Niche and Habitat: Salmon and SteelheadNiche and Habitat: Salmon and Steelhead WFC 10 15 October...
Transcript of Niche and Habitat: Salmon and SteelheadNiche and Habitat: Salmon and Steelhead WFC 10 15 October...
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Niche and Habitat: Salmon and Steelhead
WFC 10 15 October 2008
Lisa Thompson
Fisheries Extension Specialist Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology Department
University of California, Davis
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Outline
• “Niche and habitat change with the life stage of the organism.”
• Salmon life history • Salmon life stages
– Habitat – Niche – Conservation issues
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Definitions • Habitat
– Distribution – Actual location in the environment where the
organism lives • Niche
– Role of organism in community • Fundamental Niche
– Based on physical and chemical habitat, and food availability
• Realized Niche – Also includes interactions with predators and
competitors
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Salmon and Steelhead
Chinook salmon
Steelhead / Rainbow Trout
Coho salmon
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Spawners
Egg
Alevin
Fry
Parr Smolt
Adult
OCEAN
FRESHWATER
ESTUARY
ESTUARY
Salmonid Life Cycle
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Watersheds in Northern California
Map courtesy of the Water Education Foundation
Federal project
Local project Wild & scenic Natural lake, river Saline / alkaline
lake Irrigated area
Urbanized area
Pumping or power plant
State project
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• What is the fish trying to do? – Survive – Grow – Reproduce
• Why do habitat and niche change with life stage?
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Egg
~ 1 cm 3/8”
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Habitat Egg Life Stage
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Redd
Photo by Jenna Voss
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Irrigation Diversion – Cow Creek
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Water Temperature
Species Water Temperature (°F)
Migration Spawning Incubation Juvenile Rearing
Preferred Optimum Lethal
Chinook (Fall run)
51.1-66.9 42.1-57.0 41.0-57.9 45.1-58.3 54.0 77.4
Chum 46.9-60.1 45.0-55.0 39.9-55.9 52.2-58.3 56.3 78.4
Coho 45.0-60.1 39.9-48.9 39.9-55.9 53.2-58.3 --- 78.4
Steelhead --- 39.0-48.9 --- 45.1-58.3 50.0 75.4
Source: Adapted from Beschta et al. (1987) Note: °C = (°F-32)/1.8
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Bank Erosion & Siltation
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Dissolved Oxygen
Response DO (ppm)
Percent Oxygen Saturation at Given Temperatures
Water Temperature (°F) 32 41 50 59 68 77
Function without impairment
7.75 76 76 76 76 85 93
Initial distress symptoms 6.00 57 57 57 59 65 72
Most fish affected by lack of oxygen
4.25 38 38 38 42 46 51
Adapted from Bjornn & Reiser (1991) Note: Less oxygen can be dissolved in warm water than in cold water. Therefore the same amount of DO results in a higher percent saturation at higher temperatures.
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Alevin
~ 3 cm 1”
Photo by Marj Trim
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Habitat Alevin Life Stage
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Fry
~ 4 cm 1 ½”
Photo by Gerard Carmona Catot
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Habitat Fry Life Stage
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Shallow Edge Habitat
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Bank Erosion & Siltation
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Parr
~ 9 cm 3”
Photo by Jenna Voss
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Habitat Parr Life Stage
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Parr foraging in deeper water
Photo by Jenna Voss
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Chinook salmon parr foraging
• http://youtube.com/watch?v=xRgSSQcxL08 • There are both Chinook salmon and
Sacramento suckers in this video clip • Chinook have parr marks – a row of about 10
spots along the side of the body • Suckers have 2 or 3 round gray spots on the
side
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Steelhead/Rainbow Trout & Large Wood
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Steelhead/Rainbow Trout & Large Wood
Photo by Jenna Voss
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Steelhead/Rainbow Trout & Large Wood
Photo by Jenna Voss
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Loss of large wood and pools Gualala River
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Exotic species – Brook trout
Rainbow trout
Brook trout
Photo by Gerard Carmona Catot
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Coho Salmon Smolt
~ 15 cm 6”
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Habitat Smolt Life Stage
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River & Estuary Habitat Santa Clara River Estuary
Suisun Marsh
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Diversions = Detours
Map courtesy of the Water Education Foundation
Federal project
Local project Wild & scenic Natural lake, river Saline / alkaline
lake Irrigated area
Urbanized area
Pumping or power plant
State project
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Rip-rapped bank Lower American River
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Habitat Adult Life Stage
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Santa Clara River Estuary & Ocean
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Spring-run Chinook Salmon Spawners
~ 0.75 m 2 ½ ’
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Habitat Spawner Life Stage
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Chinook Salmon Spawner Migrating
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Redd
Photo by Jenna Voss
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Butte Creek Chinook salmon spawning
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8vPcOv3E0g&NR=1 • The female is the smaller, more green-colored fish • The males are larger, and more red-colored
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Dams & Barriers are Roadblocks to Fish
Shasta Dam, 1945, Central Valley Project. Dams & water diversions block fish movement to
headwaters of Central Valley streams
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Dead spawner adding nutrients to stream
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Salmon & Steelhead Life Histories
Chinook Coho Steelhead Years in Stream 0 - 1 1 1 - 3
Years in Ocean 1 - 7 2 1 - 4
Spawner Age 4 3 2 – 7 (may spawn
more than once)
Adult Size Up to 100 lb. 7-12 lb. Up to 27 lb.
Eggs per Female
5,000–12,000 2,000 – 5,000 200 – 12,000
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More information on California fish life histories…
• http://www.calfish.ucdavis.edu/