Nilam Chemistry Form 5
184
Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. (919810-T) Tingkat 1, No. 35, Jalan 5/10B, Spring Crest Industrial Park 68100 Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia. Tel/Fax: 03 - 6185 2402 All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrival system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission from Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. (919810-T), 2012 Printed by Pramaju Sdn. Bhd. No. 35, Jalan 5/10B Spring Crest Industrial Park 68100 Batu Caves Selangor Darul Ehsan Aziz
description
Nilam Chemistry Form 5Nilam publicationChemistryKimiaForm 5ModuleTIngkatan 5
Transcript of Nilam Chemistry Form 5
-
Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. (919810-T)Tingkat 1, No. 35, Jalan 5/10B, Spring Crest Industrial Park68100 Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia.Tel/Fax: 03 - 6185 2402
All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrival system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission from Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. (919810-T), 2012
Printed by Pramaju Sdn. Bhd.No. 35, Jalan 5/10BSpring Crest Industrial Park68100 Batu CavesSelangor Darul Ehsan
Aziz
-
CONTENTSKandungan
Practice for Common Chemical Equations in SPM Chemistry SyllabusLatihan untuk Persamaan Kimia Biasa dalam Sukatan Pelajaran Kimia SPM 1 7
1 Rate of ReactionKadar Tindak Balas 8 39
2 Carbon CompoundsSebatian Karbon 40 94
3 Redox ReactionsTindak Balas Redoks 95 134
4 ThermochemistryTermokimia 135 164
5 Chemical for ConsumersBahan Kimia untuk Pengguna 165 182
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FORM 5 Chemistry MODULENila
m P
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tion
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1
PRA
CT
ICE
FO
R C
OM
MO
N C
HE
MIC
AL
EQ
UAT
ION
S IN
SPM
CH
EM
IST
RY
SY
LL
AB
US
LAT
IHA
N U
NT
UK
PE
RSA
MA
AN
KIM
IA B
IASA
DA
LA
M S
UK
ATA
N P
EL
AJA
RA
N K
IMIA
SPM
1.0
CH
EM
ICA
L PR
OPE
RT
IES
OF
AC
ID /
SIFA
T K
IMIA
ASI
D
1.1
Met
al +
Aci
d
Sal
t + H
ydro
gen
/ Log
am +
Asi
d
Gar
am +
Hid
roge
n:
A
pplic
atio
n in
/ D
igun
akan
dal
am:
I.
Aci
d an
d ba
se /
Asi
d da
n be
s II
. Pr
epar
atio
n of
sal
t / P
enye
diaa
n ga
ram
II
I. R
ate
of r
eact
ion
/ Kad
ar ti
ndak
bal
as
Woo
den
splin
ter
Kay
u uj
i
Aci
d / A
sid
Met
al /
Log
amA
cid
Asi
d
Met
alL
ogam
Acid
/ Asi
dM
etal
Log
am
Aci
dA
sid
Met
alL
ogam
Bal
ance
d ch
emic
al e
quat
ion
Pers
amaa
n ki
mia
seim
bang
Ioni
c eq
uatio
nPe
rsam
aan
ion
HN
O3
Mg
Al
Zn
Pb
H2S
O4
Mg
Al
Zn
HC
l
Mg
Al
Zn
CH
3CO
OH
Mg
Al
Zn
Pb
-
MODULE Chemistry FORM 5N
ilam
Publication S
dn
. Bhd.
2
1.2
Met
al C
arbon
ate +
Acid
Sa
lt + W
ater +
Carb
on di
oxide
/ Log
am ka
rbona
t + A
sid
Gara
m + K
arbon
diok
sida
I.
Chem
ical p
ropert
ies of
acid
Sif
at kim
ia asi
dII
. Pr
epara
tion a
nd qu
alitat
ive an
alysis
of sa
lt
Peny
ediaa
n dan
anali
sis ku
alitat
if ga
ramII
I. R
ate of
reac
tion
Ka
dar t
indak
balas
Meta
l carb
onate
+ ac
idLo
gam
karbo
nat +
asid
Lime
wate
rAi
r kap
urA
cid
/ Asi
d
Met
al c
arbo
nate
Log
am k
arbo
nat
Acid
/ Asi
dM
etal
Log
am
Aci
dA
sid
Met
al c
arbo
nate
Log
am k
arbo
nat
Bal
ance
d ch
emic
al e
quat
ion
Pers
amaa
n ki
mia
seim
bang
Ioni
c eq
uatio
nPe
rsam
aan
ion
HN
O3
K2C
O3
Na 2
CO
3
CaC
O3
MgC
O3
Al 2
(CO
3)3
ZnC
O3
FeC
O3
PbC
O3
CuC
O3
H2S
O4
K2C
O3
Na 2
CO
3
CaC
O3
MgC
O3
Al 2
(CO
3)3
ZnC
O3
FeC
O3
CuC
O3
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FORM 5 Chemistry MODULENila
m P
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Aci
dA
sid
Met
al c
arbo
nate
Log
am k
arbo
nat
Bal
ance
d ch
emic
al e
quat
ion
Pers
amaa
n ki
mia
seim
bang
Ioni
c eq
uatio
nPe
rsam
aan
ion
HC
l
K2C
O3
Na 2
CO
3
CaC
O3
MgC
O3
Al 2
(CO
3)3
ZnC
O3
FeC
O3
CuC
O3
CuC
O3
13.
Aci
d +
Bas
e
Sal
t + W
ater
/ A
sid
+ B
es
Gar
am +
Air
I.
Chem
ical p
ropert
ies of
acid
Sif
at kim
ia asi
dIi
. Pr
epara
tion o
f salt
Pe
nyed
iaan g
aram
Iii.
Therm
oche
mistr
y
Term
okim
ia
Alka
liAs
idAl
kali
Acid
Aci
d
Met
al o
xide
Asi
d
Log
am o
ksid
aPo
lyst
erin
e cu
pC
awan
pol
iste
rina
Aci
d +
alka
liA
sid
+ al
kali
Aci
dA
sid
Bas
eB
esB
alan
ced
Che
mic
al E
quat
ion
Pers
amaa
n K
imia
Sei
mba
ngIo
nic
Equ
atio
nPe
rsam
aan
Ion
HN
O3
KO
H
NaO
H
CaO
MgO
Al 2
O3
ZnO
-
MODULE Chemistry FORM 5N
ilam
Publication S
dn
. Bhd.
4
Aci
dA
sid
Met
al c
arbo
nate
Log
am k
arbo
nat
Bal
ance
d ch
emic
al e
quat
ion
Pers
amaa
n ki
mia
seim
bang
Ioni
c eq
uatio
nPe
rsam
aan
ion
HN
O3
FeO
PbO
CuO
H2S
O4
KO
H
NaO
H
CaO
MgO
Al 2
O3
ZnO FeO
CuO
HC
l
KO
H
NaO
H
CaO
MgO
Al 2
O3
ZnO FeO
CuO
-
FORM 5 Chemistry MODULENila
m P
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5
2.0
DIS
PLA
CE
ME
NT
RE
AC
TIO
NS
/ TIN
DA
K B
AL
AS
PEN
YE
SAR
AN
I.
Ele
ctro
chem
istr
y / E
lekt
roki
mia
& II
. R
edox
/ R
edok
sII
I. T
herm
oche
mis
try
/ Ter
mok
imia
Mor
e el
ectr
opos
itive
met
alL
ogam
lebi
h el
ektr
opos
itif
Lar
utan
gar
am b
agi l
ogam
kur
ang
elek
trop
ositi
fSa
lt so
lutio
n of
less
ele
ctro
posi
tive
met
al
34353637383940414243
Mor
e el
ectr
opos
itive
met
alL
ogam
lebi
h el
ektr
opos
itif
Salt
solu
tion
ofle
ss e
lect
ropo
sitiv
e m
etal
Lar
utan
gar
am b
agi l
ogam
kura
ng e
lekt
ropo
sitif
Salt
solu
tion
Lar
utan
gar
amM
etal
Log
amB
alan
ced
Che
mic
al E
quat
ion
Pers
amaa
n K
imia
Sei
mba
ngIo
nic
Equ
atio
nPe
rsam
aan
Ion
AgN
O3
Mg
Al
Zn Fe Pb Cu
CuS
O4 /
CuC
l 2 /
Cu(
NO
3)2
*Cho
ose
one
solu
tion
Pili
h sa
tu la
ruta
n
Mg
Al
Zn Fe Pb
Pb(N
O3)
2
Mg
Al
Zn Fe
-
MODULE Chemistry FORM 5N
ilam
Publication S
dn
. Bhd.
6
Salt
solu
tion
Lar
utan
gar
amM
etal
Log
amB
alan
ced
chem
ical
equ
atio
nPe
rsam
aan
kim
ia se
imba
ngIo
nic
equa
tion
Pers
amaa
n io
n
Zn(
NO
3)2 / Z
nCl 2
/ Z
nSO
4
*Cho
ose
one
solu
tion
Pili
h sa
tu la
ruta
n
Mg
Al
3.0
DO
UB
LE
DE
CO
MPO
SIT
ION
RE
AC
TIO
N
TIN
DA
K B
AL
AS
PEN
GU
RA
IAN
GA
ND
A D
UA
I.
Prep
arat
ion
of in
solu
ble
of s
alt
Pe
nyed
iaan
gar
am ta
k te
rlar
ut
II.
Qua
litat
ive
anal
ysis
of
salt
A
nalis
is k
ualit
atif
gar
amII
I.
The
rmoc
hem
istr
y
Term
okim
ia
Salt
solu
tion
cont
ains
cat
ion
of in
solu
ble
salt
Lar
utan
gar
amm
enga
ndun
giga
ram
tak
terl
arut
Inso
lubl
e sa
ltG
aram
tak
terl
arut
Salt
solu
tion
cont
ains
ani
onof
inso
lubl
e sa
ltL
arut
an g
aram
men
gand
ungi
gara
m ta
k te
rlar
ut
NaC
l(aq
)/N
a 2SO
4/KI(
aq)
Salt
solu
tion
cont
ains
A13
+ / P
b2+
Lar
utan
gar
am m
enga
ndun
gi A
13+ /
Pb2
+
Mix
ture
of
salt
solu
tion
cont
ains
cat
ion
and
zand
ani
onof
inso
lubl
e sa
ltC
ampu
ran
laru
tan
gara
m y
ang
men
gand
ungi
kat
ion
dan
anio
nga
ram
tak
terl
arut
Salt
solu
tion
iL
arut
an g
aram
iSa
lt so
lutio
n ii
Lar
utan
gar
am ii
Bal
ance
d ch
emic
al e
quat
ion
Pers
amaa
n ki
mia
seim
bang
Ioni
c eq
uatio
nPe
rsam
aan
ion
Pb(N
O3)
2
NaC
l
Na 2
SO4
Na 2
CO
3
KI
Ba(
NO
3)2
Na 2
SO4
Na 2
CO
3
AgN
O3
KC
l
Na 2
CO
3
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FORM 5 Chemistry MODULENila
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7
4.0
CO
MB
UST
ION
OF
CA
RB
ON
CO
MPO
UN
D /
PEM
BA
KA
RA
N S
EB
ATIA
N K
AR
BO
N
C
arbo
n co
mpou
nd +
Oxyg
en
Carb
on di
oxide
+Wate
r / Se
batia
n ka
rbon
+ Ok
sigen
K
arbon
dios
ida +
Air
I.
Carbo
n Com
poun
d / Se
batia
n Karb
onII
. Th
ermoc
hemi
stry /
Term
okim
ia
Alk
ane
/ alk
ene
/ alc
oholS
oot /
Jel
aga
Alk
ana
/ alk
ena
/ alk
ohol
34353637383940414243
The
rmom
eter
/ Te
rmom
eter
Cop
per
can
/ Tin
kup
rum
Wat
er /
Air
Alc
ohol
/ A
lkoh
ol
-----------
----------
---------
------
Car
bon
Com
poun
dSe
batia
n K
arbo
nB
alan
ced
Che
mic
al E
quat
ion
Pers
amaa
n K
imia
Sei
mba
ng
CH
4
C2H
6
C3H
8
C4H
10
C5H
12
C2H
4
C3H
6
C4H
8
C5H
10
C6H
12
CH
3OH
C2H
5OH
C3H
7OH
C4H
9OH
C5H
11O
H
-
1 RATE OF REACTIONKadar Tindak BalasMeaning of Rate of Reaction / Definisi Kadar Tindak Balas
Statethemeaningofrateofreaction./Menyatakanmaksudkadartindakbalas. Identifyobservablechangestoreactantsandproducts./Mengenal pasti perubahan kepada bahan dan hasil tindak balas
yangbolehdilihat. Specifythemethodofmeasurementinvolved./Menentukankaedahpengukuranyangterlibat.
Measuring the Rate of Reaction / Pengukuran Kadar Tindak Balas
Plotagraphofquantityofproduct/reactantagainsttime./Melukisgrafkuantitihasil/bahantindakbalasmelawanmasa. Calculatetheaveragerateofreaction./Mengirakadartindakbalaspurata. Calculatetherateofreactionatanygiventimefromthegraph./Mengira kadar tindak balas pada masa yang diberi
menggunakanmaklumatdaripadagraf. Solvenumericalproblemsinvolving:/Menyelesaikanmasalahkuantitatifmelibatkan: - theaveragerateofreaction./kadartindakbalaspurata. - therateofreactionatanygiventime./kadartindakbalaspadamasayangdiberi.
Factors That Affect the Rate of Reaction / Faktor yang Memberi Kesan terhadap Kadar Tindak Balas
Experimentontheeffectof:Eksperimenmengkajikesan:
i. Sizeofthereactant Saizbahan
ii. Concentration Kepekataniii. Temperature Suhuiv. Acatalyst Mangkin
- Drawalabelleddiagramoftheapparatusset-upforeachexperiment. Melukisgambarrajahberlabelbagisusunanalatradasbagisetiapeksperimen.- Describe the experiments (i) - (iv) to investigate factors affecting the rate of
reaction./Menghuraikan eksperimen (i) - (iv) bagi menyiasat faktor yang memberi kesan terhadapkadartindakbalas.
- Drawthegraphforeachoftheexperimentbasedonthedataobtained. Melukisgrafbagisetiapeksperimenberdasarkandatayangdiperoleh.- Determine the average rate of reaction and the rate of reaction at any given time
fromthegraph./Menentukan kadar tindak balas purata dan kadar tindak balas bagi masa tertentudaripadagraf.
- Interpretthevarioustypesofgraphs./Mentafsirpelbagaibentukgraf.- Solveproblemsinvolvingfactorsaffectingrateofreaction./Menyelesaikan masalah
yang melibatkan faktor yang memberi kesan ke atas kadar tindak balas
Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction / Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak Balas Understandcollisiontheory/Memahami teori perlanggaran - Activation energy, Eaandenergyprofilediagram/Tenaga pengaktifan, Eadangambarrajahprofiltenaga - Effective collision / Perlanggaran berkesan - Frequency of effective collisions and rate of reaction / Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan dan kadar tindak balas Relatecollisiontheorywithfactorsaffectingtherateofreaction/Menghubungkan teori perlanggaran dengan faktor-
faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas - Sizeofreactant/Saizbahan - Concentration of the reactant Kepekatan bahan tindak balas - Temperature of reaction / Suhu tindak balas - Useofcatalyst/Penggunaan mangkin
Application of the Knowledge on Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction in Everyday Activitiesand Industrial Processes / Aplikasi Pengetahuan mengenai Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak Balas
dalam Aktiviti Harian dan dalam Proses Industri
Explain how each factor increases the rate of reaction by increasingthenumberofeffectivecollisions.Menerangkan bagaimana setiap faktor boleh meningkatkan kadar tindak balas dengan meningkatkan bilangan perlanggaran berkesan.
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FORM 5 Chemistry MODULENila
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Meaning of Rate of Reaction / Maksud Kadar Tindak Balas
1 The rate of reaction is a measurement of the change in quantity of reactant or product againsttime: Kadar tindak balas ialah pengukuran perubahan kuantiti bahan atau hasil tindak balas terhadap masa:
Rate of reaction = Change in quantity of reactant/productTime taken for the change to occur / Kadar tindak balas = Perubahan kuantiti bahan/hasil
Masa yang diambil
2 The change in amount of reactant or product in any reaction which is chosen for the purpose of measuring rate of reaction must be observable and measurable. Thepossibleobservableandmeasurablechangesare:
Perubahan jumlah bahan atau hasil dalam tindak balas yang dipilih untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas mestilah boleh dilihat dan diukur. Perubahan yang boleh dilihat dan diukur adalah:
a. Decrease in the mass of reactant. Pengurangan dalam jisim bahan tindak balas b. Increase in the mass of product. / Peningkatan dalam jisim hasil tindak balas c. Increase in volume of gas released. / Peningkatan dalam isi padu gas yang dibebaskan. d. Formation of precipitate as a product. / Pembentukan mendakan sebagai hasil. e. Change in pH, temperature or electrical conductivity. / Perubahan dalam pH, suhu atau kekonduksian elektrik.
Example/Contoh:
Chemical reactionTindak balas kimia
Observable changesPerubahan yang boleh
diperhatikan
Method of measuring the observable changesKaedah pengukuran perubahan yang boleh
diperhatikan
Reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid:Tindak balas di antara magnesium dan asid hidroklorik:
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H
2(g)
Decrease in massof magnesiumPengurangan jisim magnesium
Hydrochloric acidAsid hidroklorik
MagnesiumMagnesium
Reading from the balance is recorded in every 30 seconds.Bacaan daripada penimbang direkodkan setiap 30 saat.
Increase in volumeof hydrogenPeningkatan isi padu hidrogen
WaterAir
Hydrochloric acidAsid hidroklorik
MagnesiumMagnesium
Hydrogen gas is collected by water displacement in a burette. The volume of hydrogen gas collected is recorded every 30 seconds.* This apparatus set-up can also be used to measure the increase
in volume of other gases that are insoluble for example oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Gas hidrogen diperoleh dengan cara penyesaran air di dalam buret. Isi padu gas hidrogen yang diperoleh direkod setiap 30 saat. * Susunan alat radas ini juga boleh digunakan untuk mengukur
peningkatan isi padu gas lain yang tak larut seperti oksigen, hidrogen dan karbon dioksida.
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MODULE Chemistry FORM 5N
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. Bhd.
10
Reaction between sodium thiousulphate and hydrochloric acid:Tindak balas di antara natrium tiosulfat dan asid hidroklorik:
Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s)
Formation sulphur as a precipitate* Volume of sulphur
dioxide gas, SO2 cannot be measured by water displacement because sulphur dioxide is soluble in water
Pembentukan sulfur sebagai mendakan* Isi padu gas sulfur
dioksida, SO2 tidak boleh diukur dengan cara penyesaran air kerana sulfur dioksida larut dalam air.
X
Sodium thiosulphate solution+ sulphuric acidLarutan natrium tiosulfat + asidsulfurik
Amount of solid sulphur formed is measured by the time taken for the mark X placed under the conical flask no longer to be seen.Jumlah pepejal sulfur yang terbentuk diukur dengan masa yang diambil untuk tanda X yang diletak di bawah kelalang kon tidak kelihatan.
3 The rate of reaction is high_________ if the reaction occurs fast_________ within a short period of time. Kadar tindak balas tinggi_________ jika tindak balas yang berlaku cepat_________ dalam jangka masa yang pendek. 4 The rate of reaction is low_________ if the reaction occurs slowly_________ within a long period of time. Kadar tindak balas rendah_________ jika tindak balas berlaku dengan perlahan__________ dalam jangka masa yang panjang.5 The rate of reaction is inversely proportional to time: Kadar tindak balas berkadar songsang dengan masa:
Rate of reaction 1Time taken / Kadar tindak balas 1
Masa yang diambil
Measuring the Rate of Reaction / Pengukuran Kadar Tindak Balas
1 The rate of reaction can be measured from the graph of decrease of amount reactant against time or increase in amount of product against time.
Kadar tindak balas juga boleh diukur daripada graf pengurangan jumlah bahan tindak balas melawan masa atau peningkatan hasil tindak balas melawan masa.
Amount of reactant / Jumlah bahan tindak balas
Time / Masa
Amount of product / Jumlah hasil tindak balas
Time / Masa
2 Two ways to measure the rate of reaction / Dua cara untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas a. Average rate of reaction within a period of time. / Kadar tindak balas purata dalam suatu jangka masa.
b. Instantaneous rate of reaction (rate of reaction at any given time). / Kadar tindak balas pada masa tertentu (kadar tindak balas pada masa yang diberi).
3 Average rate of reaction / Kadar tindak balas purataa. Average rate of reaction = Increaseinamountofproduct/decreaseinamountofreactantTime taken for the change to occur
Kadar tindak balas purata = Peningkatan dalam jumlah hasil/penurunan dalam jumlah bahan tindak balas
Masa yang diambil untuk perubahan berlaku
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FORM 5 Chemistry MODULENila
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b. For a reaction that involves releasing of gas in certain time interval, the average rate of reaction can be determined from the graph as follows:
Bagi tindak balas yang melibatkan pembebasan gas dalam jangka masa yang tertentu, kadar tindak balas purata boleh ditentukan daripada graf seperti berikut:
1
V1
V2
V3
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Volume of gas/cm3Isi padu gas/cm3
Time/minuteMasa/minit
The average rate of reaction in the first 5 minutesKadar tindak balas purata dalam 5 minit pertama =
(V3 0) cm3(5 0) minThe average rate of reaction for the second minuteKadar tindak balas purata bagi minit kedua =
(V2 V1) cm3(2 1) min
4 Instantaneous rate of reaction (rate of reaction at any given time): Kadar tindak balas pada masa tertentu (kadar tindak balas pada masa yang diberi):
a. Rate of reaction at any given time is obtained from the gradient of the graph of the amount of reactant/product against time.
Kadar tindak balas pada masa yang tertentu boleh diperoleh daripada kecerunan lengkung graf bahan/hasil tindak balas melawan masa.
The rate of reaction at t1 second / Kadar tindak balas pada saat t1 = The gradient of tangent to the curve at t1 / Kecerunan tangen graf pada t1= y cm
3
x s
Volume of gas/cm3Isi padu gas/cm3
Time/sMasa/s
x
t1
y
EXERCISE / LATIHAN 1 An experiment is carried out to determine the rate of reaction of 20 cm3of0.5moldm-3 hydrochloric acid with excess calcium
carbonate.Theresultsareshownbelow. Suatu eksperimen dijalankan untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas 20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm-3 dengan kalsium karbonat
berlebihan. Keputusannya ditunjukkan di bawah.
Time/sMasa/s 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165
Volume of CO2/cm3Isi padu CO2 /cm3
0.00 10.00 16.00 22.00 27.00 31.50 36.00 39.50 42.00 44.00 44.00 44.00
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30
10
20
30
40
50
060 90 120 150 180
Time/s
Volume/cm3
a. i. Write a chemical equation for the above reaction. Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas di atas. CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ii. Statetheobservableandmeasurablechangesintheexperiment. Nyatakan perubahan yang boleh dilihat dan diukur dalam eksperimen ini.
Increaseinvolumeofcarbondioxide//decreaseinmassofcalciumcarbonate
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iii. State the meaning of the rate of reaction for the above reaction. Nyatakan maksud kadar tindak balas bagi tindak balas di atas.
Changeinvolumeofcarbondioxidegasinonesecond/changeinmassofcalciumcarbonateinonesecond.iv. Drawanapparatusset-uptomeasurerateofreactioninthereaction. Lukiskan susunan alat radas yang digunakan untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas dalam tindak balas tersebut.
Calcium carbonate
Hydrochloric acidWater
b. Draw the graph of the volume of carbon dioxide gas collected against time. Lukiskan graf gas karbon dioksida yang terkumpul melawan masa.
c. From the graph, determine: / Daripada graf, tentukan:i. the average rate of reaction in the first minute / kadar tindak balas purata dalam minit pertama.
= The total volume of carbon dioxide gas collected in the first minuteJumlah isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang terkumpul dalam minit pertama
Time taken for the change to occur
Masa yang diambil bagi perubahan untuk berlaku
= 2760 =0.45cm3 s-1
ii. the average rate of reaction in the second minute / kadar tindak balas purata dalam minit kedua
= Total volume of carbon dioxide gas collected between first minute and the second minute
Jumlah isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang terkumpul dalam minit pertama dan minit kedua
Time taken for the change to occurMasa yang diambil bagi perubahan untuk berlaku
= 422760 =0.25cm3 s-1
iii. the time when the reaction has completed / masa apabila tindak balas selesai135 s
iv. the average rate of reaction for overall reactionkadar tindak balas purata bagi tindak balas keseluruhannya
= Total volume of carbon dioxide collected
Jumlah isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang terkumpul
Time taken for the change to occurMasa yang diambil bagi perubahan untuk berlaku
= 44135 =0.326cm
3 s-1
v. the rate of reaction at 30 seconds = the gradient of the graph at 30 secondsKadar tindak balas pada masa 30 saat Kecerunan graf pada masa 30 saat
= 0.4050.1cm3 s-1
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vi. therateofreactionat105seconds =thegradientofthegraphat105seconds kadar tindak balas pada masa 105 saat Kecerunan graf pada masa 105 saat
=0.2170.1cm3 s-1 d. Compare the rate of reaction at 30 seconds and 105 seconds. Explain your answer. Bandingkan kadar tindak balas pada masa 30 saat dan 105 saat. Terangkan jawapan anda.
Rate of reaction at 30 seconds is higher than at 105 seconds because the concentration of hydrochloric acid____________________________________________________________________________________________________ decreases as time increases.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
2 Excessofzincpowderisaddedto50cm3 of 1 mol dm3hydrochloricacid.Thevolumeofhydrogengascollectedandtimetakenarerecorded.Completethefollowingtable.
Serbuk zink berlebihan ditambah kepada 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm3. Isi padu gas yang dikumpul dan masa yang diambil direkodkan. Lengkapkan jadual berikut.
Sketch of a curve for volume of hydrogen gas collected against time for the reaction between excess of zinc powder with 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid. The tangents on the curve at t
1, t
2 and t
3 are shown.
Lakaran graf bagi isi padu gas hidrogen yang terkumpul melawan masa untuk tindak balas di antara serbuk zink berlebihan dengan 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm3. Tangen bagi graf pada t
1, t
2 dan t
3 ditunjukkan.
V
Isi padu hidrogen/cm3Volume of hydrogen/cm3
Time/minuteMasa/minit
Tangent on the curve at t1, t
2 and t
3 respectively
Tangen bagi graf pada t1, t
2 dan t
3
t1
t2
t3
0
Write the balanced equation for the reaction.Tuliskan persamaan seimbang bagi tindak balas.
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H
2
Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas collected in the experiment at room conditions.Hitung isi padu gas hidrogen yang terkumpul dalam eksperimen pada suhu bilik.
From the equation, 2 mol of HCl : 1 mol H2
0.05 mol of HCl : 0.025 mol H2
Volume of H2=0.025mol24dm3 mol-1=0.6dm3 = 600 cm3
Compare the gradient of the curve at t1 and
t2. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan kecerunan graf pada t1 dan t
2.
Terangkan jawapan anda.
The gradient of tangent on the curve at t2 is
lower than t
1. The
rate of reaction at t2 is lower than at t
1. The rate of reaction
decreases as the time increases because mass of zinc and concentration of hydrochloric acid decrease .Kecerunan tangen pada graf di t
2 lebih rendah berbanding di t1.
Kadar tindak balas di t2 lebih rendah berbanding di t1. Kadar tindak
balas berkurang apabila masa meningkat kerana jisim zink dan kepekatan asid hidroklorik berkurang .
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What is the gradient at t3? Explain your
answer.Apakah kecerunan di t
3? Terangkan jawapan
anda.
The gradient of tangent on the curve at t3 is zero , the rate of
reaction at t3 is zero . The reaction is complete at t
3.
All hydrochloric acid has reacted because zinc powder used is in excess . At t
3, maximum volume hydrogen gas is collected.
The maximum volume of hydrogen gas collected is 600 cm3 .Kecerunan tangen bagi graf di t
3 adalah sifar , kadar tindak balas
di t3 adalah sifar . Tindak balas ini lengkap di t3. Semua
asid hidroklorik telah bertindak balas kerana sebuk zink yang digunakan adalah berlebihan . Pada masa t3, isi padu gas hidrogen yang maksimum dikumpulkan. Isi padu maksimum gas hidrogen yang dikumpulkan adalah 600 cm3 .
Factors that Affect the Rate of Reaction / Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak Balas
1 Therateofreactionisaffectedby: Kadar tindak balas dipengaruhi oleh:
a. size of solid reactant saiz bahan tindak balas pepejalb. concentration of solution (for the reactant used in the form of solution) kepekatan larutan (bagi bahan tidak balas yang digunakan dalam bentuk larutan)c. temperature of solution at which the reaction occurs suhu larutan ketika tindak balas berlakud. presence of catalyst (for a particular reaction)
kehadiran mangkin (untuk tindak balas tertentu)e. pressure of gas reactant tekanan gas bahan tindak balas
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MODULE Chemistry FORM 5N
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2Experim
entsto
investigatefactorsthataffecttherateofreaction./
Eks
peri
men
unt
uk m
engk
aji f
akto
r-fa
ktor
yan
g m
empe
ngar
uhi k
adar
tind
ak b
alas
.
Fac
tor:
Siz
e of
rea
ctan
tF
akto
r: S
aiz
baha
n ti
ndak
bal
asSk
etch
of
the
grap
hL
akar
an g
raf
Con
clus
ion
Kes
impu
lan
Exp
erim
ent I
/ E
kspe
rim
en I:
20 c
m3 o
f 0.
5 m
ol d
m3
hyd
roch
lori
c ac
id +
exc
ess
of s
mal
l ca
lciu
m c
arbo
nate
chi
ps /
20 c
m3 a
sid
hidr
oklo
rik
0.5
mol
dm
3
+ ke
tula
n ke
cil k
alsi
um k
arbo
nat b
erle
biha
n
Exp
erim
ent I
I / E
kspe
rim
en II
:20
cm
3 of
0.5
mol
dm
3 h
ydro
chlo
ric
acid
+ e
xces
s of
larg
e ca
lciu
m c
arbo
nate
chi
ps /
20 c
m3 a
sid
hidr
oklo
rik
0.5
mol
dm
3
+ ke
tula
n be
sar
kals
ium
kar
bona
t ber
lebi
han
Bal
ance
d eq
uatio
n / P
ersa
maa
n se
imba
ng:
CaCO
3(s) +
2HCl
(aq)
CaC
l 2(aq
) + H
2O(l)
+ CO
2(g)
Obs
erva
ble
chan
ges t
o m
easu
re r
ate
of r
eact
ion:
Peru
baha
n ya
ng d
iper
hatik
an u
ntuk
men
guku
r ka
dar
tinda
k ba
las:
Vol
ume
of c
arbo
n di
oxid
e ga
s co
llect
ed in
eve
ry 3
0 se
cond
s
by
wat
er d
ispl
acem
ent i
n th
e bu
rette
#
The
size
of C
aCO
3 is c
hang
ed in
bot
h ex
peri
men
ts. T
he
vo
lum
e an
d co
ncen
trat
ion
of H
Cl a
re k
ept c
onst
ant.
# Sa
iz C
aCO
3 diu
bah
dala
m k
edua
-dua
eks
peri
men
. Isi
pad
u da
n
kepe
kata
n H
Cl d
iteta
pkan
.
Tim
e/s
Mas
a/s
Vol
ume
of C
O2/
cm3
Isi p
adu
CO
2/cm
3
V
Exp
erim
ent I
/ E
kspe
rim
en I
(Sm
all C
aCO
3 chi
ps)
(Ket
ulan
kec
il C
aCO
3)
Exp
erim
ent I
IE
kspe
rim
en I
I
(Lar
ger
CaC
O3 c
hips
)(K
etul
an b
esar
CaC
O3)
ThegradientofthecurveforexperimentIis
greate
r__
____
___
thanthecurveforexperimentII.Therateofreactionin
experimentIis
highe
r__
____
___ thanexperimentII.
K
ecer
unan
gra
f ba
gi e
kspe
rim
en I
lebi
h tin
ggi
____
____
_ be
rban
ding
kec
erun
an g
raf
bagi
eks
peri
men
II
. Kad
ar ti
ndak
ba
las
dala
m e
kspe
rim
en I
lebi
h tin
ggi
____
____
_ be
rban
ding
ek
sper
imen
II.
Th
e rate
of re
action
of th
e sma
ll calc
ium ca
rbona
te ch
ips
is hig
her
____
____
_ . /
Kad
ar ti
ndak
bal
as k
etul
an k
ecil
kals
ium
karb
onat
lebi
h tin
ggi
____
____
_ .
Sin
ce ca
lcium
carbo
nate
used
is in
exce
ss, al
l hy
droch
loric
acid
has
reacte
d__
____
____
__./O
leh
kera
na
kals
ium
kar
bona
t yan
g di
guna
kan
adal
ah b
erle
biha
n, s
emua
as
id h
idro
klor
ik te
lah
berti
ndak
balas
____
____
____
____
_ .
Th
e num
ber o
f mole
of hy
droch
loric
acid
in bo
th ex
perim
ents
/ Bila
ngan
mol
asi
d hi
drok
lori
k da
lam
ked
ua-
dua
eksp
erim
en
=
20
0.5
1 000
= 0
.01
mol
By
the e
nd of
expe
rimen
t, the
volum
e of h
ydrog
en ga
s co
llecte
d for
both
expe
rimen
ts are
eq
ual
____
____
_ be
caus
e nu
mber
of mo
l of h
ydroc
hloric
acid
in ex
perim
ents
IandIIare
equa
l__
____
___ ./
Pada
akh
ir e
kspe
rim
en, i
si
padu
gas
hid
roge
n ya
ng d
ikum
pulk
an d
alam
ked
ua-d
ua
eksp
erim
en a
dala
h sam
a__
____
___
kera
na b
ilang
an m
ol a
sid
hidr
oklo
rik
dala
m e
kspe
rim
en I
dan
eks
peri
men
II
adal
ah
sama
____
____
_ .
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FORM 5 Chemistry MODULENila
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Fac
tor:
Con
cent
rati
on o
f so
luti
onFa
ktor
:Kep
ekat
an la
ruta
nSk
etch
of
the
grap
hL
akar
an g
raf
Con
clus
ion
Kes
impu
lan
Exp
erim
ent /
Eks
peri
men
:45
cm
3 of
0.2
mol
dm
-3 s
odiu
m th
iosu
lpha
te s
olut
ion
+5
cm3 o
f 1.
0 m
ol d
m-3 s
ulph
uric
aci
d.E
xper
imen
t is
repe
ated
fou
r m
ore
times
usi
ng 0
.2 m
ol d
m-3
sodi
um th
iosu
lpha
te s
olut
ion
dilu
ted
with
dif
fere
nt v
olum
e of
dis
tille
d w
ater
. / 4
5 cm
3 lar
utan
nat
rium
tios
ulfa
t 0.2
mol
dm
3
+ 5
cm3 a
sid
sulf
urik
1.0
mol
dm
3. E
kspe
rim
en d
iula
ngi e
mpa
t ka
li m
engg
unak
an 0
.2 m
ol d
m3
laru
tan
natr
ium
tios
ulfa
t yan
g di
laru
tkan
den
gan
isi p
adu
air
sulin
g ya
ng b
erbe
za.
Bal
ance
d eq
uatio
n / P
ersa
maa
n se
imba
ng:
Na2S 2
O 3(aq
) + H
2SO4(a
q)
Na 2S
O 4(aq
) + H
2O(l)
+
SO
2(g) +
S(s)
Obs
erva
ble
chan
ges t
o m
easu
re r
ate
of r
eact
ion:
Peru
baha
n ya
ng d
iper
hatik
an u
ntuk
men
guku
r ka
dar
tinda
k ba
las:
Tim
e ta
ken
for
the X
sig
n pl
aced
und
er th
e co
nica
l fla
sk
to
disap
pear
____
____
____
__ fr
om v
iew
. Fix
ed q
uant
ity o
f so
lid
sulp
hur
is f
orm
ed in
eve
ry e
xper
imen
t. M
asa
yang
dia
mbi
l unt
uk ta
nda X
di b
awah
kel
alan
g ko
n un
tuk
hilan
g__
____
____
__ d
ari p
anda
ngan
. Kua
ntiti
pep
ejal
sul
fur
yang
te
rben
tuk
dala
m s
etia
p ek
sper
imen
ada
lah
teta
p.
The c
once
ntra
tion
of N
a 2S 2
O3(a
q) is
chan
ged
in a
ll ex
perim
ents.
The
vo
lum
e and
tem
pera
ture
of s
ulph
uric
acid
are
kept
cons
tant
.K
epek
atan
Na 2
S 2O
3(ak)
ditu
kar d
alam
sem
ua e
kspe
rim
en. I
si p
adu
dan
suhu
asi
d su
lfuri
k di
keka
lkan
.
Con
cent
ratio
n of
/ K
epek
atan
N
a 2S 2
O3/
mol
dm
-3
Tim
e/s
Mas
a/s
1T
ime
/s-1
1M
asa
/s-1
Con
cent
ratio
n of
/ K
epek
atan
N
a 2S 2
O3/
mol
dm
-3
As
the c
once
ntrati
on of
sodiu
m thi
osulp
hate
solut
ion
decre
ases,
the
longe
r__
____
____
__ tim
e is n
eede
d for
the
markedX
todisappear./A
pabi
la k
epek
atan
laru
tan
natr
ium
tios
ulfa
t ber
kura
ng, m
asa
yang
leb
ih lam
a__
____
____
___
dipe
rluk
an u
ntuk
tand
a X
hila
ng.
Co
ncen
tratio
n of s
odium
thios
ulpha
te so
lution
is
invers
ely__
____
____
__ pr
oport
ional
to tim
e tak
en fo
r the
markedX
todisappear./K
epek
atan
laru
tan
natr
ium
tio
sulf
at b
erka
dar
song
sang
____
____
__ d
enga
n m
asa
untu
k ta
nda
X h
ilang
.
Th
e high
er the
conc
entra
tion,
the
short
er__
____
____
__
is the
time t
aken
for t
he
yello
w__
____
____
__ su
lphur
precip
itate
____
____
____
to ap
pear
and t
he fa
ster f
or the
X
signto
disappear./S
emak
in ti
nggi
kep
ekat
an,
sem
akin
pe
ndek
____
____
__ m
asa
yang
dia
mbi
l unt
uk
mend
akan
kunin
g__
____
____
____
____
_ su
lfur
unt
uk k
elih
atan
dan
lebi
h ce
pat u
ntuk
tand
a X
unt
uk h
ilang
.
As
the c
once
ntrati
on of
sodiu
m thi
osulp
hate
increa
ses,
the va
lue of
1
____
__tim
ein
creases.
1__
____
time
repre
sents
therat
e of r
eacti
on__
____
____
____
____
____
_ . /
Apa
bila
kep
ekat
an
laru
tan
natr
ium
tios
ulfa
t men
ingk
at, n
ilai
1__
____
masa
turu
t
men
ingk
at.
1__
____
masa
mew
akili
ka
dar ti
ndak
balas
____
____
____
____
___ .
Th
e high
er the
conc
entra
tion o
f sod
ium th
iosulp
hate
solut
ion, th
e high
er is
the r
ate of
reac
tion
./S
emak
in
tingg
i kep
ekat
an la
ruta
n na
triu
m ti
osul
fat,
sem
akin
ting
gi
kada
r tind
ak ba
las__
____
____
____
____
_ .
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MODULE Chemistry FORM 5N
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Publication S
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18
Fac
tor:
Tem
pera
ture
of
reac
tion
mix
ture
Fak
tor:
Suh
u ca
mpu
ran
tind
ak b
alas
Sket
ch o
f th
e gr
aph
Lak
aran
gra
fC
oncl
usio
nK
esim
pula
n
Exp
erim
ent /
Eks
peri
men
:50
cm
3 of
0.2
mol
dm
-3 s
odiu
m th
iosu
lpha
te s
olut
ion
+5
cm3 o
f 1.
0 m
ol d
m-3 s
ulph
uric
aci
d.E
xper
imen
t is
repe
ated
usi
ng 5
0 cm
3 of 0
.2 m
ol d
m-3
sodi
um th
iosu
lpha
te s
olut
ion
at 3
5C
, 40
C, 4
5C
and
50
C r
espe
ctiv
ely
+ 5
cm3 o
f 1.
0 m
ol d
m-3 s
ulph
uric
ac
id.
50 c
m3 l
arut
an n
atri
um ti
osul
fat 0
.2 m
ol d
m3
+ 5
cm
3 asi
d su
lfur
ik 1
.0 m
ol d
m3
.E
kspe
rim
en d
iula
ngi m
engg
unak
an 5
0 cm
3 lar
utan
nat
rium
tio
sulf
at 0
.2 m
ol d
m3
pad
a su
hu 3
5C
, 40
C, 4
5C
dan
50
C
+ 5
cm3 a
sid
sulf
urik
1.0
mol
dm
3.
Bal
ance
d eq
uatio
n / P
ersa
maa
n se
imba
ng:
Na2S 2
O 3(aq
) + H
2SO4(a
q)
Na 2S
O 4(aq
) + H
2O(c)
SO
2(g) +
S(s)
O
bser
vabl
e ch
ange
s to
mea
sure
rat
e of
rea
ctio
n:Pe
ruba
han
yang
dip
erha
tikan
unt
uk m
engu
kur
kada
r tin
dak
bala
s:T
ime
take
n fo
r th
e X
sig
n pl
aced
und
er th
e co
nica
l fl
ask
to d
isap
pear
fro
m v
iew
. Fix
ed q
uant
ity o
f so
lid
sulp
hur
is f
orm
ed in
eve
ry e
xper
imen
t.M
asa
yang
dia
mbi
l unt
uk ta
nda X
di b
awah
kel
alan
g ko
n un
tuk
hila
ng d
ari p
anda
ngan
. Kua
ntiti
pep
ejal
sul
fur
yang
te
rben
tuk
dala
m s
etia
p ek
sper
imen
ada
lah
teta
p.
Tem
pera
ture
of
/ Suh
u
Na 2
S 2O
3/C
Tim
e/s
Mas
a/s
Tem
pera
ture
of
/ Suh
u
Na 2
S 2O
3/ C
1T
ime
/s-1
1M
asa
/s-1
As
the t
empe
rature
of so
dium
thios
ulpha
te so
lution
de
crease
s, a l
onge
r tim
e is n
eede
d for
the m
arked
X to
disappear.
A
pabi
la s
uhu
laru
tan
natr
ium
tios
ulfa
t ber
kura
ng, m
asa
yang
lebi
h pa
njan
g di
perl
ukan
unt
uk ta
nda X
hila
ng d
ari p
anda
ngan
.
Te
mpera
ture o
f sod
ium th
iosulp
hate
solut
ion is
inv
ersely
____
____
_ proportionalto
timetakenfortheX
signtodisappear.
Su
hu la
ruta
n na
triu
m ti
osul
fat b
erka
dar
song
sang
____
____
den
gan
mas
a ya
ng d
iam
bil u
ntuk
tand
a X
hila
ng.
Th
e high
er the
temp
eratur
e, the
short
er__
____
____
__ is
the t
ime
taken
for t
heye
llow
____
____
____
sulp
hur p
recipi
tate t
o app
ear
andthefasterforth
eX
signtodisappear.
Se
mak
in ti
nggi
suh
u, s
emak
in
pend
ek__
____
__ m
asa
yang
dip
erlu
kan
untu
k m
enda
kan
kunin
g__
____
__ s
ulfu
r un
tuk
kelih
atan
dan
sem
akin
ce
pat t
anda
X
hila
ng d
ari p
anda
ngan
.
As th
e tem
perat
ure of
sodiu
m thi
osulp
hate
solut
ion
increa
ses, th
e valu
e of
1__
____
time
increa
ses__
____
____
__.
1__
____
time
rep
resen
ts the
rat
e of r
eacti
on__
____
____
____
____
____
_.
Apa
bila
suh
u la
ruta
n na
triu
m ti
osul
fat m
enin
gkat
, nila
i 1
____
__ma
sa
turu
t me
ningk
at__
____
____
_ . 1
____
__ma
sa m
ewak
ili
kada
r tind
ak ba
las__
____
____
____
____
__.
Th
e high
er the
temp
eratur
e of s
odium
thios
ulpha
te so
lution
, the
high
er is
the
rate o
f rea
ction
____
____
____
____
____
___.
Se
mak
in ti
nggi
suh
u la
ruta
n na
triu
m ti
osul
fat,
sem
akin
ting
gi
kada
r tind
ak ba
las__
____
____
____
____
__.
-
FORM 5 Chemistry MODULENila
m P
ub
lica
tion
Sdn. Bhd.
19
Fact
or: C
atal
yst
Fak
tor:
Man
gkin
Sket
ch o
f the
gra
phL
akar
an g
raf
Con
clus
ion
Kes
impu
lan
Exp
erim
ent I
/ E
kspe
rim
en I:
20 c
m3 o
f 0.
1 m
ol d
m-3 h
ydro
chlo
ric
acid
+ 5
g o
f gr
anul
ated
zin
c +
5 cm
3 of
0.5
mol
dm
-3 c
oppe
r(II
) su
lpha
te s
olut
ion
20 c
m3 a
sid
hidr
oklo
rik
0.1
mol
dm
3 +
5 g
but
iran
zin
k +
5 cm
3 lar
utan
kup
rum
(II)
sul
fat 0
.5 m
ol d
m3
Exp
erim
ent I
I / E
kspe
rim
en II
:20
cm
3 of
0.1
mol
dm
-3 h
ydro
chlo
ric
acid
+ 5
g o
f gr
anul
ated
zin
c +
5 cm
3 of
dist
illed
wat
er20
cm
3 asi
d hi
drok
lori
k 0.
1 m
ol d
m3
+ 5
g b
utir
an z
ink
+5
cm3 a
ir s
ulin
g
Bal
ance
d eq
uatio
n / P
ersa
maa
n se
imba
ng:
Exp
erim
ent I
/ E
kspe
rim
en I:
Z
n(s)
+ 2
HC
l(aq
) Cu
SO4
ZnC
l 2(a
q) +
H2(
g)
Exp
erim
ent I
I / E
kspe
rim
en II
:Z
n(s)
+ 2
HC
l(aq
) Z
nCl 2
(aq)
+ H
2(g)
Obs
erva
ble
chan
ges t
o m
easu
re r
ate
of r
eact
ion:
Peru
baha
n ya
ng d
iper
hatik
an u
ntuk
men
guku
r ka
dar
tinda
k ba
las:
Vol
ume
of h
ydro
gen
gas
colle
cted
in e
very
30
seco
nds
by
wat
er d
ispl
acem
ent i
n th
e bu
rette
.
Tim
e/s
Mas
a/s
Vol
ume
of H
2 /cm
3
Isi p
adu
H2 /
cm3
V
Exp
erim
ent I
(w
ith c
atal
yst)
Exp
erim
ent I
I(w
ithou
t cat
alys
t)E
kspe
rim
en I
I(t
anpa
man
gkin
)
Eks
peri
men
I (
deng
an m
angk
in)
Thegradiento
fthecurveforexperimentIis
greate
r__
____
____
__
thancurveforexperim
entII.Therateofreactionbetween
zincandhydrochloricacidin
experim
entIis
highe
r__
____
____
__
thanexperim
entII.
K
ecer
unan
gra
f ba
gi e
kspe
rim
en I
lebi
h tin
ggi
____
____
___
berb
andi
ng
kece
runa
n gr
af b
agi e
kspe
rim
en I
I . K
adar
tind
ak b
alas
di a
ntar
a zi
nk d
an a
sid
hidr
oklo
rik
dala
m e
kspe
rim
en I
lebi
h tin
ggi
____
____
___
berb
andi
ng d
alam
eks
peri
men
II.
Copper(II)sulphate
____
____
____
____
____
___
acts
as a c
atalys
t to
increa
se__
____
____
__ th
erateofreactionbetweenzincand
hydrochloricacidinexperim
entI.
Kuprum(II)sulfat
____
____
____
____
____
ber
tinda
k se
baga
i man
gkin
unt
uk
menin
gkatk
an__
____
____
____
kad
ar ti
ndak
bal
as d
i ant
ara
zink
dan
asi
d hi
drok
lori
k da
lam
eks
peri
men
I.
Theto
talv
olum
eofhydrogengasreleasedin
reactionsIand
IIareth
esam
e, v c
m3__
____
____
__.T
hisisbecauseth
evo
lume
____
____
____
an
d co
ncen
tratio
n__
____
____
____
____
__ of
hydro
chlor
ic ac
id an
d ma
ss__
____
____
__ ofzincusedinbothreactionsare
the sa
me__
____
____
__.
Ju
mla
h is
i pad
u ga
s hi
drog
en y
ang
dibe
bask
an d
alam
tind
ak b
alas
I
dan
II a
dala
h sa
ma,
v c
m3
____
____
____
____
____
. Ini
ker
ana
isi pa
du__
____
____
_ da
n ke
peka
tan__
____
____
_ as
id h
idro
klor
ik d
an
jisim
____
____
___
zink
di
guna
kan
dala
m k
edua
-dua
tind
ak b
alas
ada
lah
sama
____
____
___ .
Copper(II)sulphateactsasa
catal
yst
____
____
__ to
inc
rease
____
____
_ therateofreactionbetweenzincandhydrochloricacid.T
he
total
amou
nt of
hydro
gen g
as rel
eased
is th
e sam
e__
____
___ ,
the
catal
yst
____
____
__us
ed do
es no
t affe
ct the
total
volum
e of g
as produced.
K
upru
m(I
I) s
ulfa
t ber
tinda
k se
baga
i ma
ngkin
____
____
___
untu
k me
ningk
atkan
____
____
____
__ k
adar
tind
ak b
alas
di a
ntar
a zi
nk d
an
asid
hid
rokl
orik
. Jum
lah
gas
hidr
ogen
yan
g di
beba
skan
ad
alah
sam
a__
____
____
_ , ma
ngkin
____
____
___
yang
dig
unak
an ti
dak
mem
peng
aruh
i jum
lah
isi p
adu
gas
yang
dih
asilk
an.
-
MODULE Chemistry FORM 5N
ilam
Publication S
dn
. Bhd.
20
Fact
or: Q
uant
ity /
amou
nt o
f cat
alys
tFa
ktor
: Kua
ntiti
/ ju
mla
h m
angk
inSk
etch
of t
he g
raph
Lak
aran
gra
fC
oncl
usio
nK
esim
pula
nE
xper
imen
t I /
Eks
peri
men
I:10
0 cm
3 of
0.5
vol
ume
hyd
roge
n pe
roxi
de s
olut
ion
+ 0.
5 g
of m
anga
nese
(IV
) ox
ide
pow
der
100
cm3 l
arut
an h
idro
gen
pero
ksid
a 0
.5 is
i pad
u +
0.5
g
serb
uk m
anga
n(IV
) ok
sida
Exp
erim
ent I
I / E
xper
imen
t II:
100
cm3 o
f 0
.5 v
olum
e h
ydro
gen
pero
xide
sol
utio
n +
1 g
man
gane
se(I
V)
oxid
e po
wde
r10
0 cm
3 lar
utan
hid
roge
n pe
roks
ida
0.5
isi p
adu
+ 1
g
serb
uk m
anga
n(IV
) ok
sida
Bal
ance
d eq
uatio
n: E
xper
imen
t I a
nd II
Pers
amaa
n se
imba
ng: E
kspe
rim
en I
dan
II
2H2O
2 M
nO2
H2O
+ O
2
Obs
erva
ble
chan
ges t
o m
easu
re r
ate
of r
eact
ion:
Peru
baha
n ya
ng d
iper
hatik
an u
ntuk
men
guku
r ka
dar
tinda
k ba
las:
Tim
e/s
Mas
a/s
Vol
ume
of O
2/cm
3
Isi p
adu
O2/
cm3
V
Exp
erim
ent I
I (1
.0 g
of
MnO
2)E
kspe
rim
en I
I (1
.0 g
MnO
2)
Exp
erim
ent I
(0
.5 g
of
MnO
2)E
kspe
rim
en I
(0
.5 g
MnO
2)
Thegradiento
fthecurveforexperimentIIis
greate
r__
____
____
thanth
egradientofthecurveforexperimentI.T
herateof
decompositionofhydrogenperoxideinexperim
entIIis
highe
r__
____
____
thanexperim
entI.
K
ecer
unan
gra
f ba
gi e
kspe
rim
en I
I le
bih
tingg
i__
____
____
ber
band
ing
kece
runa
n gr
af e
kspe
rim
en I
. Kad
ar p
engu
raia
n hi
drog
en
pero
ksid
a da
lam
eks
peri
men
II
lebi
h tin
ggi
____
____
__ b
erba
ndin
g ek
sper
imen
I.
Th
e rate
of de
comp
ositio
n of h
ydrog
en pe
roxide
is
highe
r__
____
____
inexperim
entII,whichusing1gof
manganese(IV)oxidepowder.
K
adar
pen
gura
ian
hidr
ogen
per
oksi
da le
bih
tingg
i__
____
____
dal
am
eksp
erim
en I
I, y
ang
men
ggun
akan
1 g
ser
buk
man
gan(
IV)
oksi
da.
An
inc
rease
____
____
__ in
the q
uanti
ty of
catal
yst u
sed w
ill inc
rease
____
____
__ th
erateofreactio
n.
Penin
gkata
n__
____
____
__ d
alam
kua
ntiti
man
gkin
yan
g di
guna
kan
akan
me
ningk
atkan
____
____
____
_ ka
dar
tinda
k ba
las.
Theto
talv
olum
eofoxygengasreleasedin
reactionsIandII
are th
e sam
e, v c
m3__
____
____
____
_ .Thisisbecauseth
evo
lume
____
____
__
and
conc
entra
tion
____
____
____
_ of
hydro
gen p
eroxid
e used
in bo
th reactionsarethesame.
Ju
mla
h is
i pad
u ga
s ok
sige
n ya
ng d
ibeb
aska
n da
lam
tind
ak b
alas
I
dan
II a
dala
h sam
a, v c
m3__
____
____
___ .
Ini
ker
ana
isi pa
du__
____
____
___
dan
kepe
katan
____
____
____
hid
roge
n pe
roks
ida
yang
dig
unak
an d
alam
ked
ua-
dua
tinda
k ba
las
adal
ah s
ama.
Th
e qu
antity
____
____
__ of
catal
yst d
oes n
ot aff
ect th
e tota
l volu
me
ofgasproduced.
Ku
antiti
____
____
____
man
gkin
tida
k m
empe
ngar
uhi j
umla
h is
i pad
u ga
s ya
ng te
rhas
il.
Vol
ume
of o
xyge
n ga
s co
llect
ed in
eve
ry 3
0
se
cond
s by
wat
er d
ispl
acem
ent i
n th
e bu
rette
.
-
FORM 5 Chemistry MODULENila
m P
ub
lica
tion
Sdn. Bhd.
21
3 T
he c
urve
for
gra
ph o
f am
ount
of
prod
uct f
orm
ed a
gain
st ti
me
in a
che
mic
al r
eact
ion
cons
ists
of
two
part
s:
Gra
f ba
gi k
uant
iti h
asil
tinda
k ba
las
yang
terb
entu
k m
elaw
an m
asa
bagi
sua
tu ti
ndak
bal
as k
imia
terb
ahag
i kep
ada
dua
baha
gian
:
(a)
The
max
imum
q
uant
ity o
f pr
oduc
tK
uant
iti h
asil
mak
sim
um
Qua
ntity
of
prod
uct (
g/m
ol/c
m3 )
Kua
ntiti
has
il (g
/mol
/cm
3 )
V
(b)
The
gra
dien
t
o
f th
e cu
rve
Kec
erun
an le
ngku
ng
Tim
e (m
inut
e/se
cond
)M
asa
(min
it/sa
at)
a.
The
max
imum
qua
ntity
of
prod
uct:
It d
epen
ds o
n th
e nu
mbe
r m
ol o
f re
acta
nts
reac
t in
the
chem
ical
re
actio
n. /
Kua
ntiti
mak
sim
um h
asil:
ia b
erga
ntun
g pa
da b
ilang
an m
ol b
ahan
tind
ak b
alas
yan
g be
rtin
dak
bala
s da
lam
tin
dak
bala
s ki
mia
ters
ebut
.
b.
The
gra
dien
t of
the
curv
e: I
t dep
ends
on
the
fact
ors
that
aff
ect t
he r
ate
of r
eact
ion.
K
ecer
unan
gra
f: I
a be
rgan
tung
pad
a fa
ktor
-fak
tor
yang
mem
peng
aruh
i kad
ar ti
ndak
bal
as.
Fact
orF
akto
rE
ffect
on
the
grad
ient
of t
he c
urve
Kes
an k
e at
as k
ecer
unan
gra
f
The
siz
e of
sol
id
reac
tant
Saiz
bah
an ti
ndak
ba
las
pepe
jal
Thesmallerthesizeofasolidreactant,the
highe
r__
____
____
the r
ate of
reac
tion,
the
greate
r__
____
____
isth
egradientofthecurve.
Se
mak
in k
ecil
saiz
bah
an ti
ndak
bal
as p
epej
al, s
emak
in
tingg
i__
____
____
__ k
adar
tind
ak b
alas
, se
mak
in
tingg
i__
____
____
__ k
ecer
unan
gra
f.
The
con
cent
ratio
n of
sol
utio
nK
epek
atan
laru
tan
Th
e high
er the
conc
entra
tion o
f a so
lution
, the h
igher
the ra
te of
reacti
on, th
e grea
ter
isth
egradientofthecurve.
Se
mak
in ti
nggi
kep
ekat
an la
ruta
n, s
emak
in ti
nggi
kad
ar ti
ndak
bal
as, s
emak
in ti
nggi
kec
erun
an
graf
.
The
tem
pera
ture
of
reac
tion
mix
ture
Suhu
cam
pura
n tin
dak
bala
s
Th
e high
er the
temp
eratur
e of a
solut
ion, th
e hig
her
____
____
__ th
e rate
of re
actio
n, the
gre
ater
____
____
__ isth
egradientofthecurve.
Se
mak
in ti
nggi
suh
u la
ruta
n, s
emak
in
tingg
i__
____
____
__ k
adar
tind
ak b
alas
, sem
akin
tin
ggi
____
____
____
kec
erun
an g
raf.
The
pre
senc
e of
ca
taly
stK
ehad
iran
man
gkin
Th
e pres
ence
of ca
talys
t in ce
rtain
chem
ical r
eacti
on in
crease
s the
rate
of rea
ction
, the
gradie
nt of
the cu
rve be
come
s gre
ater
____
____
__.
K
ehad
iran
man
gkin
dal
am s
uatu
tind
ak b
alas
kim
ia m
enin
gkat
kan
kada
r tin
dak
bala
s,
kece
runa
n gr
af m
enja
di le
bih
tingg
i__
____
____
__.
An
incre
ase in
the q
uanti
ty of
catal
yst c
hemi
cal r
eacti
on in
crease
s the
rate
of rea
ction
, the
grad
ient o
f the
curve
beco
mes
greate
r__
____
____
.
Peni
ngka
tan
dala
m k
uant
iti m
angk
in y
ang
digu
naka
n ak
an m
enin
gkat
kan
kada
r tin
dak
bala
s,
kece
runa
n gr
af m
enja
di le
bih
tingg
i__
____
____
__.
-
MODULE Chemistry FORM 5N
ilam
Publication S
dn
. Bhd.
22
Exp
erim
ent
Eks
peri
men
Num
ber
of m
ol o
f re
acta
nt /
Qua
ntit
y of
pro
duct
/ F
acto
rB
ilang
an m
ol b
ahan
tind
ak b
alas
/ K
uant
iti h
asil
/ Fak
tor
Sket
ch o
f th
e gr
aph
Lak
aran
gra
f
Exp
erim
ent I
/ E
kspe
rim
en I:
Exc
ess
of z
inc
pow
der
+ 10
0 cm
3 of
1.0
mol
dm
-3 s
ulph
uric
aci
d at
40
CSe
rbuk
zin
k be
rleb
ihan
+ 1
00 c
m3
asid
sul
furi
k 1.
0 m
ol d
m3
pad
a 40
CE
xper
imen
t II /
Eks
peri
men
II:
Exc
ess o
f zin
c po
wde
r + 5
0 cm
3 of
1.0
mol
dm
-3 su
lphu
ric a
cid
at 3
0C
Serb
uk z
ink
berl
ebih
an +
50
cm3
asid
sul
furi
k 1.
0 m
ol d
m3
pad
a 30
C
Bal
ance
d eq
uatio
n:Pe
rsam
aan
seim
bang
:Zn
(s) +
H 2SO
4(aq)
Zn
SO4(a
q)
+ H
2(g)
Obs
erva
ble
chan
ges t
o m
easu
re r
ate
of r
eact
ion:
Peru
baha
n ya
ng d
apat
dili
hat
untu
k m
engu
kur
kada
r tin
dak
bala
s:V
olum
e of
hyd
roge
n ga
s co
llect
ed
in
eve
ry 3
0 se
cond
s by
wat
er
disp
lace
men
t in
the
bure
tte.
Z
inc
is in
exc
ess
in e
xper
imen
t I a
nd I
I, th
e vo
lum
e of
hyd
roge
n ga
s co
llect
ed is
not
af
fect
ed b
y th
e qu
antit
y of
zin
c.
Z
ink
adal
ah b
erle
biha
n da
lam
eks
peri
men
I d
an I
I, is
i pad
u ga
s hi
drog
en y
ang
terk
umpu
l tid
ak
dipe
ngar
uhi o
leh
kuan
titi z
ink.
V
olum
e of
H2 c
olle
cted
dep
ends
on
num
ber
of m
ol o
f H
2SO
4
Isi p
adu
H2 y
ang
terk
umpu
l ber
gant
ung
pada
bila
ngan
mol
H2S
O4
a.
Num
ber o
f mol
of H
2SO
4 in
expe
rim
ent I
=
100
1__
____
__1 0
00 =
0.1
mol
B
ilang
an m
ol H
2SO
4 dal
am e
kspe
rim
en I
b.
Num
ber o
f mol
of H
2SO
4 in
expe
rim
ent I
I =
50
1__
____
__1 0
00 =
0.0
5 m
ol
Bila
ngan
mol
H2S
O4 d
alam
eks
peri
men
II
The
max
imum
vol
ume
of h
ydro
gen
gas
colle
cted
in
expe
rim
ent I
____
____
____
__ is
dou
ble
of
expe
rim
ent I
I__
____
____
____
.
Isi p
adu
mak
sim
um g
as h
idro
gen
yang
terk
umpu
l dal
am
eksp
erim
en I
____
____
____
__ a
dala
h du
a ka
li ga
nda
dari
ek
sper
imen
II__
____
____
____
.
Com
pare
rat
e of
rea
ctio
n:
Ban
ding
kan
kada
r tin
dak
bala
s:
Exp
erim
ent
Eks
peri
men
Type
of Z
inc
Jeni
s zin
k C
once
ntra
tion
of H
2SO
4K
epek
atan
H2S
O4
Tem
pera
ture
Suhu
IPo
wde
r1.
0 m
ol d
m3
40
C
IIPo
wde
r1.
0 m
ol d
m3
30C
The
rat
e of
rea
ctio
n in
exp
erim
ent I
and
II
is n
ot a
ffec
ted
by
size
____
____
_ of
zin
c an
d co
ncen
trat
ion
____
____
____
__ o
f su
lphu
ric
acid
.
Kad
ar ti
ndak
bal
as d
alam
eks
peri
men
I d
an I
I tid
ak d
ipen
garu
hi o
leh
saiz
____
___
zink
dan
ke
peka
tan
____
____
____
__ a
sid
sulf
urik
.
Initi
al r
ate
of r
eact
ion
in e
xper
imen
t I is
hi
gher
____
____
than
exp
erim
ent I
I be
caus
e th
e te
mpe
ratu
re__
____
____
____
_ of
rea
ctio
n m
ixtu
re in
exp
erim
ent I
hi
gher
____
____
than
exp
erim
ent I
I,
the
grad
ient
____
____
_ of
the
curv
e fo
r ex
peri
men
t I is
gr
eate
r__
____
___
than
exp
erim
ent I
I.
Kad
ar ti
ndak
bal
as a
sal d
alam
eks
peri
men
I le
bih
tingg
i__
____
___
berb
andi
ng e
kspe
rim
en I
I ke
rana
su
hu__
____
___
cam
pura
n tin
dak
bala
s da
lam
eks
peri
men
I le
bih
tingg
i__
____
___
berb
andi
ng
eksp
erim
en I
I,
kece
runa
n__
____
___
graf
bag
i eks
peri
men
I a
dala
h le
bih
tingg
i__
____
___
berb
andi
ng
eksp
erim
en I
I.
Tim
e/s
Mas
a/s
Vol
ume
of h
ydro
gen/
cm3
Isi p
adu
hidr
ogen
/cm
3
Exp
erim
ent I
Exp
erim
ent I
I
-
FORM 5 Chemistry MODULENila
m P
ub
lica
tion
Sdn. Bhd.
23
Exp
erim
ent I
/ E
kspe
rim
en I:
Exc
ess
calc
ium
car
bona
te c
hips
an
d 25
cm
3 of 1
.0 m
ol d
m-3
hydr
ochl
oric
aci
dK
etul
an k
alsi
um k
arbo
nat
berl
ebih
an d
an 2
5 cm
3 asi
d hi
drok
lori
k 1.
0 m
ol d
m3
Exp
erim
ent I
I / E
kspe
rim
en II
:E
xces
s ca
lciu
m c
arbo
nate
chi
ps
and
25 c
m3 o
f 0.5
mol
dm
-3
hydr
ochl
oric
aci
dK
etul
an k
alsi
um k
arbo
nat
berl
ebih
an d
an 2
5 cm
3 asi
d hi
drok
lori
k 0.
5 m
ol d
m3
Expe
rim
ent I
II /
Eksp
erim
en II
I:E
xces
s ca
lciu
m c
arbo
nate
chi
ps
and
100
cm3 o
f 0.5
mol
dm
-3
hydr
ochl
oric
aci
dK
etul
an k
alsi
um k
arbo
nat
berl
ebih
an d
an 1
00 c
m3 a
sid
hidr
oklo
rik
0.5
mol
dm
3
Bala
nced
Equ
atio
n:Pe
rsam
aan
seim
bang
:Ca
CO3(s
) + 2H
Cl(aq
) C
aCl 2(
aq)
+ H2O
(l) +
CO2(g
)
Obs
erva
ble
chan
ges t
o m
easu
re r
ate
of r
eact
ion:
Peru
baha
n ya
ng d
iper
hatik
an
untu
k m
engu
kur
kada
r tin
dak
bala
s:Vo
lum
e of
car
bon
diox
ide
colle
cted
in e
very
30
seco
nds
by w
ater
disp
lace
men
t in
the
bure
tte.
C
alci
um c
arbo
nate
is in
exc
ess
in e
xper
imen
t I, I
I an
d II
I, th
e vo
lum
e of
car
bon
diox
ide
gas
colle
cted
is n
ot a
ffec
ted
by th
e qu
antit
y of
cal
cium
car
bona
te.
K
alsi
um k
arbo
nat a
dala
h be
rleb
ihan
dal
am e
kspe
rim
en I
, II
dan
III,
isi p
adu
gas
karb
on d
ioks
ida
yang
terk
umpu
l tid
ak d
ipen
garu
hi o
leh
kuan
titi k
alsi
um k
arbo
nat.
V
olum
e of
CO
2 col
lect
ed d
epen
ds o
n th
e nu
mbe
r of
mol
of
HC
l
Isi p
adu
CO
2 yan
g te
rkum
pul b
erga
ntun
g pa
da b
ilang
an m
ol H
Cl
a.
Num
ber o
f mol
of H
Cl i
n ex
peri
men
t I
=
25
1__
____
__1 0
00 =
0.0
25 m
ol
Bila
ngan
mol
HC
l dal
am e
kspe
rim
en I
b.
Num
ber o
f mol
of H
Cl i
n ex
peri
men
t II
=
25
0.5
____
____
1 000
= 0
.012
5 m
ol
Bila
ngan
mol
HC
l dal
am e
kspe
rim
en I
I
c.
Num
ber o
f mol
of H
Cl i
n ex
peri
men
t III
=
100
0.5
____
____
1 000
= 0
.05
mol
B
ilang
an m
ol H
Cl d
alam
eks
peri
men
III
The
max
imum
vol
ume
of c
arbo
n di
oxid
e ga
s in
exp
erim
ent I
II is
dou
ble
of
expe
rim
ent I
____
____
___ .
Is
i pad
u m
aksi
mum
kar
bon
diok
sida
yan
g te
rkum
pul d
alam
eks
peri
men
III
ada
lah
dua
kali
gand
a ek
sper
imen
I__
____
____
____
.
The
maxim
umvolum
eofcarbondioxidegasinexperim
entIisdoubleof
expe
rim
ent I
I__
____
____
___ .
Is
i pad
u m
aksi
mum
kar
bon
diok
sida
yan
g te
rkum
pul d
alam
eks
peri
men
I a
dala
h du
a ka
li ga
nda
eksp
erim
en II
____
____
____
_.
C
ompa
re r
ate
of r
eact
ion:
/ B
andi
ngka
n ka
dar
tinda
k ba
las:
Exp
erim
ent
Eks
peri
men
Type
of C
aCO
3Je
nis C
aCO
3
Con
cent
ratio
n of
HC
lK
epek
atan
HC
lI
Chips
1.0moldm
3
IICh
ips0.5moldm
3
III
Chips
0.5moldm
3
The
rate
of r
eact
ion
in e
xper
imen
t I, I
I and
III i
s no
t aff
ecte
d by
si
ze__
____
__ o
f calc
ium
carbonate./
Kad
ar ti
ndak
bal
as d
alam
eks
peri
men
I, I
I an
d II
tida
k di
peng
aruh
i ole
h sa
iz__
____
_ ka
lsiu
m k
arbo
nat.
Initi
al ra
teofreactioninexperimentIis
hi
gher
____
____
thanexperimentIIbecausethe
conc
entr
atio
n__
____
____
____
ofH
Clinexperim
entIis
hi
gher
____
____
thanexperimentII,the
grad
ient
____
____
__
ofthecurveforexperimentIis
gr
eate
r__
____
__ thanexperimentII.
K
adar
tind
ak b
alas
asa
l bag
i eks
peri
men
I le
bih
tingg
i__
____
_ be
rban
ding
eks
peri
men
II
kera
na
kepe
kata
n__
____
____
__ H
Cl d
alam
eks
peri
men
I le
bih
tingg
i__
____
_ be
rban
ding
eks
