VOLUME 4

IEEE No. 89CH2768-0LIBRARY OF CONGRESS No. 89-84217

IGARSS '89 12th CANADIAN SYMPOSIUM ON REMOTE SENSING

12e SYMPOSIUM CANADIEN SUR LA TELEDETECTION

REMOTE SENSING:

AN ECONOMIC TOOL FOR THE NINETIESJULY 10 -14 th 1989 VANCOUVER, CANADA

l2lhOn.*«"i.m Symposium on RemulebcnsniK12* SvmpoMiim Oniidk'n ur TVluik'tetluw

$.indLRSKoronthMonJ-Mii'linK IEEE

SPONSORS:

IEEE, CRSS, URSI

UN1VERS5TATSBSBUOTHEKHANNOVER

TECHNISCHE

INFORMATIONSBIBLIOTHEK

COPYRIGHT - 1989 by IEEE

i

Book 4

Table of Contenta

Page

Satellite based drought surveillance in India - Some achievements 1961S. Thiruvengadacharl, Nat. Rem. Sens. Agency, Hyderabad, India

Monitoring drought affected vegetation with AVHRR 1965E.W. Allison, Prairie Farm Rehab. Admin., Regina, Sask., Canada, R.J.

Brown, CCRS, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, H. Press, J. Gairns, INTERA Tech. Ltd.,Ont., Canada

Monitoring rangeland change using Landsat MSS data 1968

D.W. Mullins, INTERA Tech. Ltd., Ottawa, Ont., Canada, J. Cihlar, CCRS,

Ottawa, Ont., Canada

Operational monitoring of forage and crop yield 1972J. whiting, N. Nicolichuk, Sask. Res. Council, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada, S.

Benjamin, Can./Sask. Crop Ins. Corp., Melville, Canada

Regional paddy monitoring system using NOAA HRPT data 1975Y. Matsumae, T. Hosomura, H. Shimoda, T. Sakata, Tokai Univ. Research and

Info. Centre, Tokyo, Japan

Mult1-temporal land use analysis for soil erosion in selected Prince Edward Island 1979

(P.E.I.) watersheds

D.A. Wilson, Env. Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Canada, M.L. McCourt, Land

Resource Info. Serv., Amherst, NS, Canada, T.M. Humes, Env. Canada,Dartmouth, NS, Canada

Automatic determination of the topographic factor required in the universal soil loss 1986

equation

D. Benmouffok, D.N.H. Horler, Horler Info. Inc., Ottawa, Ont., Canada, R.

Leconte, CCRS, Ottawa, Ont., Canada

Application of remotely sensed and Geographic Information System data, to quantitative 1990

assessment of landslide damageCM. Trotter, P.R. Stephens, N.R. Trustrum, M.J. Page, K.S. Carr, R.C. de

Rose, Division of Land and Soil Sci., DSIR, Palmerston N.,New Zealand

Using satellite information as a tool for range management 1995

J. Whiting, J. Poison, Sask. Res. Council, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada, D.

McCartney, Can. Agrlc, Melfort, Sask., Canada

An assessment of TM imagery for land cover change detection 1998

T. Fung, Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong, Statin, Hong Kong

Utility of spatial filtering techniques for detecting soil erosion on Landsat Thematic 2002

Mapper images of Iran

M.N. Disfani, Univ. of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

The statistics Canada crop condition assessment program 2006

K.D. Korporal, R. Dobbins, N.M. Hillary, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ont,

Canada

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Page

Operational GIS: past, present and future 2010

F. Hegyi, Min. of Forests, Victoria, BC, Canada

Specifications for GIS and image analysis data: A government perspective 2011

P. Friesen, M. Sondheim, British Columbia Min. of Crown Lands, Victoria,

BC, Canada

Integrating satellite Imagery with other spatial data sets for monitoring the 2015

downstream Impacts of dam construction in Nigeria

P.G. Pllon, P.J. Howarth, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont., Canada

GIS data Integration for geological investigation In the South Mountain Batholith near 2019

Halifax, Nova Scotia

S.M. Shupe, M.S. Akhavi, Nova Scotia Coll. of Geog. Sci., Lawrencetown, NS,

Canada

Meeting GIS database requirements for natural topography resource management through 2023

the integration of digital and satellite ImageryM. Gray, E. Kenk, R. Yazdani, BC Min. of Crown Lands, Victoria, BC, Canada

The integration of remote sensing data with a Geographic Information System to develop 2027

forest cover parameters for forest wildlife impact assessment In Southern Ontario

C.L. Wagner, R.N. Pierce, S.W. Hounsell, Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Ont.,Canada

Integrated GIS and image analysis software: application in vegetation monitoring 2030

P. Landriau, Dipix Tech. Inc., Ottawa, Ont., Canada, M.J. Manore, CCRS,

Ottawa, Ont., Canada

The use of remotely sensed data in the creation of a Geo-database for Antigonish, Nova 2034

Scotia utilizing a micro-computer based GIS

T. Webster, TYDAC Tech. Inc., Ottawa, Ont., Canada, M.S. Akhavi, Nova

Scotia Coll. of Geog,.Lawrencetown, Canada

Review of satellite applications to fisheries 2037

R.M. Laurs, NOAA Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., La Jolla, CA, USA

Remote sensing and modern fishing technology - Its impact on conservation and 2040

protection of the fisheries resource

J.C. Davis, Inst, of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, BC, Canada

Comparison of ship and aerial surveys of sardine school 2041Ichiro Hara, Seikai Regional Fish. Res. Lab., Nagasaki, Japan

Remote sensing of fish schools: early results from a digital imaging spectrometer 2044

B.S. Nakashima, Dept. of Fish. & Oceans, St. John's, Nfld., Canada, G.A.

Borstad, D.A. Hill, R.C. Kerr, G.A. Borstad Assoc. Ltd., Sidney, BC, Canada

The toxic Chrysochromulina Polylepls bloom in Scandinavian waters - May/June 1988 2048

O.M. Johannessen, L.H. Pettersson, J.A. Johannessen, P.M. Haugan, T.

Olaussen, K. Kloster, Nansen Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway

Developing operational fisheries oceanography in Newfoundland 2052

S.A. Akenhead, Dept. of Fish, and Oc., St. John's, Nfld., Canada

Assessing fishing effort by remote sensing in the Scotia Fundy region of Fisheries and 2056

Oceans Canada

G. Sharp, J. Pringle, R. Duggan, Fish, and Oceans Canada, Halifax, NS,Canada

Pag

La teledetection: un outil addttionnel pour les etudes qui portent sur le recrutement 2061larvaire de certaines especes marines

A. Lavoie, Univ. de Montreal, Montreal, Que., Canada, C. Hudon, Peches et

Oceans Canada, Que., Canada, J.-M. Dubois, Univ. de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke,Que., Canada, G. Vigeant, Env, Canada, Saint-Laurent, Que., Canada

Automated spectral recognition of alteration mineralogy in imaging data using a 2065

knowledge-based expert systemT. Rubin, Stanford Univ., Stanfotd, CA, USA

Inversion of imaging spectrometry data using singular value decomposition 2069

J.W. Boardraan, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

A hybrid system of data analysis for Imaging spectrometry 2073

D. Jayasinghe, J. Miller, York Univ., North York, Ont., Canada

Combining spectral and spatial mode Imagery from an Imaging spectrometer 2077

J.D. Dunlop, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont., Canada

Use of the compact airborne spectrograph!c imager (CASI): Laboratory Examples 2081

Laboratory ExamplesG.A. Borstad, D.A. Hill and R.C. Kerr, G.A. Borstad Assoc. Ltd.,

Sidney, BC, Canada

Changes in canopy leaf area index and biochemical constituents of a spruce forest as 2085

measured by the AIS-2 Airborne Imaging SpectrometerC. Banninger, Inst, for Im. Proc. and Comp. Graphics, Graz, Austria

Determining experimentally induced variation in coniferous canopy chemistry with 2090

airborne imaging spectrometer data

N.A. Swanberg, P.A. Matson, NASA Ames Res. Cen., Moffett Field, CA, USA

Red edge measurements and canopy structure: a first look with AVIRIS data 2093

C.E. Leprieur, Lab. d'Etudes et Rech. en Teledet. Spat., Toulouse, France

Systems de mesures de reflectances pour les spectrometres imageurs 2097A. Royer, N.T. O'Neill, D. Williams, P. Cliche, Univ. de Sherbrooke,Sherbrooke, Que., Canada, R. Verreault, Univ. de Quebec, Chicoutimi, Qc,Canada

Analysis of scattering behavior from a known random surface using frequency diverse 2101

projection imagingC.E. Nance, A.J. Blanchard, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA

Multiple volume scattering effects in microwave polarimetric remote sensing 2104

L. Tsang, K.H. Ding, B. Wen, D. Winebrenner, Univ. of Washington, Seattle,

WA, USA

Inference of geophysical parameters from multifrequency polarimetric radar observations 2108

and model imverslon

J.J. van Zyl, C.F. Burnette, T.G. Farr, NASA/JPL, Pasadena, CA, USA

The effect of agricultural parameters on radar cross-section: A linear regression 2112

model

G.C. Hussey, G.J. Sofko, Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada,B. Brisco, CCRS, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, J. Koehler, M.J. McKibben, Univ. of

Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada

C-Band backscatter sensitivity to multi-scale geometry and soil moisture variability of 2116

agricultural surfaces

A. Beaudoin, Q.H.J. Gwyn, Univ. de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que., Canada, T.

Le Toan, CESR, Toulouse, France

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Experimental investigation of the dependence of radar backscattering on wind speed, 2122

wind stress and wave heightS. Gogineni, Univ. of Kansas Cen. for Res., Inc., Lawrence, KS, USA, K.B.

Katsaros, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

The dependence of the microwave radar cross section on ocean surface slope statistics: 2125

comparison of measurements and theoryD.E. Weissman, Hofstra Univ., Hempstead, NY, USA

Speckle statistics in airborne SAR imagery of the ocean surface 2126

T. Eltoft, Univ. of Tromso, Tromso, Norway, H. Johnson, FORUT, Tromso,

Norway

Remotely sensed surface temperature observations in HAPEX 2127

T.J. Schmugge, USDA Hydrology Lab., Beltsville, MD, USA, J.P. Goutorbe,Cen. Nat. de Rech. Met., Toulouse, France

Remotely sensed measurements of surface temperatures over sparse canopies 2130

C.S.T. Daughtry, USDA-ARS Rem. Sens. Res. Lab., Beltsville, MD, USA, W.P.

Kustaa, USDA-ARS Hydro. Lab., Beltsville, MD, USA, M.S. Moran, R.D.

Jackson, USDA-ARS Water Cons. Lab., Phoenix, AZ, USA

On interconnection between microwave and infrared radiation fields and natural 2131

object conditionE.A. Reutov, Inst, of Radio Engineering & Electronics, Moscow, USSR

AVHRR-derlved cloudiness and surface temperature patterns over the Los Angeles area and 2132their relationships to land use

B. Dousset, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Estimating evapotranspiration over large areas 2138

J.C. Price, Agric. Res. Serv., USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA

A one- and two- layer model for estimating evapotranspiration with remotely sensed 2142

surface temperature and ground-based meterological data over partial canopy cover

W.P. Kustas, USDA-ARS/Nat. Resource Inst..Beltsville, MD, USA, B.J.

Choudhury, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA, K.E. Kunkel, Illinois State Water

Surv., Champagne, USA

Control of irrigation by following the water balance from NOAA-AVHRR thermal IR data 2146

A. Vidal, Lab. de Teledetect., CEMAGREF-ENGREF, Montpellier, France, A.

Perrier, INRA Bioclimat., Thiverval-Grlgnon, France

Remotely sensed soil moisture input to a hydrologlc model 2150

E.T. Engman, W.P. Kustas, USDA Hydrology Lab., Beltsville, MD, USA, J.R.

Wang, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA

Solar radiation statistics for Australian capital regions 2154M. Nunez, Univ. of Tasmania, Australia

The technological transfer on remote sensing programs, a tool for developing countries 2156

W. Danjoy A., ONERN, Lima, Peru

Remote sensing technology applications for the Caribbean: overcoming economic, 2157

political, & institutional obstacles

C. Specter, D. Gayle, ForIda Intl. Univ., Miami, FL, USA

The importance of remote sensing and mapping for resource development 2161J. Ambrose, CIDA advis., Gov't of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal

Sustainable development in resource management through remote sensingJ.E. Otoo, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

2165

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Use of remote sensing satellite data for Investigating water resources in Africa 2169A. Pietroniro, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont., Canada, W. Wishart, S.I.

Solomon, MacLaren Ing, Inc., London, Ont., Canada

Remote sensing for development - in Ethiopia 2173A. Fanta, Ethiopian Mapping Auth., Addis Abeba, Ethiopia

Evaluation of satellite data for topographic map updating in Kenya 2177H.O. Farah, P.J. Howarth, R.A. Bullock, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.,Canada

Evaluating land resource Information with geographic Information systems In Nepal 2180P.B. Shah, Topogr. Surv. Branch, Gov't of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal

Microprocessor-based water resources requirements simulation analysis 2183M. Ortiz, R. Vasquez-Esplnosa, Univ. of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico

Development of an environmental information system for Venezuela 2184C. Gosselln, S.R. Haja, R. Simard, DIGIM Inc., Montreal, Que., Canada, S.I.

Solomon, Solomon & Associates, Canada, R. Salcedo, Min. Amblente y Rec.

Nat. Ren., Caracas, Venezuela

The development of a resource information management system: A pilot project in

Northern Thailand

P. Vincent, M. Meaudoin, C. Prevost, G. Lemieux, R. Simard, DIGIM Inc

Montreal, Que., Canada, S. Vibulsresth, National Research Council of

Thailand, Thailand

A new airborne SAR for ice reconnaissance operationsJ.B. Mercer, INTERA Tech. Ltd., Calgary, Alta., Canada

International Ice Patrol side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) experiment 198B.

S. Osmer, Michael Alfultis, Intl. Ice Patrol, USCG, Groton, CT, USA

Lightweight airborne radar for maritime surveillance

D.C. Cantrill, P.A. Gordon, Litton Sys, Canada Ltd., Etobicoke, Ont.,Canada

Ice management for the offshore fisheryP. Rudkin, H. Ripley, K. Ludlow, Atlantic Airways Ltd., St. John's, Nfld.,Canada

Digital processing of X-Band VARAN-S airborne SAR Images 2203R. Albrizio, P. Blonda, A. Mazzone, Inst. Elab. Segnali ed Iimnagini, Bari,

Italy, F. Pasqualik Cen. di Geodesia Spaziale, Matera, Italy, G.

Pasquarlello, Inst. Elab. Segnali ed Imraagini, Bari, Italy, F. Posa, Univ.

de Bari, Bari, Italy, N. Veneziani, Inst. Elab. Segnali ed Immagini, Bari,

Italy

Helicopter radar simulations from fine resolution airborne SAR imageryR.T. Lowry, G. Wessels, G. McAvoy, INTERA Tech. Ltd., Calgary, Alta.,Canada

C-Band SAR results obtained by an experimental airborne SAR sensor

R. Horn, German Aerospace Research Establishment, Oberpfaffenhofen, FR

Germany

A new method of aircraft motion error extraction from radar raw data for real time SAR 2217

motion compensationJ.R. Moreira, DFVLR, Wessling, FR Germany

2188

2192

2193

2197

2201

2209

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The development of a polarimetric SAR for the detection of man-made objects 2221

R. Saper, Atlantis Sci. Sys. Group Inc., Nepean, Ont., Canada, M.T. Rey,

DND, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, R. WIntjes, Atlantis Sci. Sys. Group Inc.,

Nepean Canada, C.E. Livingstone, CCRS, Ottawa Canada, M.R. Vant, DND,

Ottawa, Ont., Canada, R. Austin, Canadian Astronautics Ltd., Ottawa Canada

A realtime quick look processor for airborne SAR 2225

A. Moreira, Inst, for Radio Freq. Tech., Wessling, FR Germany

An integrated ice surveillance system for support of offshore oil and gas exploration 2229

P. Rudkin, H. Ripley, S. Gillis, K. Ludlow, Atlantic Airways Ltd., St.

John's, Nfld., Canada

Results of the real-time adaptive radiometric correction Implemented in the DFVLR 2232

L/C-Band SAR

J.R. Moreira, W. Poetzsch, DFVLR, Wessling, FR Germany

Applications of the SIMD MPP to processing and analyzing remotely-sensed imagery 2235

J.C. Tilton, NASA Goddard Space Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

Applications of MIMD transputer arrays to automated image understanding of SPOT 2236

J.-P. Muller, Univ. Coll. London, London, UK

Applications of MIMD Hypercube to Imaging spectrometry data analysis 2237

J.E. Solomon, NASA/JPL, Pasadena, CA, USA

Frequency domain filtering of remotely sensed satellite data using parallel processing 2238

B. Oldfield, J.E. Robinson, G.A. Betzos, Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, NY, USA

Digital enhancement of STAR-1 SAR imagery for linear feature extraction 2242

E.R. Sudibjo, G.D. Lodwick, S.H. Paine, Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.,Canada '

A technique for road detection from high resolution satellite images 2246

L. Lalltha, NNRMS-ISRO, Bangalore, India

Computer-aided linear planimetric feature extraction 2250

J.S. Zelek, MacDonald Dettwiler, Richmond, BC, Canada

Innovative techniques for the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C instrument 2254

B.L, Huneycutt, NASA/JPL, Pasadena, CA, USA,

Advances in spaceborne active microwave sensing 2260

C. Elachi, NASA/JPL, Pasadena, CA, USA

Bistatlc radar In space: A new dimension In imaging radar 2261

H.M. Braun, Dornier Sys. GMBH, Friedrichshafen, FR Germany, P. Hartl, Univ.

of Stuttgart, FR Germany

Wide swath ocean topography mapping with interferometric altimeters 2265

E. Rodgrtquez, F. Li, NASA/JPL, Pasadena, CA, USA, C. Parsons, E. Walsh,NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA

A phased array bread board for future remote sensing applications 2269R. Zahn, E. Schmidt, Dornier Sys. GmbH, Friedrichshafen, FR Germany

Performance of a proposed synthetic aperture radar with variable antenna height 2273

K. Tomiyasu, General Electric Co., Philadelphia, PA, USA

Design of a dual polarized microstrip patch array for an advanced SAR antenna 2275CA. McDonach, D. Nguyen, G.S. Gupta, A. Luscombe, SPAR Aerospace Ltd.,Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que., Canada

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Pa

A generalized method for evaluation of the mutual coupling effect on the radiation and 2278

scanning characteristics of mlcrostrip array antenna

A.A.M. All, B.R. Vishvakarma, Banaras Hindu Univ., Varanasi, India

Design of a spaceborne SAR at higher incidence angle using alternate transmitted chirp 2282

slope reversal techniqueA.M. Jha, A. Majmudar, N.S. Pillai, Space Appl. Cen., Ahmedabad, India

RASS applied to wind profiler radars 2285

P.T. May, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA, R.G. Strauch, K.P. Moran,

NOAA/ERL/WPL, Boulder, CO, USA

Application of Seasat scatterometer and passive microwave radiometer data to regional 2289

short-range weather forecastingS. Peteherych, Atmos. Env. Service, Toronto, Ont., Canada

Determination of near-surface wind speeds from sunglint data In band 2 of the AVHRR and 2292

comparison with meteorological data for the western Mediterranean

A.P. Cracknell, S. Khattak, R.A. Vaughan, Univ. of Dundee, Dundee, UK

Application of Special Sensor Microwave/Imager data for analysis of cyclonic storms in 2296

midlatitudes over the sea

K.B. Katsaros, G.W. Petty, I. Bhatti, D. Miller, Univ. of Washington,Seattle, WA, USA

Estimation of atmospheric thermal lapse rates using conventional acoustic radar 2299

measurements

J.E. Letkeman, K.R. Peterman, Radian Corp., Austin, TX, USA

A comparison of the individual and combined performance of ground-based radio-acoustic 2300

and radiometric temperature sounding systems

J.A. Schroeder, NOAA/ERL/WPL, Boulder, CO, USA

Measuring winds and rainfall from space--the Radar Wind Sounder (RAWS) 2303

R.K. Moore, W. Xin, Univ. of Kansas Cen. for Res., Inc., Lawrence, KS, USA

Boundary layer structure prevailing over Calcutta 2307

J. Das, A.K. De, A. Ganguli, Indian Statistical Inst., Calcutta, India

Dissection of multimodal directional ocean wave spectra form LEWEX 2311

T.W. Gerling, R.C. Beal, Johns Hopkins Unlv,. , Laurel, MD, USA

Comparison of simulated and measured SAR image spectra during the Labrador extreme 2315.waves experiment

C Bruning, L.F. Zambresky, Eur. Cen. for Med. Range Weather Forecasts,

Reading, UK

The effect of sampling variability on the estimation of wave number and propagation 2316

direction from SAR wave spectra

F. Monaldo, John Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD, USA

Resolution of ocean wave propagation direction in single-pass airborne SAR imagery 2320

P.W. Vachon, CCRS, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, R.K. Raney, Radarsat Project Off.,

Ottawa, Ont., Canada

On the focussing issue of Synthetic Aperture Radar imaging of ocean surface waves 2324

W. Alpers, Univ. Bremen, Bremen, FR Germany, C. Bruning, Eur. Cen. for Med.

range weather fore, UK, J. Schroter, Alfred-Wegener-Inst., Bremerhaven, FR

Germany

The use of ambiguity functions for SAR measurement of ocean waves 2328

A.S. Milman, A.O. Scheffler, Env. Res. Inst, of Mich., Ann Arbor, MI, USA

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SAR measurements of ocean waves and other surface phenomena during the GOASEX 2331

experimentD.J. Napolitano, J.F. Vesecky, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA, F.

Gonzalez, NOAA, Seatlle, WA, USA, S. Peteherych, Atmos. Env. Serv. of

Canada, Downsview, Canada

Pier-based measurements of ocean wave spectra using three-frequency Ku- and L-Band 2335

radars

D.L. Schuler, W.C. Keller, Naval Res. Lab., Washington, DC, USA

Mapping bottom topography with X-band SLAR 2338

J. Vogelzang, Rijkswaterstaat Tidal Waters Diectorate, Emmeloord,

Netherlands, G.J. Wenslnk, Delft Hydraulics, Netherlands, G.P. de Loor,

Physics and Electronics Lab TNO, Netherlands, H.C Peters, RijkswaterstaatNorth Sea Directorate, Netherlands, H. Pouwels, National Aerospace Lab NLR,

Netherlands

Removal of 180 ambiguity In SAR Images of ocean waves 2342

,

W. Rosenthal, F. Ziemer, GKSS Res. Cen., FR Germany, K. Raney, P. Vachon,

CCRS, Ottawa, Ont., Canada

Statistical descriptions of keel-related features in the under-ice draft distribution 2346

J. Key, A.S. McLaren, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

Role of Ice properties in wave-ice interaction during LIMEX *1987 2350

W.D. Winsor, J.I. Clark, CORE, St. John's, Nfld., Canada, B.M. Eld, CM.

Morton, MacLaren Plansearch Ltd., Halifax, NS, Canada

Identification and volume estimation of icebergs by remote sensing in the Barents Sea 2355

S. Vefsnmo, S.M. Lovas, S. Loset, Norwegian Hydrotech. Lab., SINTEF,

Trondheim, Norway, T.. Ness, Fjellanger Wideroe A/S, Norway

Observations of sea ice drift off Newfoundland using satellite Imagery and ice beacons 2359

I. Peterson, S.J. Prlnsenberg, Bedford Inst, of Oceanog., Dartmouth, NS,Canada

Effects of the sea ice patterns during the August reversal of the Beaufort Sea gyre on 2363

atmosphere forcingE. LeDrew, D. Johnson, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont., Canada, J.

Maslanlk, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

Some observations of the snowcover on sea ice In the Gulf of Bothnia 2364

G.B. Crocker, Memorial Univ. of Nfld., St. John's, Nfld., Canada, D. Werle,

AERDE Env. Res., Halifax, NS, Canada

Multisensor remote sensing of thin ice 2365

I.G. Rubinstein, R.O. Ramseier, York Univ.,North York, Ont., Canada

Estimation of the thickness of undeformed first year ice using radar backscatter 2366

E.D. Soulis, W.C Lennox, J.F. Sykes, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.,Canada

A 3-dimensional modelling of forest canopies for high resolution imagery 2370

R. Fournier, J.R. Miller, York Univ., North York, Ont., Canada

Preprocessing of airborne multlspectrai scanner data for forest damage assessment in 2374

hilly terrain

F. Frey, A. Bischof, P. Meyer, K.I. Itten, K. Staenz, Univ. of

Zurich-Irchel, Zurich, Switzerland

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Classification of forest types by microwave scatterometer 2378M. Hallikainen, T. Tares, J. Hyyppa, E. Somersalo, Helsinki Univ. of Tech.,Espoo, Finland

Integration of laser rangeflnder and multispectral video data for forest measurements 2382D.H. Currie, V.L. Shaw, F.G. Bercha, The Bercha Group, Calgary, Alta.,Canada

Application of aerial multispectral videography and colour/colour IR photography in 2385

sugar maple decline assessment

X. Yuan, J. Vlcek, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada, D. King,Ryerson, Toronto, Ont., Canada, D. McLaughlin, Ont. Min, of Env., Toronto,Ont., Canada

MEIS FM: a multispectral Imager for forestry and mapping 2390

R.A. Neville, S.M. Till, CCRS, Ottawa, Ont., Canada

Cooperation in remote sensing research: The Remote Sensing Working group of Forestry 2394Canada

Y.J. Lee, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, B.C., Canada

Count of Brazilian Parana pine crowns in 35 mm aerial color photographs 2397

A.A. Disperati, J. Skalski Jr., Univ. Federal do Parana, Parana, Brazil

Comparison of satellite forest cover maps to traditional forest inventory maps 2401

J. Poison, D.R. Ens, Sask. Res. Council, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada, J.

Whiting, Sask. Parks, Prince Albert, Sask., Canada

Characteristics of first order intensity entropy as a measure of image region texture 2405

G.E. Carlson, Univ. of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO, USA

Applications of geostatistics to image analysis 2409J.A. MacDonald, J.R. Carr, Univ. of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV, USA

Defining subtle features that are not confined to reflection domains 2412

J.E. Robinson, B. Oldfield, Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, NY, USA

Performance of two texture-based classifiers of cloud fields using spatially averaged 2416

Landsat data

S.K. Sengupta, R.M. Welch, M.S. Navar, S.D.. School of Mines & Tech., RapidCity, SD, USA

Image segmentation by iterative parallel region growing and splitting 2420

J.C. Tilton, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA

Review on Image analysis with mathematical morphology in remote sensing 2424

G. Flouzat, Univ. Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France

Mathematical morphological operators in remote sensing 2430

R.M. Haralick, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Real-time morphological transformation for linear feature extraction on aerial images 2431

D. Ionescu, R. Kadamani, Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., Canada

Operational satellite-derived SST charts for Canadian waters 2432

B.W. Wannamaker, SEA SCAN, Caledon East, Ont., Canada

Integrating water quality surveillance with automated biomonitoring from remote water 2433

quality platformsE.L. Morgan, W.L. Pennington, M.A. Eggleton, Tennessee Tech. Univ.

Cookeville, TN, USA

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Airphoto interpretation and salmon river restauration 2434

J.-M.M. Dubois, A. Gosselin, Univ. de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que., Canada

The information content of AVHRR, MSS, TM and SPOT data in the Skagerrak Sea 2439

K. Sorensen, Norwegian Inst, for Water Res,, Oslo, Norway, T. Lindell, J.

Nissel, Univ. of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden

Thermal remote sensing for walrus population assessment in the Canadian Arctic 2444

D.G. Barber, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont., Canada, P.R. Richard, Dept.

of Fish, and Oc, Winnipeg, Man., Canada, K.P. Hochheim, EMSI, Winnipeg,Man.

,Canada

Determination of probable fishing areas for the albacore (Thunnus Alalunga) In Chile's 2447

central zone

M.A.B. Barbleri, E.R. Yanez, Univ. Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso,

Chile, M.S. Farias, R.H. Aguilera, Univ. de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Development of algorithms for remote sensing of marine Trlchodesmlum 2451

G.A. Borstad, G.A. Borstad Assoc, Ltd., Sidney, BC, Canada, J.F.R. Gower,

IOS, Sidney, BC, Canada, E.J. Carpenter, State Univ. of New York, Stony

Brook, NY USA, J.G. Reuter, Portland State Univ., Portland, OR, USA

Meteorological satellite imagery for marine weather forecasting 2456

N. McLennan, L. Neil, Pacific Weather Centre, Vancouver, BC Canada

Teledetection des sites a potentiel aquicole dans la Bale des Chaleurs au Quebec: 2459

Resultats preliminairesM. Grenier, Univ. de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que., Canada, J.-M. Dubois,Univ. de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Qc, Canada, A.-M. Lavoie, Univ. de

Montreal, Montreal, Que., Canada, E. Lambert, Univ. de Montreal, Montreal,

Que, ,Canada

A precise APT receiver for cloud and sea surface temperature imaging 2463

J.F.R. Gower, Inst, of Ocean Sci., Sidney, BC, Canada, T.B. Lowe, GalaxyConsult., Victoria, BC, Canada, B. Wannamaker, Sea Scan, Caledon East,Ont.

,Canada

Topographic mapping from GPS-supplemented airborne radar 2466

J.B. Mercer, P. Button, INTERA Tech. Ltd., Calgary, Alta., Canada, M.

Millot, M. Karspeck, F. Leberl, VEXCEL Corp., Boulder, CO, USA

Coherent SAR simulation 2467

V.H. Kaupp, N.D. Blackford, W.P. Waite, H.C MacDonald, Univ. of Arkansas,

Fayetteville, AK, USA

Automated stereo matching using intelligent interpolation In difficult to match regions 2468

J.P. Strong, H.K. Ramapriyan, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA, W.P. Haynes,ST Systems Corp., Lanham, MD, USA

Effects of speckle and additive noise on the altlmetrlc resolution of lnterferometric 2469

SAR (ISAR) surveysC PratI, F. Rocca, A.M. Guarnleri, Polltecnico di Milano, Mllano, Italy

Generation of geocoded spaceborne SAR image products 2473E. Meier, Ch. Graf, D. Nuesch, Univ. of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Closed form solutions to the single-Image and stereo synthetic aperture radar mapping 2478

equationsM. Kobrick, NASA/JPL, Pasadena, CA, USA

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Accuracy In positioning with stereoscopic SLAB, imagery for topographic mapping 2479J. Wu, D.C Lin, Cen. Space, and Rem. Sens. Res. (CSRSR), Chung-Li, Taiwan,Rep. China

Effects of radar image distorsions in a radargrammetric application of VARAN-S data 2483L. Polidori, Univ. Paris - 7, Paris, France, P. Kamoun, AEROSPATIALE,Cannes La Bocca, France, H. Raggam, Ins. of Image Proc. & Corap. Graph,Graz, Austria

SAR image-terrain database registration 2487J. Curlander, W. Kober, F. Leberl, VEXCELCorp., Boulder, CO, USA

Using MIMICS to model microwave backscatter from tree canopies 2491K.C McDonald, M.C. Dobson, F.T. Ulaby, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,USA

Global altimeter measurements of extremes of wind speeds and wavehelghts and 2492their Impact on forecasting

E.B. Dobson, John Hopkins Univ., Laurel, Maryland, USA

Radiative transfer theory for active remote sensing of a forested canopy 2493

M.A. Karam, A.K. Fung, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA

Radar modeling of tropical mangal forest stands 2497

Y. Wang, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, M.L. Imhoff,NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA, D.S. Slmonett, Univ. of California, Santa

Barbara, CA, USA

X-Band backscatter modeling of orchard canopy 2501N.S. Chauhan, George Washington Univ., Washington, DC, USA, R.H. Lang,NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA

Electromagnetic wave extinction within a forested canopy 2502M.A. Karam, A.K. Fung, Univ. of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA

Spectral reflectance properties of lichens: remote sensing discrimination of lichen 2506

and rock

E.A. Cloutis, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada

Contribution of 0.57um/0.88um ratio technique in geobotanical studies 2507A.P. Cracknell, A.K. Saraf, Univ. of Dundee, Dundee, UK

A background geobotany model applied to geologic exploration in tropical forest 2511

environments: First results from Landsat-TM and DTM for Pojuca Cu-Zn deposits,Carajas Province

W.R. Paradella, Inst, de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil,B. Bruce, CCRS, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, J.K. Hornsby, C. Kushigbor, INTERA

Tech. Ltd., Ottawa, Ont., Canada

Geobotanical and biogeochemical anomalies over a fluorite mineralization in Kerio 2514

Valley, KenyaB.D. Odhiambo, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont., Canada, J. Gaciri, Univ.

of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, A. Falconer, Region. Cen. for Ser. in Surv.,

Nairobi, Kenya

Monitoring vegetation regrowth on placer mine tailings, Bonanza Creek, Yukon Territory 2518

J.K, Hornsby, INTERA Tech. Ltd., Ottawa, Ont., Canada, B. Bruce, CCRS,

Ottawa, Ont., Canada, G. Mackensie-Greive, Env. Protect. Serv., Whitehorse,

Yuk., Canada

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Correlation study of remote sensing and geological data for mineral exploration, Farley 2522

Lake area, Manitoba

V. Singh, W.M. Moon, Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada, M. Fedlkow,Dept. of Energy and Mines, Winnipeg, Man Canada, A. Rencz, Geol. Survey of

Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada

SAR for geology in Alberta 2528

J.K. Hornsby, R.V. Dams, INTERA Tech. Ltd., Calgary, Alta., Canada, I.A.

Sutherland, A.M. Hougham, Alberta For. Lands and Wildlife, Edmon.,Canada

Using passive, thermal remote sensing techniques for detecting subsurface gravel 2532accumulations in vegetated, unconsolidated sedimentary terrains

G.S. Burns, NASA/J.C Stennls SC, Bay St. Louis, MI, USA, D.E. Scholen,USDA Forest Service, Atlanta, GA, USA

Backscatter analysis of airborne radar: implications for background geobotany 2535

J. Harris, J.K. Hornsby, INTERA Tech. Ltd./CCRS, Ottawa, Ont., Canada

Data access and economic intelligence from satellite remote sensing for worldwide 2539

resource exploration, development and environmental managementF.B. Henderson III, The Geosat Committee, Inc., Norman, OK, USA

Airborne and satellite verification of arms control agreements: Past, Present, and 2543Future

T.W.P. Brogden, Ryerson Polytech. Inst., Toronto, Ont., Canada, A.W. Dorn,Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada, D. Scott, The Markland Group,Hamilton, Ont,, Canada

Study of an advanced civil earth remote sensing system - results of an assessment of 2547

technology and markets through 2000

D. Okerson, Sci. Applic. Intl. Corp., McLean, VA, USA

Planning an advanced commercial remote sensing system: evaluation of spaceborne, 2548

environmental sensor types which address the civil and military markets

D.A. Brown, CA. Hood, D. Okerson, M. Schwaller, R. Suresh, Sci. Appl.Intl. Corp., Washington, DC, USA, S.W. McCandless, User Sys, Eng. Inc.,

Annandale, VA, USA

CRS-S participation in International Space Year (ISY) 2550

C. Specter, Florida Intl. Univ., Miami, FL, USA

Technology transfer - A Canadian experience 2554

H. Epp, CCRS, Yellowknife, NWT, Canada, J. Whiting, Sask. Res. Council,Saskatoon, Sask.

,Canada

Is remote sensing an economic tool In Third World countries? 2558B. Turner, N.M. Walters, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa

Infrastructure - a necessity for operational use of remote sensing 2561H. Hamnes, E. Henrlksen, N.H. Lunde, S.A. Solbakk, FORUT (Foundation of

Applied Research), Tromso Norway

The remote sensing industry in Canada: a profile of capabilities 2565R.A. Ryerson, CCRS, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, J. Kerr, Dept. of External

Affairs, Ottawa, Ont., Canada

A tool to assist forest management decision making 2566

W.B. Brown, BC Forest Serv., Smithers, BC, Canada, R.V. Quenet, NawitkaResource Cons., Victoria, BC, Canada

Doppler centroid estimation ambiguity for Synthetic Aperture Radars

C.Y. Chang, J.C Curlander, NASA/JPL, Pasadena, CA, USA

2567

X

PRF ambiguity resolving for SAR 2572H. Runge, R. Bamler, DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, FR Germany

Theory and quantitative comparison of doppler centroid estimation methods 2576J. Siewerth, DFVLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, FR Germany

i

Fast digital signal processing techniques for spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radars 2579R. Albrizio, Inst. Elabor. Segnali Immagini, Bari, Italy, G. Aloislo, Univ.

Bari, Bari, Italy, C. Marzo, Agen. Spaziale Ital., Italy, A. Mazzone, Inst.Elab. Segnali Immagini, Bari, Italy, G. Milillo, Agen. Spaziale Ital.,Italy, F. Pasquali, Cen. di Geodesia Spaziale, Matera, Italy, N. Veneziani,Inst. Elab. Segnali Immagini, Bari, Italy

Error sensitivities of a secondary range compression algorithm for processing squinted 2584satellite SAR data

F. Wong, I. Cumming, MacDonald Dettwiler, Richmond, BC, Canada

A phase preserving Synthetic Aperture Radar processor 2588R.K. Raney, Radarsat Project Off., Ottawa, Ont., Canada, P.W. Vachon, CCRS,Ottawa, Ont., Canada

SAR super-resolution using a perturbed point spread function 2592

D. Blacknell, GEC - Marconi Res, Cen., Chelmsford, Essex, UK, S. Quegan,Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Fast SAR processing with the Fermat Number Transform 2596

J. Dall, Tech. Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

Effect of reference function weighting and selection of optimum weighting coefficient 2600

for Synthetic Aperture Radar

Archana Majmuda, A.M. Jha, N.S. Filial, Space App. Cen., Ahmedabad, India

Doppler parameters estimation criteria for the spaceborne SAR and corresponding 2604

attitude determination accuracy limits

Tapan Misra, A.M. Jha, N.S. Pillai, Space App. Cen., Ahmedabad, India

Millimeter-wave sensor Image enhancement 2608W.J. Wilson, H. Suess, NASA/JPL, Pasadena, CA, USA

Application of real time digital image analysis and enhancement to airborne infrared 2610fire detection and mapping

W.D, McColl, L.E. Nelly, Innotech Avla. Enter. Ltd., Nepean, Ont., Canada,R.A. Neville, CCRS, Ottawa, Ont., Canada

Unsupervised coastline detection and tracing in SAR images 2611

J.S. Lee, I. Jurkevlch, Naval Res. Lab., Washington, DC, USA

A linear transformation technique for spatial enhancement of multispectral images using 2615

a higher resolution data

K.V. Shettigara, Univ. of New S. Wales, Sydney, Australia

TM/Landsat data processing for inland water monitoring 2619

M. Godoy, L.M. Novo, Inst, de Pesquisas Espaciais, S.Paulo, Brazil

Remote sensing the suspended sediment distribution on the Mlngjlang river mouth in 2623

different tide phases as shown by MSS and TM imageryDelu Pan, S. Lin, Second Inst, of Ocean., Hangzhou, PR China

Geometric and radiometric correction of airborne MSS imageries over rugged terrain area 2627

N.Y. Chen, H.T. Wang, Nat. Cen. Univ., Chung-Li, Rep. China

Pag

Evaluation du satellite SPOT pour 1'extraction des elements planlmetrlques des cartes 2628

topographiques au 1:50 000: Resultats prellmlnalresL. Charbonneau, A. Coulombe, S. Perras, A. Royer, F. Bonn, Univ. de

Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que., Canada

Remote sensing detection of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon seeps 2632

E.A. Cloutis, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada

Parameters affecting reflectance of coniferous forests in the region of chlorophyll 2633

pigment absorptionB. Curtiss, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA, S.L. Ustin, Univ. of

California, Davis, CA, USA

Transmission, bidirectional reflectance and depolarization of an optical wave for a 2637

single plant leaf

Qinglin Ma, A. Ishlmaru, P. Phu, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, Y.

Kuga, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ml, USA

Detection of stress of coniferous forest trees with the VIRAF spectrometer 2641C. Buschmann, U. Rinderle, H.K. Llchtenthaler, Univ. of Karlsruhe,

Karlsruhe, FR Germany

Comparison of spectral data gathered from a labratory spectrometer and TM Images with 2645

and without shadow correction

R.L. Thiessen, J.R. Eliason, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA, USA

Spectral emlssivity observations in HAPEX 2649

T.J. Schmugge, USDA Hydrology Lab., Beltsville, MD, USA, F. Becker, Univ.Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France

Spectral reflectance characteristics of cotton & rice in Egypt 2652

H.M. El-Khattlb, F.M. Hawela, Soil and Water Res. Inst., Giza, Egypt

Operational TOVS soundings using a physical retrieval approach 2653

A. Reale, NOAA, Washington, DC, USA, M. Goldberg, J. Daniels, ST SystemsCorp. , Lanham, MD, USA

Spectroscopic measurement of atmospheric water vapor and schemes for determination of 2658

evaporation from land and water surfaces using the AVIRIS

J.E. Conel, R.O. Green, V. Carrere, J.S. Margolis, G. Vane, C Bruegge, R.

Alley, JPL/CIT, Pasadena, CA, USA

Column atmospheric water vapor retrievals from airborne imaging spectrometer data 2664

B.-C Gao, A.F.H. Goetz, CIRES, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

Remote sensing of the thermal forcing on the tropical Pacific 2669

W.T. Liu, NASA/JPL, Pasadena, CA, USA, C. Gautier, California Space Inst.,La Jolla, CA, USA

Physical retrieval of precipitation cell parameters using passive 118-GHz observations 2672A.J. Gasiewski, Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta, GA, USA, D.H. Staelin,Massachusetts Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, USA

Detection and analysis of polar lows using satellite Imagery and sounder data 2676

J. Turner, Nat. Env. Res. Council, Cambridge, UK

Statistical retrieval of precipitation cell-top altitude using passive 118-GHz 2680observations

A.J. Gasiewski, Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta, GA, USA, D.H. Staelin,Massachusetts Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, USA

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Sensitivity of satellite signals to aerosol pollutants 2684N.T. O'Neill, A. Royer, L. Hubert, Univ. de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.,Canada, J. Freemantle, York Univ., Downsview, Ont., Canada

Implications from LIMEX/LEWEX for spaceborne SAR sensing of ocean wave spectra 2688R.K. Raney, Radarsat Proj. Off., Ottawa, Ont., Canada, P.W. Vachon, CCRS,Ottawa, Ont., Canada

Detectability of ocean waves by the Synthetic Aperture Radar on ERS-1 2692A.O. Scheffler, C.L. Rufnach, R.A. Shuchman, Env. Res. Inst, of Mich.

,Ann

Arbor, MI, USA

Strategies to assess the capacity of an on-board real-time SIR-C processor to produce 2693ocean wave spectra

F. Monaldo, Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD, USA

The influence of platform attitude dynamics on the doppler frequency synthesis of SIR-B 2696

ocean data near hurricane JosephineD.C Tllley, J.L. Kerr, C.L. Vogt, Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD, USA

Radar surface signatures based on the two-dimensional tidal clculatlon of Phelps Bank, 2700

Nantucket Shoals, MA

S.R. Chubb, Sachs/Freeman Assoc., Inc., Landover, MD, USA, G.R. Valenzuela,Naval Res. Lab., Wahington, DC, USA, D.A. Greenberg, Bedford Inst, of

Oceanog., Dartmouth, NS Canada

Comparisons between measured and theoretical results for C- and Ku-Band backscatter 2704

from naturally-occuring internal wave current patternsT.W. Dawson, B.A. Hughes, Defence Res. Estab. Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada

Surface current and wave modulation measurements over bottom topography - a comparison 2710

with theoryP. Smith, D. Johnson, Stennis Sp. Cen., MS, USA

SAR ocean surface feature analysis in Conception Bay, Newfoundland 2714

K.A. Thomson, Seaconsult Ltd., St. John's, Nfld., Canada, S.A. Akenhead,

Dept. of Fish, and Oc, St. John's, Nfld Canada, B.G. Snaderson, Memorial

Univ. of Nfld., St. John's, Canada

Airborne SAR characteristics of arctic ice shelves and multiyear landfast sea ice, and 2715

the detection of massive ice calvings and ice islands

M. Jeffries, W.M. Sackinger, Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska USA

Studies of Ice sheet hydrology using SAR 2719

R. BIndschadler, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA, P. Vornberger, ST Systems

Corp., Lanham, MD, USA

A matched-filter technique for removing hyperbolic effects due to point scatterers: 2722

simulation and application on Antarctic radar data

G. Raju, R.K. Moore, Univ. of Kansas Cen. for Res., Inc., Lawrence, KS, USA

Radar reflections from water injected into an Antarctic glacier 2726

R.H. Dean, CH. Davis, W. Xin, Univ. of Kansas Cen. for Res., Inc.,

Lawrence, KS, USA

Bottom characteristics of the Antarctic Ice sheet from radar 2727

R.K, Moore, W. Xin, G. Raju, Univ. of Kansas Cen. for Res., Inc., Lawrence,

KS, USA

Slope correction by relocation for satellite altlmetry 2730

A.P.R. Cooper, Scott Polar Res. Inst., Cambridge, UK

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Coherent radar contour mapping of ice stream thickness 2734

CH. Davis, R.K. Moore, G. Raju, W. Xin, Univ. of Kansas Cen. for Res.,

Inc., Lawrence, KS, USA

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