Hewitt, J . W . (NSW8)

Hingston, F . J . (WA1)

Holmes , J . W . (SA3)

Hooper , G.A. (V2)

Hopkins, E . R . (VI)

Hosking, J . S . (V8)

Hubble, G .D . (Q2)

Hughes, J . D . (Q4)

Humphr ies , A . W . (WA5)

Hutton, J . T . (SA3)

Isbel l , R . F . (Q2)

Jackson, D . L . (NSW2)

Jackson, E . A . (V14)

J e s sup , R . W . (ACT1)

Johnson, A . D . (Ql)

Johnston, E . J . (ACT5)

Johnston, R . D . (ACT4)

Jones , H .R . (NSW5)

Jones , L . H . P . (V9)

Jones , L . T . (WA2)

Jones , R . M . (NSW11)

Kir ton, D . J . (WA5)

Lafeber , D . (V4)

Langford-Smith, T . (NSW2)

Leepe r , G.W. (Vl)

L e s l i e , J . K . (Ql)

Les l i e , T . I . (V5)

Leverington, K . C . (Q3)

Lewis , D . G . (SA1)

Lightfoot, L . C . (WA2)

Litchfield, W.H. (SA9)

Li t t le , I. P . (Q2)

Loneragan, J . F . (ACT1)

Loveday, J . (NSW3)

McArthur , W.M. (NSW 15)

McCaffrey, L . A . H . (NSW16)

McDonald, A. (Ql)

Mclntyre , D . S . (ACT2)

McKenzie, R . M . (SA3)

McLachlan, K . D . (ACT1)

McGari ty, J . W . (SA1)

Maher , B . T . (NSW22)

Malcolm, C .V. (WA2)

Marsha l l , K . C . (NSW1)

Marsha l l , T . J . (SA3)

Mart in , A . E . (Q2)

Mar t in , F . M . (V10)

Matheson, W . E . (SA8)

Mil la r , B . D . (NSW14)

Millington, R . J . (SA1)

Mitchell , A . (V5)

Moore , C . W . E . (ACTl)

Mooy, d e , C . J . (Ql)

Moraghan, J . T . (NSW9)

M o r r i s , I . R . J . (V6)

Muirhead, W.A. (NSW10)

Mulcahy, M . J . (WAl)

Munns, D . N . (NSW1)

Mur ray , J . S . (V5)

Newell, J . W . (V6)

- 28 -

Newman, J . C . (NSWll)

Nicol ls , K.D.(SA4)

Norman, B .W. (ACT )

Nor r i sh , K. (SA3)

Northcote , K . H . (SA3)

Oer t e l , A . C . (SA3)

Orchis ton , H . D . (NSW18)

Ozanne, P . G . (WA5)

P a r k e r , C .A . (WA3)

P e l s , S. (NSW3)

Penman, F . (V3)

P i p e r , C . S . (SA3)

Pou t sma , T . (V6)

P o w r i e , J . K . (SA1)

P r e b b l e , R . E . (Q2)

P y m , _ L . W . (WA2)

Quirk, J , P . (3A1)

Raupach, M. (SA3)

Rause l l -Co lom, J , A . (SA3)

Reeve , P . (Q2)

R iceman , D . S . (SA10)

R i c h a r d s , B .N , (Q7)

Ridley, W . F . (Q5)

Rix , C . E . (SA6)

Rixon, A . J . (Q8)

R o b e r t s , F . J . (WA3)

Robinson, E . V . (Q4)

Roe , R . (NSW12)

R o s e , C . E . (Ql)

R o s s i t e r , R . C . (WA5)

Rothols , W.R . (V5)

Rov i ra , A . D . (SA3)

Rowan, J . N , (V5)

Rowe, R . K . (V5)

R u s s e l l , J . S . (SA2)

Rutherford , G.K. (ACT3)

Sands, J . (Miss) (NSW2)

Sargeant , I . J . (V6)

Saro lea , H. (V6)

Schroo, H. (SA12)

Sedgley, R . H . (NSW 14)

Sibley, G . T . (V5)

Simpfendorfer , K. JM (V13)

Simpson, J . R . (ACT1)

Single. W.V. (NSW6)

Skene, J . K . M . (V6)

Skerman , P . J . (Q4)

Skerman, V . B . D , (Q4)

Skinner , A . F . (Ql)

Skurlow, J . (NSW4)

Sla tyer , R . O . (ACT3)

Sleeman, J . K , (ACT2)

Smi l e s , D . E . (NSW2)

Smith, S . T . (WA3)

Spar row, G.W. (NSW25)

S tace , H . C . T . (SA3)

Stackhouse, K. (SA7)

Stannard, M . E . (NSW7)

Stannard, M 0 C . (NSW17)

Steinbergs,A0 (ACTl)

Stefanson, R0 (NSW2)

Stephen- , C C (SA3)

Stewar t , G.A, ' (ACT3)

Stiegli tz , von, C,RS (Ql)

St i rk , G . B , (Q2)

Stocklin, A. (NSW3)

Stoneman, T-C<, (WA2)

S t o r r i e r , R . R . (NSW6)

Swaby, R , J . (3A3)

Talbot , R . J 6 (Q6)

T a l s m a , T . (N.S .W.3)

Taylor.. A . C . (NSW6)

Tay lo r , J . K . (SA3)

Teak le , L - J . H . ' (Q4)

Thompson, C,H„ (Q2)

T i l l e r , KSG, (SA3)

T i sda l l , A . L . (Vl l )

T r a c e y , J . G . (Q10)

T r o i s i , M . J . (V6)

Tucke r , B .M, (SA3)

T u r n e r . A„K, (Vl)

Turtor.. A , G . (VIAl)

Vallance, L . G , (Q3)

V i s s e r , d e , Cs (V4)

V r i e s , de , M . P . C , (SA)

Walbran, W , T , (V6)

Walker , P..H. (NSW19)

WallbrJnk. J-C„ (V12)

29

W a l t e r s , D . V . (ACT3)

W a r c u p , J . H . (SA1)

W a r i n g , H . D . (ACT4)

W a r i n g , S . A . (Q4)

W e b b , L . J . (Q10)

W e b s t e r , A . ( V l l )

W e l l s , C . B . (SA3)

W e n t h o l t , L . (Ql )

W e t s e l a a r , R . (ACT3)

Wijk, v a n , i C • J-j . (Ql) W i l l i a m s , C . H . ( A C T l )

W i l l i a m s , O . B . (NSW 14)

W i l l i a m s , V . C . (NSW3)

W o o d h a m , R . C , , B . (V3)

W r e c z y c k i , R , (Ql )

A p p l i c a t i o n P e n d i n g

O i l i e r , C . D . (VI)

- 30 -

Key to A d d r e s s e s of A . S . S . S . M e m b e r s

ACT - A u s t r a l i a n C a p i t a l T e r r i t o r y B r a n c h

1, C . S . I . R . O . D i v i s i o n of P l a n t I n d u s t r y , C a n b e r r a

2 , C . S . I . R . O . D i v i s i o n of S o i l s , C a n b e r r a

3 . C . S . I . R . O , D i v i s i o n of Land R e s e a r c h and R e g i o n a l

S u r v e y , C a n b e r r a

4 . C o m m o n w e a l t h F o r e s t r y and T i m b e r B u r e a u , C a n b e r r a

5 . N o r t h e r n T e r r i t o r y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , D a r w i n , N . T .

6, B u r e a u of M i n e r a l R e s o u r c e s , C a n b e r r a .

N . S . W . - New South W a l e s B r a n c h

1 . D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e , Sydney

2 . U n i v e r s i t y of Sydney

3 . C . S . I . R . O , I r r i g a t i o n R e s e a r c h S t a t i o n , Gri f f i th

4» Soi l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , S y d n e y ,

5 . Soi l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , Wagga

6 . A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , Wagga

7 . W a t e r C o n s e r v a t i o n and I r r i g a t i o n C o m m i s s i o n , Sydney

8 . D e p a r t m e n t of Main R o a d s , Wagga

9 . H a w k e s b u r y A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e , R i c h m o n d

10 . Soil C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , Hay

11» Soil C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , Condobol in

1 2 . C . S . I . R . O , D i v . P l a n t I n d u s t r y , A r m i d a l e

13 , Soi l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , K e m p s e y

I 4 r C . S . I . R . O . R e g i o n a l P a s t u r e L a b o r a t o r y , Den i l i qu in

1 5 . C . S . I . R . O , D i v . S o i l s , A r m i d a l e

1 6 . Soi l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , I n v e r e l l

1 7 . E x p e r i m e n t F a r m , Yanco

18 . Ch i l ean N i t r a t e C o r p o r a t i o n , C a l t e x H o u s e , Sydney

19 . C . S . I . R . O . D i v . S o i l s , U n i v e r s i t y of Sydney

2 0 . Soi l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , Scone

2 1 . U n i v e r s i t y of O r e g o n , U . S . A .

2 2 . 66 M a r s d e n S t r e e t , P a r a m a t t a

2 3 . 33 D a r n l e y S t r e e t , G o r d o n

2 4 . A g r i c u l t u r e C o l l e g e , W a g g a .

2 5 . U n i v e r s i t y of New E n g l a n d , A r m i d a l e

2 6 . W a t e r C o n s e r v a t i o n and I r r i g a t i o n C o m m i s s i o n , L e e t o n

- 31 -

Q - Queensland Branch

1. Depar tment of Agr icul ture and Stock, Brisbane

2 . C . S . I . R . O . Division of Soils , Brisbane

3 . Bureau of Sugar Exper iment Sta t ions , Brisbane

4. University of Queensland

5. C . S . I . R . O . Division of Tropica l P a s t u r e , Brisbane

6. Q . A . H . S . and College, Lawes

7. F o r e s t r y Depar tment , Br isbane

8* Depar tment of Agricul ture and Stock, Ather ton .

9. Depar tment of Agricul ture and Stock, Toowoomba

10, C . S . I . R . O . Div. Plant Indust ry , Brisbane

SA - South Aust ra l ian Branch

1, Waite Agr icu l tura l R e s e a r c h Inst i tute , Adelaide

2, Depar tment of Agr i cu l tu re , Adelaide,

3 , C . S . I . R . O . Div. Soi ls , Adelaide

4, C . S . I . R . O . Div. So i l s , Hobar t , Tasmania

5, Maha I l lupalama, Ceylon

6, Depar tment of Lands , Adelaide

7, Government Analysts Labora to ry , Hobar t , Tasmania

8, Depar tment of Agr i cu l tu re , Jamestown.

9, C . S . I . R . O . Div. Soi l s , Alice Spr ings , N . T .

10, C . S . I . R . O . Div. B iochemis t ry , Adelaide

11 , Depar tment of Agricul ture , Hobar t , Tasmania

12, Bureau of Soi l s , Agr icul tura l R e s e a r c h Ins t i tu te , Hollandia,

Nether lands , New Guinea.

V - Victorian Branch

1. Universi ty of Melbourne

2 . Depar tment of Agr i cu l tu re , Werr ibee

3 . C . S . I . R . O . Merbein

4. C . S . I . R . O . Soil Mechanics Section, Melbourne.

5. Soil Conservat ion Authori ty, Melbourne

6. Depar tment of Agricul ture , Melbourne

7. Shell Chemical (Aust .) P t y . L t d . , Melbourne

8. C . S . I . R . O . Div. Building R e s e a r c h , Highett

9. C . S . I . R . O . Div. Plant Indust ry , University of Melbourne

10. Depar tment of Agr i cu l tu re , Numurkah

11 . State R ive r s and Water Supply Commiss ion , Melbourne

12. Depar tment of Agr icu l tu re , Tatura

13. F o r e s t s Commiss ion , Melbourne.

14. C . S . I . R . O . , A , R . L . S . , 314 Albert S t r ee t , Eas t Melbourne.

WA - Western Aust ra l ia Branch

1, C . S . I . R . O , Division of Soi l s , University of W.A.

2, Depar tment of Agr i cu l tu re , Pe r th

3 , Universi ty of Western Aus t r a l i a , Nedlands

4 , F o r e s t R e s e a r c h Station, Dwellingup 5, C . S . I . R . O . , Div. Plant Industry, University of W.A.

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