NIOSH Health Study After BP Macondo Spill
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Transcript of NIOSH Health Study After BP Macondo Spill
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Margaret M. Kitt, MD, MPH
Worker Safety and Health:
NIOSH Perspectives from the Deepwater HorizonResponse
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Occupational Safety andHealth Act of 1970
To assure safe and
healthful working
conditions for workingmen and women
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Mine Safetyand Health
Administration(MSHA)
Department ofHealth and Human Services
(HHS)
Department of Labor(DOL)
Regulation/Enforcement
Occupational Safety and Health
Occupational
Safety and HealthAdministration(OSHA)
Research/Recommendations
Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention
(CDC)
National Institute forOccupational Safetyand Health (NIOSH)
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Deepwater Horizon Disaster April 20, 2010 drilling rig exploded, caught fire,
sank
Explosion killed 11 platform workers
Well capped on July 15 after releasing about 4.9
million barrels of oil
DWHOilRig ExplosionandFire Sinking
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PopulationsofConcern
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NIOSH Activities Rostering
Technical Guidance and Communication
Health Surveillance
Toxicity Testing
Health Hazard Evaluations
(HHEs)
This was a resource intensive effort for NIOSH with 106 staff
deployed to the field and close to 250 staff involved in total
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Rostering
Lesson Learned from the WTC: need
to have to have a prospective roster
of response workers
For DWH, NIOSH rostered over 55,000
workers
Staging areas and training sites
Paper-based and web-based
BP employees, contractors, federal and state
employees, volunteers
RosteringWorkers
inLA
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Florida-major-road-map.gif
Paper & Electronic RecordsPaper & Electronic RecordsAs of 10As of 10--11--1010
Total Collected: 55,512
PercentagePercentage
Male 81%
Female 19%
Asian 2%Hispanic 9%
Black 38%
All Others 52%
Deepwater Horizon Response Worker Rostering
Targeted Workers
BP Staff
BP Contractors
Volunteers
Federal
State & Local
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NIOSH and OSHA Collaboration
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Source of Occupational DataSource of Occupational Data
BP/Unified Command incident safety data
A collaborative effort between NIOSH, UnifiedCommand, and the BP safety team
NIOSH and HHS involved in development of SafetyIncident report forms used in the field by Safety
officials Data abstracted into electronic format by BP
Used to produce: Internal daily reports to the UC
Periodic reports to stakeholders, including the public (CDCwebsite)
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InjuryReporting
(NIOSHanalysis
of
BP
data)
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IllnessReporting
(NIOSHanalysis
of
BP
data)
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Locationof
IllnessLocation
of
Illness
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Toxicity TestingToxicity Testing
Corexitdrum
delivered
from
Nalco
Dispersant generation system, animal
exposure chamber and computer
controls
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Toxicity Testing Acute animal testing (mice) conducted on:
Dispersant (Nalco Corexit 9500A)Crude Oil from the source (sample from well head
obtained May 23rd)
Dispersant/crude oil mixture
Inhalation studiesMeasured pulmonary, cardiovascular, and CNSendpoints
Dermal studies
Assessed hypersensitivity and immune-mediatedresponses
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BP Requested Health Hazard
Evaluations:Six Work Categories
On Shore Evaluations:
Beach clean-Up Wildlife rehabilitation Equipment decontamination and waste
stream management
Off Shore Evaluations:
Source Control
In-situ burns Booming, skimming, dispersant operations
HHEstaffat
sourcecontrol
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A NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation
Worksite epidemiologic / industrial
hygieneinvestigation in response to a request
from either 3 employees, an employer, or
union
Determine whether harmful exposures,processes, or conditions exist OR cause
injuries or illnesses
Process involves employees at every step
No cost to the employer, employees, etc. Addresses all workplace hazards
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DWH HHEs Included
Industrial hygiene monitoring
Observational assessments of workactivities
Health symptom surveys
Recommendations for each site
examined
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Evaluated Dispersant Use:
The Dispersant Vessel
The Dispersant Vessel:
The International Peace
There was concern that the dispersant wascausing many of the health symptoms that
people were reporting
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Large containersof dispersant connected to
hoses
Special Dispersant Vessel: on this boat, scientists evaluated theefficacy of the dispersant breaking up the oil
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Hoses connected to a hollow boom through
which dispersant is sprayed into the water
Nozzles
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50 gallons of
Corexit
9500ADispersantapplied
tosurfaceoil
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Dispersant Breakingup the Oil on the
Surface of the Gulf
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Note the PPE* useOf the Dispersant
Applicator:Impermeable suit with hood,gloves, cartridge
respirator, goggles,steel-toed boots, life vest
PPE=personalprotective
equipment
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Measurement Results on the
Dispersant Vessels
All samples* were at non-detectable or
low concentrations well below
occupational exposure limits (OELs)
*Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 2-butoxyethanol, benzene,ethanol, ethyl benzene, naphthalene, toluene, CO, H2S,dipropylene glycols, mercury, total hydrocarbons
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InIn--Situ BurnsSitu Burns
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A pair of shrimping trawlers towed 300
feet of boom trailing and capturing
floating oil, until it was about 3 mm thick
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The oil would be lit
by an igniter
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InSitu
Surface
Oil
Burns
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Measurement Results
at the In-Situ Burn
Samples* were either non-detectable or well
below Occupational Exposure Levels Carbon monoxide peak exposure was above
NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit ceiling
limit; occurred when the gasoline poweredengines idling
*VOCs, 2-butoxyethanol, benzene, ethanol, ethyl benzene,naphthalene, toluene, H2S, dipropylene glycols, mercury, totalhydrocarbons
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InSitu
Surface
Oil
Burns
Recommendations and observations:
Use of portable direct-reading CO monitors
Decrease engine running time
Minimal opportunity for dermal exposures except during
maintenance of boom, use of gloves necessary
Safety protocols during ignitions were not fully complied with, use
of flame-retardant coveralls and leather gloves necessary
Continuous wearing of respirators not warranted, escaperespirators may be an option
Reduce or quit smoking!!
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HHE Evaluationat the Source
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The Source above the leaking well on theocean floor, at the time of the NIOSH HHE
DDII:Thereliefwell
DiscovererEnterprise:
Vesselcapturing
leakingoil
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Source Workers on VesselsRisk of exposure to contaminants from
oil:
Proximity to the source of the oilEnclosed spaces
Flares created possible exposures
to combustion by products
However, these were full time oil rig workers, andtheir exposure to oil was not novel
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Measurement Results at the Source
Low concentrations of VOCs were detected on
both vessels
Samples* were all well below OELs
*VOCs, propylene glycol ethers, sulfides, PAHs, CO, H2S, toluene,naphthalene, limonene, ethyl benzene, 2 -butoxyethanol
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NIOSH Recommendations
at the Source
No need for routine respirator use, but
make respirators immediately available for
uncontrolled situations
Attend to Heat Stress Management Plan
Consider a special emphasis follow-up with
regard to Employee Assistance Program
service, due to stress reported on DDII
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Evaluated Oil Skimming OperationsThe skimmer was put in the water
by crane, skimmed the surface
and transported oil to the barrel
tanks on the vessel.
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Measurement Results on the Skimmer
No symptoms were
reported by workers
Chemical constituent concentrations were
all well below OELs
Potential for skin contact with oil while
placing and removing skimmer from water &
during cleaning activities on deck, but
adequate PPE used
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Evaluated Barge Vacuuming of Oil
Lack of fall protection: workers bending at 8 ft ledge
Musculoskeletal risk: from continuous bending
Noise risk: from vacuum - lack of hearing protection
Sh W k
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Shore Workers
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Recommendations for Wildlife Cleaners
Follow heat stress management
plans
Minimize skin and mucusmembrane exposures
Follow ergonomic
recommendations (adjustable
tables, stools, kneeling pads)
Provide adequate staffing for
work tasks using work rotation
schedules
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Industrial Hygiene Measurement Results
for On-Shore Sites
None of the individuals chemical exposures
exceeded any OEL and majority were non-detects
Workers around pressure washers likely tohave exposures above NIOSH noise REL
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On-Shore WorkerRecommendations
Minimize contact with oil through work practices and
PPE
Follow heat stress management plan, including the
role PPE may add to heat stress risk
Improve design of tools for beach cleaning Address hearing protection and conservation
Maintain routine reporting of illnesses and injuries
Pre-placement medical evaluations of workers
A i J b St I
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Assessing Job Stress Issues
among DWH Response Workers
Conducted focus groups (August 2010)
Objective:
Understand factors that contribute to job
stress during emergency response
Make recommendations to improveworking conditions
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DWH Focus Group Participants
Safety Professionals operating out of
Venice, LA
Hired as contractors by BP to overseecrews on Vessels of Opportunity
Familiar with day-to-day operations
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DWH Focus Group Participants Worked closely with crews on health and safety issues
Eyes and ears of the off-shore cleanup crews
During focus groups, participants were asked to reporttheir own thoughts and experiences, as well as what theywere observing among crews
46 of 48 Safety Professionals participated (96%)
Median age 46 years (18-62)
89% male Median of 60 days at the spill (6-120)
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Summary of Job Stressors Heat (intensified by PPE)
Availability of food and living arrangements
Fatigue
Job insecurity Communication
issues
Under utilizedknowledge and skills
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Impact on Family Life Being away from family for long periods
Inability to address emergencies or otherproblems at home
Unreliable cell phone and internet service
Work schedules made it difficult to contactfamilies during the day
Evacuation concerns
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Coping with Job Stress
Limited options for entertainment orrecreation
Distraction
Social camaraderie
Alcohol & drug use
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Recommendations In addition to providing and encouraging use
of EAP* for mental health and stress issues,
organize work to help reduce stress at thegroup level
Consult with experts in emergency
response on work organization issues
Examine food availability commensurate withlength and timing of work shifts and physical
workloads*Employee Assistance Programs
Recommendations
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Recommendations
Expand communication network to ensure allworkers have access to daily information
Schedules, weather conditions, and changes in
roles or expectations
More needs to be understood about how toproperly communicate with workers about the
transient nature of emergency response
Provide response workers with messages about whatis being done to provide a healthy and safe
temporary living environment, and have hot-lines etc.
for workers to report concerns
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Recommendations Establish communication centers where
workers have access to landlines and high-
speed internet connections
Evaluate scheduling requirements and allow
for sufficient rest between shifts
Conduct pre-placement screening of all
response workers, including backgroundchecks, and medical evaluations to determinefitness for duty
Recommendations
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Recommendations
Ensure response workers receive adequate jobtraining before reporting for duty
During training, emphasize the importance ofself-care, including nutrition, hydration, andsleep
Provide off-hours entertainment andsocialization activities, as well as a site formeditation or religious services
Establish a safe mechanism for workers toinform management about needed changes inwork organization
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General Response Observations Collaborative effort with OSHA, Unified Area Command,
USCG, State and Local Health Depts, etc. worked very well
All potential workplace exposures important -- heat, noise, ergonomics, stress, diesel/gasoline
engine exhaust , CO
Not just the obvious ones: --oil, dispersant, cleaning chemicals
While quantitative sampling results are important,qualitative observations made by experienced OSH experts
vital for a comprehensive assessment for this kind of
disaster
Transparency and fast turnaround of results was key
Whatcanthisresponseteachusabouthow
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p
Companies,Federal
Agencies,
State
and
Locals,andNGOsworktogetherinadisaster?
The findings and conclusions in this presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or theU.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Contact information:
Margaret M. Kitt