Ninh.teaching Introduction Quantitative and Qualitative Research

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    TỔNG QUAN VỀ NGHIÊN CỨU ĐỊNH TÍNH VÀ ĐỊNH LƯỢNG 

    GS, TS, BS LÊ HOÀNG NINH 

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    NỘI DUNG CHÍNH 

     Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu định lượng 

     Đặc điểm của nghiên cứu định tính và 

    định lượng  Thu thập dữ liệu 

     Những hạn chế của nghiên cứu định lượng và định tính 

     Sự kết hợp hai loại nghiên cứu 

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    Nghiên cứu là gì ?

    Là phương cách, lộ trình khoa học nhăm trả lời các câu hỏi nghiên cứu và kiểm định các giả thuyết nghiên cứu.

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    Theo cách tiếp cận thì nghiên cứu là gì?

    Là toàn bộ việc thiết kế kể cả các giả 

    định, tiến trình thăm dò, kiểu thu thập dữ liệu, các số đo thể hiện kết quã, lý giải đánh giá kết quả, ý nghĩa của các kết quả tìm được qua nghiên cứu và 

    ứng dụng các kết quả đó.

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      Tiếp cận định lượng xem xét hiện tượng theo cách có thể đo lường được trên các đối tương nghiên cưú 

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    Tiếp cận định lượng 

     Nêu trước giả thuyết và câu hỏi nghiên cứu.

     Xác định phương pháp thu thập dữ liệu, phương pháp xử lý dữ liệu.

     Những phát hiện trong nghiên cứu được trình bày theo ngôn ngữ thống 

    kê.

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    Tiếp cận định lượng (t.t)

     Các phương pháp thu thập dữ liệu có thể là cân,đo, bản câu hỏi có câu trúc, phỏng vấn, quan sát bằng những công cụ khác.

     Các dạng khác như phỏng vấn sâu, câu hỏi không cấu trúc là dạng kết hợp với nghiên cứu định tính.

     Người nghiên cứu phải chọn phương pháp saocho phù hợp với câu hỏi nghiên cứu.

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     Đặc điểm nghiên cứu định lượng 

    Henwood and Pidgeon 1993, :

     Nghiên cứu định lượng liên quan đến lượng và số trong khi định tính liên quan đến chất và các 

    mô tả nên đơn giản hơn và ít hửu dụng hơn.

     Mục đích của nghiên cứu định lượng là đo các biến số theo các mục tiêu và xem xét sự liên 

    quan giữa chúng dưới dạng các số đo và số thống kê.

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     Đo lường trong nghiên cứu định lượng 

    Các  tiêu  chuẩn cần có của nghiên cứu  định lượng :

    - Validity

    - Objectivity (reliability)

    - Accuracy- Precision

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    Tính khách quan của nghiên cứu định lượng 

     Khách quan : means that theresearchers stands outside thephenomena they study. Data collected

    are free from bias.

    Objectivity is ensured by many wayse.g. structured questions,representative sampling andrandomization. 

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    Tính khách quan của Nghiên cứu định lượng 

    Sometimes, researchers may study concepts

    e.g. pain, attitudes and fatigue. In such cases,

    scales are constructed e.g. self-esteem scale as

    subjective measures are crude and not accurate.

    Objective measures are more valid and reliable

    than subjective measures, the later depend on

    self reports.

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    Dạng dữ liệu định lượng 

    Data are used to classify groups.

    Examples; numbers, amounts, prevalence,incidence.

    Variables can be classified as physical

    (wt.& Ht.), physiological (attitude, anxiety),

    social……etc. 

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     Đặc trưng cơ bản của nghiên cứu định lượng 

    Quantitative research studies therelationship between concepts andvariables e.g. the relation between social

    support and quality of life.

    Randomized control trials rely onquantitative measure to determine if theinterventions have the desired effects.Although qualitative methods may be usedto explore some issues related tointervention.

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     Đặc trưng cơ bản của nghiên cứu định lượng (cont.)

    It is clear that quantitative research can

    provide data to describe the distribution of

    a characteristic or attributes in population,

    explore the relationships between them and

    determine cause and effect relationship.

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    Thí dụ: nghiên cứu định lượng 

     An evaluation of a teaching intervention toimprove the practice of endotrachealsuctioning in I.C.U.

    This study measures concepts (Know.&Pract.), relation between them and tests theeffectiveness of K.&P. in I.C.U.

    Data collection was structured andstandardized. K. is measured questionnaireand P. by “structured observation schedule” 

    Data are analyzed by statistical tests.

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     Đặc trưng cơ bản của nghiên cứu định lượng 

     Nghiên cứu định lượng được dùng để tổng quát hóa kết quả nghiên cứu thông quaphân phối ngẫu nhiên và lấy mẫu đại diện 

    However, the study is no less quantitative

    if a random representative sample is not

    used.

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    Thu thập dữ liệu trong nghiên cứu định lượng 

    Questionnaire

    Observation schedules

    Scales to measure KAP Instruments to measure physiological and

    biomedical indicators

     Tất cả các công cụ trên đều có trước, có cấu trúc và được chuẩn hóa.

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    Hạn chế của cách tiếp cận định lượng 

     Không giúp hiểu được các hiện tượng về conngười nhất là những nghiên cứu về hành vi.

     Câu trả lời của các đối tượng bị tác động ảnh hưởng bởi nhiều yếu tố, nên không hoàn toàn khách quan.

     Dù trên một thang đo chuẩn hóa nhưng có thể 

    giải thích khác nhau tùy theo người tham gia.

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    Nghiên cứu định tính 

    Not everything that can be

    counted counts and not everythingthat counts can be counted.

    ( Albert Einstein )

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    What is qualitative research?

     Để chăm sóc sức khỏe cho ngưởi dân và thúc đẩy sự thay đổi hành vi đòi hỏi phải hiểu biết sâu về quan niệm, tư tưởng cũng 

    như các trải nghiệm,, niềm tin, sự phấn kích,động viên và các ước muốn của họ 

    Do vậy, lắng nghe và quan sát sẽ cho nhiều 

    thông tin có giá trị hơn là chỉ gởi tới họ các câu hỏi hay bộ câu hỏi 

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    What is qualitative research?

    (cont.)

    Qualitative research is an approachwhich seeks to understand , by meansof exploration, human experience,perceptions, motivations, intentionsand behavior.

    It is interactive, inductive, flexible, and

    reflexive method of data collection andanalysis. 

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      Những đặc điểm của nghiên cứu định lượng 

    1- thăm dò (Exploration)

    2- tiếp cận qui nạp(Inductive approach)

    3- tương tác và phản hồi (Interactiveand Reflective)

    4- mềm dẽo (Flexible)

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    Main features of Qualitative Research

    ( cont. )

    1-thăm dò là đặc điểm cơ bản của Nghiên cứu định tính 

    Giúp hiểu đưiợc tâm tư, tình cảm và 

    hành động của người dân Giúp khám phá, phát hiện ra người  mới (

    bệnh), phong tục tập quán  qua đó hiểu rõ hơn người dân.

    Exploration is a difficult task that requirestraining and experience.

    It should be inductive, interactive, reflexiveand holistic.

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    Main features of Qualitative Research

    ( cont. )

    3-Tương tác và phản hồi (nteractive and Reflexiveprocess

    để tránh sai lệch, người nghiên cứu người nghiên cứu phải xem xét hiện tượng theo kiểu tháo rời 

    từng mảng (a detached way).In qualitative studies, researchers use interactionbetween them and participants to get closer to thetopic under study. The researcher becomes aninstrument of data collection. The researchers

    probe, facilitate, and note tone, hesitations andrepetition in participants responses.

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    Main features of Qualitative Research

    ( cont. )

    3- Interactive and Reflexive process (cont.)

    There should be TIN CẬY between participantsand researchers.

    The qualitative research should be reflexive i.e.

    examining ( Không chỉ nghe họ nói cái gì mà phải hiểu tại sao họ nói như thế) not only what

    people say and do, but also why they say and doso.

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    Main features of Qualitative Research

    ( cont. )

    4- Holistic exploration

    In quantitative research, the researcher is

    constrained by a number of variables to bestudied.

    In qualitative research, participants are

    allowed to put their responses in context. (

    Người tham gia được quyền trả lời dưới dạng một bài văn )

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    Main features of Qualitative Research

    ( cont. )

    5- Mềm Dẽo (Flexible methods)Qualitative research relies on personal, intimate

    and private world of participants. So flexible,imaginative, creative and varied strategies are

    used to facilitate this process.Data collection methods include; interviews,observations, group discussion, analysis of videorecording, letters, diaries and other documents.

    In quantitative research, data collection methodsare constructed in advance. 

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    Common approaches in

    qualitative research

    1- Dân tộc học (Ethnograghy)

    2- Hiện Tượng học (Phenomenology)3- Phân tích ngôn từ (Discourse

    analysis)

    4- Lý thuyết tiềm ẩn (Grounded theory)

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    Common approaches in

    qualitative research

    1- Dân tộc học (Ethnography): is anapproach relying on the collection of datain the natural environment. Ethnographers

    are interested in how the behavior ofindividuals is influenced or mediated byculture in which they live.

    So, human behavior can only be

    understood if studied in the setting inwhich it occurs. As people can influenceand be influenced by the groups they livein.

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    Common approaches in

    qualitative research

    4- Grounded theory: It is an inductive

    approach to research whereby

    hypotheses and theories emerge out

    or are grounded in data.

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    Common approaches in qualitative

    research (conclusion)

    The above 4 approaches are similar in thatthey place emphasis on interpretationrather than objective empirical

    observations. They are interactive. They are different in that; ethnography

    focuses on culture, phenomenology onconsciousness, discourse analysis on

    language and ground theory’s aim is thedevelopment of theory through induction.

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     Limitations of Qualitative

    Research

    1- Giai thoại :It is anecdotal (stories toldfor dramatic quality without critical

    evaluation)

    2- Phi khoa học (Unscientific)

    3- không tổng quát hóa :Producingfindings that are not generalisable

    4-Ấn tượng (Impressionistic)

    5- Chủ quan (Subjective)

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    Combining Quantitative and

    Qualitative Methods

    Humans are both rational

    calculating beings…and they also

    operate on a deeper level offeelings, drivers and irrationality.

    H. Mariampolski

    C Q

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    Combining Quantitative and

    Qualitative Methods

    An old debate between quantitative and qualitative

    methods can be traced back to the two opposed

    Greek philosophical visions of human science that

    emphasize number (Pythagoras) and meaning(Socrates) as the essence of mind.

    Qualitative research has been described as; noble,

    good and empowering by some researchers.

    By others it is; story telling, touchy – feely, biased,subjective, lacking reliability validity and

    generalisabilty. 

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    Types and purposes of

    combining methods

    1- To develop and enhance the validity ofscales, questionnaire and tools.

    2- To develop, implement and evaluate

    interventions.3- To further explore or test the findings of one

    method.

    4- To study different aspects of the same topics.

    5- To explore complex phenomena fromdifferent perspectives.

    6- To confirm or cross-validate data.

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      It is better to view quantitative

    and qualitative researches not

    as dichotomous but as various

    tools.

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