NL15-Calories and Body Weight
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Transcript of NL15-Calories and Body Weight
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Calories-Food,
energy, and energy
balance
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Calories-Food, energy,
and energy balanceEnergy nutrients
Carbohydrates = 4 kcal/g Proteins = 4 kcal/g
Fats = 9 kcal/g
Calorie
Is the unit used to measure the amount ofenergy that foods provide to the body
It is defined as the amount ofenergy needed to
raise a kilogram of water (about 4 cups) from150C to 160C (590F to 610F).
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How the energy content
of food is measured
Calorimetry
Bomb calorimeter
The food is
completely burnedThe energy (heat)
released raises the
temperature ofwater
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The bodys need for energy
1. Energy spent on basal metabolism
Energy required while at rest
2. Energy spent on physical activity
3. Energy spent on dietary thermogenesis
Energy expended during digestion of food,
absorption and utilization of nutrients
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Basal metabolism Energy used to support body processes such as
growth, tissue repair and maintenance. Measurement is called:
Basal Metabolic Rate or BMR
Assessed while at complete physical and emotionalrest
It includes energy the body spends for breathing, the
pumping of the heart, the maintenance of bodytemperature, transport of nutrients and waste fromthe cells and other life sustaining, ongoing functions
These processes require no conscious efforts, theyare continuous activities that the body must performto sustain life
60-80% of the calories needed each day are spent onbasal metabolism
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Basal metabolism
How to calculate your basal metabolic rate.
This is a very, very rough estimate.
For men: multiply body weight in pounds
by 11 170 lb man x 11 = 1870 calories
For women: multiply by 10
135 lb woman x 10 = 1350 calories
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Energy spent on physical activities
Second highest expenditure of energy
Varies depending upon how active the person is
Inactive lifestyle = 30% of basal metabolic kcalAverage active = 50% of basal metabolic kcal
Active life style = 75% of basal metabolic kcal
Examples: An average active male whose basal metabolism
is 1870 kcal1870 * 0.5 = 955 kcal for physical activities
An average active female whose basalmetabolism is 1350 kcal
1350 * 0.5 = 675 kcal for physical activities
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Energy spent on
dietary thermogenesisThis energy is estimated to be 10% of the energy
needed for basal metabolism + physical activities
Also known as specific dynamic action of foods ordiet-induced thermogenesis or thermal effect of foods
Male - 1870 basal + 955 physical activity = 2825 kcal
10% of 2825 kcal = 0.1 * 2825 kcal = 283 kcal fordietary thermogenesis.
Female - 1350 basal + 675 physical activity = 2025 kcal
10% of 2025 kcal = 0.1 * 2025 kcal = 203 kcal fordietary thermogenesis
Total calories needed for a day from examples:
Male: 1870 + 955 + 283 = 3108 kcalFemale: 1350 + 675 + 203 = 2228 kcal
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Where is the energy in foods?
Most foods are a mixture of energy macronutrients For example a cup of soup contains proteins,
carbohydrates and fat
How to calculate the caloric value of foods?
Assume the soup has 10 g of protein, 15 g of
carbohydrates and 5 g of fat To calculate energy value of soup
10g protein X 4 kcal/g =40 kcal 15g carbohydrate X 4 kcal/g = 60 kcal
5g fat x 9 kcal/g = 45 kcal
Total calories = (40+60+45) = 145 kcal
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From the example: Protein = 40 kcal
Carbohydrate = 60 kcal
Fat = 45 kcal
Total calories = 145 kcal
To calculate the percent of calories (energy)
from each macronutrient
From protein: (40/145) X 100 = 28%
From carbohydrate: (60/145) X 100 = 41%
From fat: (45/145) X 100 = 31%
Where is the energy in foods?
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Energy regulation of
the body
Energy is balanced
The number of
calories you consume
is the same as thenumber you need
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Negative Energy Balance
Negative energy balance
Energy intake is less
than energy expenditure
If you want to lose
weight, it helps to be in
negative energy balance
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Positive Energy Balance
Positive energy balance
Energy intake is more
than energy expenditure
If you want to gain
weight, it helps to be inpositive energy balance
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Weight control:
Obesity and underweight
Obesity is defined as an excess of body fat Ways to measure obesity
Percent body fat
Weight for height range
Body Mass Index (BMI)
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Percent Body Fat
Obese is
Men > 20% body fat
Women > 25% body fat
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Weight for height
How to know your weight for height range Calculating it :
Women: 5 feet = 100 lbs; each additional
inch = 5 lbs; 10% of totalExample: 5 feet, 7 inch woman =135 lbs 13.5 lbs
Healthy weight range is 121.5 - 148.5 lbs
Men: 5 feet = 106 lb; each additionalinch = 6 lbs; 10% of total
Example: 5 foot 7 inch man =148 lbs 14.8 lbs
Healthy weight range is 133.2 - 162.8 lbs
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Body Mass Index (BMI)
It is calculated by dividing body weight (in
kilograms) by height ( in meters) squared
There are many different websites that will do
the calculation for you.
Example from Centers for Disease Control:http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calcu
lator/bmi_calculator.htm
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htm -
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Body Mass Index (BMI)
The most healthy BMI range is 19-25 for men
and women
BMI < 19 is underweight
BMI between 25-30 is overweight
BMI > 30 is obese
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htm -
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Obesity: A common problem
Incidence in US: 30% of adults are obese
25% of children are overweight
The incidence is on the riseInfluence of obesity on health
Diabetes
Hypertension
Stroke
High blood
cholesterol
Low HDL
Heart disease Certain cancers
Poor fitness level
Shortened lifeexpectancy
Depression
Gallbladder disease
Infertility
Accidents Skin disorders
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htm -
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Obesity: A common problem
Social & cultural effects Unfair treatment from society
Isolation, rejection & inferiority feelings
What should be measured?
Obesity should be assessed by body fat content
Weight alone doesnt distinguish between leanbody mass (muscles, bone and water) and bodyfat
The weight of a 165 lb, 30 year old, 5 foot 6inch woman who trains heavily would indicate
obesity but she may have too little fat to betruly obese
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htm -
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Methods for assessing body
fat content Skinfold thickness measurement
Measurement of the thickness
of fat under the skin
Skinfold calipers are used over
several sites of the body The body fat is determined by
plugging the thickness into a
formula
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htm -
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Methods for assessing
body fat content Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) Fat is a weaker conductor of electricity than
muscles or water
So body fat is estimated by determining howquickly the electric current passes from ankleto wrist
M th d f i
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htm -
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Methods for assessing
body fat content Underwater weighing
The gold standard of body
fat assessmentFat, but not muscles and
bones, floats on water
The subject is firstweighed on dry land, next
is submerged in water and
exhales completely
The less the weight under water compared to the
weight on dry land, the higher the percentage of fat
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htm -
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Methods for assessing
body fat content BOD POD is based on
the same whole- bodymeasurement principle
as underwater weighing,
but using airdisplacement instead of
water
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.htm -
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Methods for assessing
body fat content Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MRI, CT or CAT scans provide similar results A persons body fat and muscle mass can be
photographed when exposed to a magnetic field
(or in case of CAT scan, to radiation)
Volume of total fat and
muscle content can bedetermined
B d f t l ti i i t t
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Body fat location is important
More fat around waist for apple shape.
More fat around hips and thighs for pear shape.
Apple shape is at higher risk for diabetes,
hypertension, high blood cholesterol and heartdisease.
Apple shape Pear shape
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Causes of obesity Genetic influence
Heredity may account for 25-40% Errors in metabolism (rare)
Genetic predisposition for obesity when right
environmental triggers are present e.g. Physical inactivity or high fat intake
or high sodium intake
Set point theory suggests that individuals areprogrammed to weigh a certain amount andthe weight will return to that level when
weight is lost or gained Role of diet
Low physical activity promotes obesity
LIGHTNING QUIZ
i i
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Undernutrition
Worldwide, underweight due to inadequatediets is much more common than obesity and a
good deal more life threatening
In developed countries, however, underweight
largely results from illnesses, i.e., HIV/AIDS,
pneumonia, cancer, an eating disorder(anorexia nervosa), and the voluntary
restriction of food
Poverty is an important preventable cause of
undernutrition in developed countries
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Underweight defined
Underweight people have too little body fat
Women < 20% body fat, men < 12% body fat
or
BMI < 19 or 18. 5
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Underweight
A portion of people classified as underweightby the tables will not actually be underweight,they may just be genetically thin
People who are naturally thin often have asmuch difficulty gaining weight as obese people
have losing it
Unless health is compromised, there is noreason to be concerned about underweight
Health concerns might include fatigue,frequent illness, impaired concentration, orapathy
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Underweight
Underweight poses hazards when it is
accompanied by undernutrition
Inadequate supply of vitamins, minerals and
energy leaves the body unprepared to handle
its many metabolic and physical tasks
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Causes of underweight
Hunger, appetite and satiety irregularities
Metabolic factors
Psychological factors Hereditary tendencies
Habits learned in childhood - certain food
aversions
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Weight gain demands more calories
The demand for energy to support physical activityand growth might contribute to underweight
An extremely active boy during his adolescent
growth spurt may need > 4000 kcal/day to maintainhis body weight
He may be too busy to take time to eat
To gain weight, as many as 500 extra calories a dayare needed to gain a pound a week
1 lb of fat has about 3500 calories Like a weight loser, a person who wants to gain
weight must learn new habits and learn to like new
foods
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Weight gain strategies
Increase food intake, especially increase highenergy foods
Eat more frequently
Eat snacks between meals People who are underweight because of illness can
add calories by adding concentrated liquid
formulas No known pills, surgery or hormone therapy will
increase weight
While physical exercise burns calories, it is alsorequired to build up muscle tissue
Unless you are dangerously underweight you canadopt an exercise program to increase lean bodytissues
W i ht t l th th
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Weight control: the myths
and realitiesWeight loss versus weight control
On any given day, about 40% of all adults are
trying to lose weight whether they need to or not
50% or more of people who are overweight or
obese are trying to lose weight
Americans spend $33 billion annually on weight
control products and services $120 per person/year
Yet Americans are gaining weight faster than theyare losing it
W i ht l
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Weight loss versus
weight control
It seems that some people cannot lose weight
and keep it off no matter how hard they try
The effectiveness of weight-control methods
should be gauged by their ability to preventweight regain
Successful weight control is characterized by
gradual weight loss from small and
individualized changes in eating and activity
Weight loss versus
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Weight loss versus
weight control
Any approach to weight loss that calls for areduction in caloric intake usually producesweight loss in the short run
But these methods fail in the long run
Because they become too unpleasant
There is a breakdown of willpower
Because of the feelings of hunger,deprivation and depression
People return to old habits or binge eating
and regain weight
Th b i f i ht l
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The business of weight loss There are easily more than 29,000 weight loss products
and services available currently Why are so many of them available?
Because there are gullible people willing to spend
money on them And, basically, none of them work, so new ones keep
being "invented"
Unfortunately, most weight loss products and servicesavailable on the market have not been shown to be safe
Laws and regulations do
not fully protect theconsumer from the
introduction of bogus
products and services
Di t ill
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Diet pills Fenfluramine was a widely used weight loss drug
Serious side effects
Withdrawn in 1997
Ephedra or ma huang (contains caffeine) Was a diet pill and energy booster
Serious side effects
It can no longer be sold for weight loss Xenical (orlistat) - Approved by FDA in 1999
Works by blocking fat absorption
Possible side effects: increased bowel movements;oily discharge
Leptin: Does not seem to hold much promise
It is a hormone produced in fat cells that maymodify caloric intake or energy expenditure
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Diet pills / drugs
Even though people using prescribed drugs are
carefully monitored by medical professionals,
serious side effects can develop
No diet drugs are absolutely safe and none
helps maintain weight loss after the drug is
discontinued
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Organized weight-loss
programs
Many of these programs do indeed bring
weight loss but there is little evidence that
people maintain weight loss and do not regain
Drastic measures
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Drastic measures
Fasting
People fast to lose weight, there is a rapid
rebound of weight Surgical techniques
Stomach surgery, reduces the size of stomach
to lower the amount of food intake
Gastric bypass surgery cost >$10,000, and
leads to an average weight loss of 100 lbs invery obese people
Stomach surgery
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Stomach surgery
Many people (70%) maintain a 50% weight loss five
years after surgery
The procedure is generally reserved for the very
obese (BMI > 40) or those with a BMI > 35 wheretheir weight jeopardizes their immediate health
Side effects: lower Vitamin B12 absorption and
increased risk of osteoporosis later in life
Brown, Nutrition Now, 6th ed, p. 10-9
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Drastic measures
Liposuction
Fat deposit in thighs, hips, arms, back, or
chin can be partially removed by liposuction
Fat can redeposit in the same places fromwhere it was removed
Surgery can carry infection hazards
Characteristics of a
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Characteristics of asuccessful weight loss and
maintenance program The program fosters weight loss maintenance for
at least 2 years
The program offers a long-term approach tobeneficial changes in diet and exercise
The program recommends or employs foods fromall of the food groups
The program employs relatively small andacceptable changes in usual lifestyle, dietary, and
other behaviors The program does not rely solely on drugs or
herbal remedies
The program does not employ very low-caloriediets (less than 1200 calories per day)
Importance of small
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Importance of small,
acceptable changes
Fat is put on over time and the best way to get ridof it is take it off slowly
Gradual losses in body fat do not requiredramatic changes in diet and activity level
Cutting back on 100 calories a day may reduce
weight by as much as 10 lbs a year Jogging 20 minutes a day could result in a 10 lb a
year weight loss
Routinely engage in more vigorous forms ofphysical activity
The secret to success is to include in a lifestylechange package foods and activities that areenjoyed
Small changes that have
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Small changes that have
staying power Use less margarine, butter & mayonnaise on foods Choose low-fat varieties of foods (cheese, milk,
yogurt, fish, poultry) that you like
Trim the fat off meats or buy lean meats Eat fewer fried foods
Eat breakfast
Eat fruits and vegetables for snacks
Cook at home
Walk to school Bike to work
Take the stairs
Go outside and play
Weight loss
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Weight loss
Gradual but lasting People who lose weight gradually are more likely
to keep it off than those who lose weigh rapidly
Weight loss at pound per week
LIGHTNING QUIZ
Brown, Nutrition Now, 6th ed, p. 10-14
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