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Reminders
• Quiz – Ch.38‐39: 4/7 (A) and 4/12 (B)• DBQ Due by Friday! Cold War or Civil Rights• Turn in 8.3 – Civil Rights DBQ Prep by Friday
Where We’ve Been – Where We Are – Where We’re Going
Kennedy Johnson Nixon Ford and Carter
Flexible ResponseCuba – Bay of Pigs, Missile CrisisVietnam – Advisers to help S.V.
Vietnam‐ Gulf of Tonkin ‐ Tet Offensive‐ My LaiSupport for Israel
Vietnam‐ Vietnamization‐ CambodiaOPEC oil embargo
OPEC CrisisMideast DramaNV overruns SVTalks with USSR
New FrontierCivil RightsWarren Court (extends past JFK)
Great SocietyCivil RightsAnti‐War ProtestsCounterculture
CountercultureAnti‐War Protests “silent majority”Watergate
RecessionEnvironmentalismWomen’s Movement
What threads or themes do we see running through foreign policy? Domestic issues?
NOTES – Richard Nixon
Nixon’s Election• Election of 1960 – Nixon (R) Lost to JFK (D)
– First televised debate– Kennedy ran on youth, charisma, and
change– Both emphasized importance of
combating Communists– Kennedy won election by 120,000
votes (0.2%)
• Election of 1968 – Nixon Won– Anti‐War Protests at the Democratic
Nat’l Convention turned violent– Nixon promised to restore law and
order to the nation's cities, torn by riots and crime
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Nixon Foreign Policy
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When was the U.S. mostinvolved in the Vietnam War?
Which happened faster: escalation or withdrawal of troops?
Vietnam Review 1961 ‐ JFK – Advisers in SV
to help put down Viet Cong (NV) rebellion.
1964 – LBJ – Gulf of Tonkin Resolution expands presidential war powers
1965 – Operation Rolling Thunder – 3yrs of air raids on NV
1968 – Tet Offensive –reality of difficult road ahead.
Vietnam Under Nixon• 1968 – Vietnamization ‐
shift the burden of defeating the Communists onto SV and away from the U.S.
• 1969 – Secret bombing of Cambodia (Operation Breakfast) to destroy NV supply routes.
• 1975 – Cease Fire – US withdrawal, NV releases POWs, Demilitarized Zone, eventual peaceful reunification
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Vietnam Under Nixon
• 1975 ‐ NV Communists initiate a concerted effort to "liberate" Saigon.
• SV surrenders and the few remaining Americans evacuate Saigon
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sb40oy0lWZQ*Season 1 – Episode 4
Anti‐War
• What are 3 key arguments that the boyfriend makes against the Vietnam war?
• What are 3 key arguments that the dad makes in support of the Vietnam war?• To what extent can a citizen question the government and/or society without
being “un‐American” or unpatriotic?
Anti‐War
Each group member is responsible for 1 song (or pairs can take on 2 songs together). Read over the lyrics and explain the following to your group:
• Narrative ‐ The story, the back or pre story, the other or hidden story, the message
• Aesthetic ‐ The appeal (what pulls you in?), the reward or take away, the skill/mastery of the artist on display, the new/different/unusual
• Mechanical ‐ Technique, Form/structure, Methods, Symbolism
• Dynamic ‐ Surprise, Tension, Emotion and Movement
• Connections ‐ To other works (in and out of the medium/genre), to history, to oneself, to the artist’s other works or personal life.
Anti‐War
• What do these songs have in common?
• How do they differ?
Waist Deep in the Big Muddy ‐https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57Esi4AUVpAFeel Like I’m Fixin To Die ‐https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3W7‐ngmO_p8Imagine ‐https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVg2EJvvlF8War Pigs ‐https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fv5ekzTubwU
Anti‐War Protests
• Credibility Gap ‐ Americans began questioning information coming from the gov’t ‐ Tet Offensive, Pentagon Papers
• Role of Media – civilians see what war is really like
• The Draft ‐ 30,000/month, often working‐class minorities. Protesters burn of draft cards, flee the country
• Ugly War Realities Leaked – My Lai, Cambodia
• Protests turn violent – Kent State
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Why would the anti‐war movement be bad for America?
• It damaged American credibility and encouraged communist revolution elsewhere
• The U.S. shouldn’t abandon the mission or the president
• Extremists made the movement look bad
• It emboldened the enemy and disheartened soldiers
Other Foreign Policy Issues ‐ Nixon
• Nixon Doctrine: US would participate in the defense and development of allies/friends but would leave basic responsibility of their future up to them
• Détente ‐ relaxed tensions between the US and China/USSR – Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), 1972– Nixon visits the USSR, 1972– US lifts trade embargo on communist China, 1971– Nixon visits China, February 1972
• OPEC oil embargo (imposed to protest US position support of Israel)
• CIA orchestrates overthrow of Salvador Allende’s regime in Chile, September 1973
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Expanding Equality
• Group? • Goal? • Action? • Success?
Nixon – Domestic Issues
Counterculture• Hippies• Timothy Leary• Communes• Woodstock
Activist Youth• Students for a Democratic Society
(SDS)• Free Speech Movement• Radicals ‐ Youth International
Party, Weathermen• 26th Amendment (vote extended
to 18+)
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Nixon – Domestic Issues
Environmental Movement• Silent Spring, Rachel Carson
(older….1962)• “earthrise” photo (1968)• Cuyahoga River fire (1969)• Earth Day (1970)• Environmental Protection
Agency (1970) • Clean Water Act (1972)
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Nixon – Domestic Issues
Women’s Rights • NOW (National Organization for Women ‐
older… 1966)• Our Bodies, Ourselves (1970) – book on
women’s health and sexuality• Title IX (1972) ‐ prevents gender bias at
universities receiving federal aid• Equal Rights Amendment (1972) – passed
Congress, but not states• Roe v. Wade (1973) – “right to privacy”
includes abortion
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• Hispanics– Young Chicanos for Community Action, Brown Berets, Mexican American Youth Organization
– United Farm Workers ‐ Cesar Chavez – Grape Boycott (1965)
– Bilingual Education Act (1968)• Native Americans
– Alcatraz takeover (1965)– Trail of Broken Treaties (1972)– Indian Self‐Determination and Education Assistance Act. (1975)
• Gay Rights– Stonewall Riot (1969)– Gay Liberation Front
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Nixon – Domestic Policy
Conservative Reaction• “silent majority” and “middle
America”• “New Federalism” – shifting
power/money from federal to state• Crack down on crime and drugs
Watergate• Democratic Headquarters Break‐In• CREEP• The tapes!!
– Executive privilege– Saturday Night Massacre– U.S. v. Nixon
• Resignation (8/9/1974)
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Youth Activism – Globe of Knowledge
• What does activism look like today?
• How does this differ from activism in the late 60s‐early 70s?
• Is one more or less effective than the other?
• What does “effective” even mean? Awareness raising, legislative changes, etc ???