Nitrogen and Crude Proteins in Beetroot under Different ... fileNitrogen and Crude Proteins in...
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Nitrogen and Crude Proteinsin Beetroot under Different
Fertilization Treatments
Marko Petek 1*, Mirjana Herak Ćusti ć1, Nina Toth 2, Sanja Slunjski 1, Lepomir Čoga1, Ivan Pavlovi ć1, Saša Cvetkovi ć3
1University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Nutrition, Svetošimunska 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, [email protected] (*corresponding author)
2University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Vegetable Crops3University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, student
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: Romania3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
Introduction
• vegetable has an important role in human nutrition as a source of:– minerals, vitamins– amino acids and proteins
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
• vegetable consumption contribute to human health
Introduction
• beetroot as a functional food– prevents the emergence and development of
cancer– anemia, leukemia and
malignant tumors
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
malignant tumors
Introduction
• efficient production of vegetables is based on high investments– especially fertilizers
• optimizing crops nutrition
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
• optimizing crops nutrition – achieving satisfactory yields and quality
Introduction
• all essential nutrients in the soil are necessary to bring to the stage where the plant constantly have sufficient amounts of nutrients accessible
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
• during all phases of growth and development in all conditions
Introduction
• imbalance in the nutrition– decreasing of growth– increasing imbalance of nutrients in the soil
and plant• excess of nitrogen
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
• excess of nitrogen• especially imbalance of potassium, magnesium
and calcium
– increase the risk of damage from the environment
• lodging, disease and intolerance to cold temperatures
Introduction
• fertilizers use – economicaly– to raise the amount of accessible nutrients in the soil– meeting the needs of plants for normal growth and
development
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
development
• proper fertilization– leads to an increase of nutrients in the soil and plant– reflects to the quality of vegetables and its complete
nutritional value
Introduction
• nitrogen is integral part of many organic molecules– proteins– nucleic acids
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
– chlorophyll
• plants incorporate nitrogen in organic matter throughout the whole growing season
Introduction
• nitrogen– the most important macronutrient in the
formation of yield and quality of vegetables
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
• nitrogen fertilization of vegetables – increasing protein levels still attracts very little
attention
• Lešić et al. (2002)– 0.14 to 2.50 % N in dry weight
Introduction
• crude proteins– important in nutrition of humans and livestock
• however, grains, meat, milk and soybean are always cited as sources of crude proteins
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
always cited as sources of crude proteins
• it is worth mentioning that vegetables are not a negligible source of crude proteins– the fact that considerable amounts of vegetables
should be consumed daily
Introduction
• Lešić et al. (2002) – 11-20 g kg-1 crude proteins in fresh weight
• Wybenga and Lehr (1958)
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
• Wybenga and Lehr (1958) – 131-214 g kg-1 crude proteins in beetroot dry
weight
Aim
• to determine – the influence of different organic and mineral
fertilization treatments– post-harvest treatments on the content of
nitrogen and crude proteins
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
nitrogen and crude proteins • in the edible part of beetroot (Beta vulgaris var.
conditiva)
Materials and methods
• filed fertilizer trial– years: 2003-2005
• cultivar Bikor
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
• cultivar Bikor
Materials and methods
• 2 locations – Žumberačko gorje - Brašljevica – Lika - Hrvatsko Polje
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
Materials and methods
• Latin square method
• treatments– unfertilized control
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
– unfertilized control– 50 t stable manure ha-1
– 500 kg NPK 5-20-30 ha-1
– 1000 kg NPK 5-20-30 ha-1
trial setting
Materials and methods
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
basicplot
12 m2
investigatedplot
6 m2
rowdistance
0,4 m
plantdistance
0,07 m
isolation
0,5 m
Materials and methodsenvironment sowing harvest vegetation
Brašljevica, 2003 22.05. 21.08. 90 days
Hrvatsko Polje, 2004 21.05. 24.08. 94 days
Hrvatsko Polje, 2005 29.06. 28.09. 90 days
storage: 45 days at 5 ºC in a fridge without light
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
harvested beetrootbeetroot sowing
storage: 45 days at 5 ºC in a fridge without light
Materials and methods
• taken samples from each plot– random: 10-12 beetroots
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
Materials and methods
• total nitrogen– Kjeldahl method
(AOAC, 1995)
• crude proteins– % N x 6,25
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
– % Ntotal x 6,25 (Vajić, 1964)
• statistical program SAS System for win Ver. 9.1• Tukey test multiple comparison (Tukey's HSD)
Results
8
10
12
14
16
18
% D
ry W
eigh
t
Dry weight (in %) in beetroot
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
0
2
4
6
harvested stored harvested stored harvested stored harvested stored
2003 2004 2005 average
% D
ry W
eigh
t
control manure NPK500 NPK1000
average 6.7 10.5 14.8 14.0 7.0 10.4 9.5 11.6
Results
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
in F
resh
Wei
ght
g N kg -1 in Fresh Weight in beetroot
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
harvested stored harvested stored harvested stored harvested stored
2003 2004 2005 average
g N
kg
-1in
Fre
sh W
eigh
t
control manure NPK500 NPK1000
average 2.20 2.80 2.20 2.41 2.20 2.29 2.20 2.50
Results
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
g cr
ude
prot
eins
kg
-1in
Dry
Wei
ght
g crude proteins kg -1 in Fresh Weight in beetroot
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
0
2
4
6
8
harvested stored harvested stored harvested stored harvested stored
2003 2004 2005 average
g cr
ude
prot
eins
kg
control manure NPK500 NPK1000
average 13.78 17.47 13.73 15.04 13.76 14.30 13.76 15.61
Conclusions
• the highest content of crude proteins in fresh weight was obtained in 2004 and 2005 – in fertilization treatment with 1000 kg ha-1 NPK 5-20-30
• the crude protein content was higher in stored
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
• the crude protein content was higher in stored beetroot because of its decreasing water content (12 % average loss)
• this one of the factors that can increase the nutritional quality of beetroot as a functional food
Thank you!
Marko Petek, PhD.
May 3-5, 2012 :: Cluj-Napoca :: RomaniaMarko Petek, [email protected] 3rd CASEE conference ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production in the Danube Region’
Marko Petek, PhD.University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture
Department of Plant NutritionSvetošimunska 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia