Nil GÖKSEL CANBEKAnadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey

ICLEL 2015Oct. 28-31, 2015 Olomouc /CZECH

Machine Intelligence Computational Intelligence

THE TERM OF AI

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AI : PIVOTAL TECHNOLOGY

Fields of usage:

health (to diagnose diseases and help the disabled) clean energy (to develop renewable clean energy) criminal identification high-quality education

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AI AS AN UMBRELLA TERM

The term signifies range of abilities of a computer system tocomprehend, learn, solve, interpret and execute complex mentalprocess.

AI signifies handheld mobile devices (originally PDAs) andmobile applications (IPAs) that has recently become smarter topredict, comprehend and carry out multi-step and complexrequests of users.

AI, in relation with other areasof science and education, iscurrently creeping into dailylives of users via variousdevices of PDAs and their newforms of mobile applications asIPAs.

PDAs and IPAs systems useNatural Language Processing(NLP)

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NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING

By using NLP, demanded questions on a specifictopic or subject consisting of sentences, phrasesand words can be computerized appropriately andbe responded via PDAs and IPAs programmedwithin the scope of AI.

NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING-ii

The functions of the natural language analysis :

to verify the sentences used in natural language

to correct the spelling errors

to form a syntactic structure of the sentences

to provide semantic relation

to combine syntactic structure of the sentences and semantic relation for appropriate responding

Nabiyev (2005, 475)

PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS

PDAs, also known as handheld PCs or personal dataassistants (Viken, 2009)

first released in the middle of 1980s in order to easethe users’ daily lives and enable the mentioned dataaccess

Likewise search engines, diverse types of PDAs wereregarded as crucial handheld devices that have beenused by multiple disciplines since their introductionin the mid-1990s (Ranson, Boothby, Mazmanian,Alvanzo, 2007).

cortana-or-cortano-seems-like-well-find-out-with-windows-10

PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS -ii

However, PDAs have eventually become obsolete dueto rapid technological changes in the world of mobiledevices (Beal, 2015).

Based upon this alteration, PDAs today may beconsidered as ancestry devices of recent mobileinnovations including smart phones and tablets.

INTELLIGENT PERSONAL ASSISTANTS

IPAs are speech-enabled technologies in mobile platforms which have become one of the fundamental devices of learning online.

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IPAs in names

Amazon Echo, BlackBerry's 'BlackBerry Assistant', Braina, Google's'Google Now', HTC's 'Hidi', Maluuba Inc's 'Maluuba', Microsoft's'Cortana', Motorola's Mya (unreleased), Samsung's 'S Voice',Cognitive Code's 'SILVIA', Apple's 'Siri', Nuance's 'Vlingo', LG's'Voice Mate', IBM's 'Watson', Facebook's 'M (Moneypenny)' andapplications like Dragon, Indigo, Skyvi, Voice Actions, Voice Search,EVA Intern, Iris, IBM Watson, Maluuba, Evi, Jeannie, Speaktoit, AIVCand Wolfram Alpha, Dahi, Duolingo, Ata, Jeannie, Andy X, ACO orAssistant B, Anki, Memrise, Pimsleur and Livemocha etc.

ROBUST TECH TITANS

Apple, Google, Microsoft, Amazon and Facebook have been five techtitans that provide their own IPAs such as Siri, Now, Cortana, Alexa and M with which instant communication and interaction have been provided through AI in recent years (Matney, 2015)

LEARNING with PDAs AND IPAs

The virtual assistants encourage convenience andproductivity, making them particularly compelling fortheir potential applications in academic settings,though they are four to five years away from beingwidely used in higher education.

(Johnson, Becker, Estrada & Freeman, 2014, p. 46)

LEARNING WITH PDAs AND IPAs-ii

The smart assistants, as devices perform athuman levels with facial expressions, linguisticprowess, and cognition.

IPAs can assist the learners forlanguage learning with no constraintsof time and space.

(Markowitz, 2013)cortana_in_windows_10_by_jcpplay-d8yvzlt

A HUMAN LIKE CHARACTER: SIRI

Siri is a voice recognition AI tool

What makes Siri interesting is its AI supported design structuredon natural voice to carry out the given tasks with a ‘sense ofhumour’ (Nations, 2015)

SIRI- ii

Online conversations might help users to be involved in ESL(English as a Second Language) and EFL (English as a ForeignLanguage) activities in terms of improving language skillsspecifically on speaking (pronunciation) and listening. Some of thedialogue examples of Siri are as below (Jayawardene, 2015):

User: Why do we exist?

Siri: Well, that chocolate isn’t going to eat itself.

User: What came first, the chicken or the egg?

Siri: It seems that human civilization has been awfully preoccupied with this question.

SIRI- iii

•Siri, Inc. in 2007 and finally was released as avirtual personal assistant application for theiPhone in February 2010 (Markoff, 2008).

•Running on the iPhone (4S and later), iPod touch(fifth generation and later), iPad touch (thirdgeneration and later), iPad Air and all versions ofthe iPad mini (Sadun & Steve, 2014).

GOOGLE NOW Google Now as a voice-activated assistant, investigates

the questions asked, and marks the dates or eventscrucial for the users

Unlike Siri, Google Now is a search engine which isdesigned to listen and comprehend the commands andqueries of the users

Running on a Samsung, Galaxy with its Android versions,the engine, automatically opens up the most relevantwebpage when searched via voice commands, eliminatingthe need to specify a website URL

(Vaidya, Zhang, Sherr & Shields, 2015)

GOOGLE NOW -ii

What makes Google Now unique is its rare feature of using AI more actively.

The application as an active user of AI

gathers data from user accounts and

combine sensor data from mobile

phones in order to provide suggestions

(Gottipati et al., 2014)

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CORTANA

Sharing the similar features of Apple’s Siri and Google Now,Cortana is getting better at answering user queries for more andmore scenarios every day, from adding reminders for obtainingdirections, tracking flights, and many more (Elwany & Shakeri,2014, p.1 )

www.timeslive.co.za

CORTANA-ii

Cortana would be a splendid assistant for time-poor ordisorganized students:

• When/what/where is my next lesson?

• When is my next science lesson?

• When is my next essay due?

• Remind me to talk about the Ice Age next time I meet Year 7 Geography.

CONCLUSION

The paths of this study regarding IPAs are intended toreveal an overview on how and to what extent these devicesmight be used in human-computer interaction and learning.

In this connection, the working systems of the IPAs namelyApple’s Siri, Google Now and Microsoft Cortana are revisedwithin the context of AI.

CONCLUSION- ii

Although there have been several works related to IPAs ineducation (also known and conceived as Intelligent PedagogicalAgents by Garrido et al. (2010, p.4) the potential use of IPAs forsecond language learning within Natural Language Processing(NLP) should be focused particularly.

In this regard, it may be suggested that both devices (PDAs) andapplications (IPAs) might be used as feasible tools for languagelearning; so more qualitative and quantitative studies may beconducted accordingly.

Thank you for listening…Any questions/ comments/ suggestions?

References

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R. K. (2014). Mobile platform and application research at SMU LiveLabs. In Communication Systems and Networks (COMSNETS), 2014 Sixth International Conference on IEEE. 1-4.

Johnson, L., Becker, S., Estrada, V., & Freeman, A. (2014). Horizon Report: 2014 Higher Education. Markowitz, J. A. (2013). Beyond SIRI: Exploring Spoken Language in Warehouse Operations, Offender Monitoring and

Robotics. In Mobile Speech and Advanced Natural Language Solutions. 3-21. Springer New York. Matney, L. (2015). A Battle Royale Of Digital Assistants: The Big 5. TechCrunch. Nabiyev V. V. (2005). Yapay Zeka; Problemler-Yöntemler-Algoritma, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık Nations, D. (2015). What is Siri? A Look at Apple's Personal Assistant for iOS. About.com Ranson, S. L., Boothby, J., Mazmanian, P. E., & Alvanzo, A. (2007). Use of personal digital assistants (PDAs) in reflection

on learning and practice. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 27(4), 227-233. Vaidya, T., Zhang, Y., Sherr, M., & Shields, C. (2015, August). Cocaine noodles: exploiting the gap between human and

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Viken, A. (2009). The history of personal digital assistants 1980–2000. Agile Mobility.