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nij cultivation was the process of growing indigo in which the british forced India to grow it.

a)In this system of cultivation the planters produced indigo in the lands that he controlled directly.

b)He either bought the land or rented it from the zamindars.

c)Under nij cultivation the cultivator grew indigo by employing hired laborers.

Read more: http:wi!i. Because it is highly addictive, opium production isrestricted and cultivation of the plants from which it is obtained isprohibited by most nations under an international

agreement.answers.com"#hat$is$nij$cultivation%iLordCornwallis is remembered by the Indians primarily for the significantreforms affected by him in the field of land and land- revenue.

None of the systems introduced by Warren Hastings was found suitable.Further under the prevalent system peasants were ill- treated andoppressed also the cultivation suffered most.

Cornwallis with a view to doing away with the evils of the prevalentsystem introduced his famous !ermanent "ettlement. #nder the newsystem the revenue collector of an estate became its owner as well.

$%amindar$ as he was called also gained hereditary rights over the land

and could sell it if necessary. &ut the 'amindar was re(uired to pay afi)ed amount of money to the government on a stipulated date before thesun-set.

Failure to pay the money would deprive the 'amindar of his rights onland which would be put to fresh auction. *he !ermanent "ettlement

was first introduced in &engal and &ihar in +,.

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&zz''gb(Ia*In order to get a stable revenue income+ most ofthe ,ast India -ompanys officials believed that investment in

land had to be encouraged and agriculture had to be improved./ebates on how this was to be done led to the introduction of

the 0ermanent 1ettlement in 234*. 5he aim of this settlement

was to ensure a regular flow of revenue for the -ompany. 6sper the settlement+ rajasand taluqdarswere recognised

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as zamindars. 5hey were as!ed to collect rent from the

peasants and pay revenue to the -ompany. 5he amount to bepaid was fi&ed permanently and it was not to be increased ever

in the future. 5he -ompany believed that as the revenue

amount was fi&ed+ the zamindarswould benefit by investing inland improvement+ which would in turn lead to increasedproduction. If the zamindarsfailed to pay the revenue+ which

they usually did as the fi&ed revenue was very high+ they losttheir zamindari.What was the /yotwari "ettlement 1 What was the 2ahalwari "ettlement 1

What was the impact of the new revenue policy introduced by the &ritish 1

a. Ryotwari Settlement:

/eali'ing the disadvantages of the!ermanent "ettlement was also due toadministrative difficulties the 3ast IndiaCompany introduced settlement in otherparts of India which were (uite different

from the line adopted in &engal &ihar and0rissa.

In the 4eccan for e)ample new landsettlement was introduced which came to

be 5nown as the /yotwari "ettlement.

In this system settlement of land wasdirectly made between the governmentand the ryot i.e. the cultivators ortenants.

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2oreover in the ryotwari settlement therevenue was fi)ed for a period of thirty

years and not on a permanent basis aswas in the case of the !ermanent"ettlement.

b. Mahalwari Settlement:

In some parts of northern India yet

another type of settlement called2ahahvari system was introduced by theCompany.

#nder the system settlement was madewith a group of villages called mahals.

*hat is to say instead of individual ryot or'amindar the government entered intosettlement with mahals under thesubordination of the landlords calledtalu(dars.

c.The Impact:

*he new revenue system introduced bythe 3nglish affected the socio-economicstructure of the Indian society in various

ways.

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First recognition of the individualownership on land created two types of

land-owning classes namely the'amindars and the peasant-proprietors.

"econd the ine(uality of wealth betweenthese two classes resulted in growingpoverty in the society.

*hird under all the new settlements be itryotwari or mahahvari it was the peasants

who were the worst sufferers.

Fourth since land had become a saleableproperty land-holders were oftencompelled to dispose of their property tomeet the revenue demand of thegovernment.

Fifth it may be mentioned that the newrevenue policy gave rise to new land-owners who became the collaborators ofthe &ritish administration in India.

0osted by arpit.tt2444...7student)+ 2 wee!+ * days ago

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