Nils Petter Gleditsch Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW at
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Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Nils Petter Gleditsch
Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW atInternational Peace Research Institute, Oslo
(PRIO)& Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
An irreverent history of peace research
Henrik-Steffens-Vorlesung, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin,3 June 2008
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Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Two anniversaries
• 2009: PRIO at 50• 2009: The ISA at 50
What happened to peace?What happened to peace research?
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Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Armed conflicts 1946–2006
Data from Harbom & Wallensteen (2007) and www.prio.no/cscw/armedconflict.
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Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Battle deaths, 1946–2005
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Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Periodization
• Pre-history ( –1959)• The behavioral revolution (1959–68)• The socialist revolution (1968–78)• The wilderness years (1978–89)• The post-Cold War years (1989– )• The liberal peace – or? (2001– )
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Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Themes
• Academic disciplines• Methodology• School in IR• Politics• Institutionalization• The concept of peace
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Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Pre-history (until the late 1950s)
• Law, history, philosophy, political science• Traditional methodology, essayistic, legalistic• Realist thinking (deterrence, alliance politics)• Politically pro-West (traditionalism)• Beginning institutionalization (Royal Institute …,
NGOs)• Avoid war (at most), peace not a serious academic
concept
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Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
The behavioral revolution (1959–68+)
• Sociology, economics, etc., multi-disciplinary ideal• Quantitative methodology (statistics, mathematical
modeling)• Liberal thinking (modernization, integration,
nonviolent norms); Gandhian influence• Politically neutral (pacifism); analogy to medicine• Rapid institutionalization (JCR, CCR, PRIO, JPR,
IPRA, PRS/PSS, chairs)• Negative peace (avoid war) and positive
(integration)
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Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
The socialist revolution (1968–78)
• Trans-disciplinary ideal (but: ascendance of political science)• Liberation methodology (invariance-breaking)• Radical thinking (dependency, marxism, structural)• Politically pro-East (revisionism), pro-South (third-worldism); research (for the underdogs)• Conquer or destroy institutions (Denmark, chairs in peace research)• Peace as negation of direct and structural violence
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Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
The wilderness years (1979–89)
• A subfield of political science?• Weak methodology (anything goes)• Radicalism becomes traditionalism• Politically correct with declining faith• Trying to save or to patch up institutions• Peace as anything
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Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
The post-Cold War years (1989– )
• Multiple backgrounds (cross-d., not trans-d.)• Pluralist methodology (post-modern challenge)• Neoliberal thinking (the liberal peace)• Apolitically pro-West (only game in town)• De-institutionalization, privatization, individualism,
new emphasis on academic quality• Peace as reduction of direct violence; lasting peace
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Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
The liberal peace – or? (2001– )
Competing challenges• The temporary peace• Hegemonic peace• Clash of civilizations• Sustainable peace• The virtual peace• The male peace• Capitalist peace
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Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Boulding's three forms of power
• Threat power (destruction)• Economic power (exchange)• Integrative power (legitimacy)
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Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Integrative power
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Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
- or?