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Ludvik Electric Co.
Training Department
Miscellaneous and Helpful Information for NICET Fire Alarm !stem Certification
Testing.................................................................................................................................."
#encil Hardness................................................................................................................"Calculating $olume.........................................................................................................%
$olume Formulas ........................................................................................................%
&nits ............................................................................................................................%Definitions 'elated to Circles..........................................................................................(
T)e 'ig)t Triangle...........................................................................................................*
Ta+le of Elements................................................................................................................,Element Descriptions................................................................................................."-
EI/HT AND MEA&'E Ta+les............................................................................"0
/rammar............................................................................................................................%"
entence tructure.........................................................................................................%"T)e imple entence..................................................................................................%"
T)e Compound entence...........................................................................................%%
pecial Cases of Compound entences.....................................................................%1
T)e Comple2 entence..............................................................................................%1T)e Loose entence...................................................................................................%(
T)e #eriodic entence................................................................................................%3T)e Declarative entence..........................................................................................%*
T)e Interrogative entence........................................................................................%*
T)e ')etorical 4uestion............................................................................................%*T)e E2clamator! entence........................................................................................%5
T)e Imperative entence............................................................................................%5
#articiples.......................................................................................................................%5
Infinitives.......................................................................................................................%,/erunds..........................................................................................................................1-
#&NCT&ATI6N...........................................................................................................1-THE C6MMA7 .........................................................................................................1"THE EMIC6L6N7..................................................................................................11
THE C6L6N7............................................................................................................1(
THE DAH7...............................................................................................................13THE H8#HEN7.........................................................................................................13
4&6TATI6N MA'97............................................................................................1*
#unctuation #ractice E2ercise....................................................................................15
#unctuation #ractice Test Ans:ers............................................................................("
Miscellaneous and Helpful Information for NICET FireAlarm System Certification Testing
Pencil Hardness
T)e ;H; stands for )ardness< t)e ;=; stands for +lackness< and H= is for )ard and +lack
pencils. T)e )ardest is a ,H< follo:ed +! 0H< 5H< *H< 3H< (H< 1H< %H< and H. F is t)emiddle of t)e )ardness scale> t)en comes H=< =< %=< 1=< (=< 3=< *=< 5=< 0=< and ,=
T)ese e?uations :ill give !ou correct ans:ers if !ou keep t)e units straig)t. For e2ample
B to find t)e surface area of a cu+e :it) sides of 3 inc)es< t)e e?uation is7urface Area *3 inc)es%
*%3 s?uare inc)es
"3- s?. inc)es
Definitions Related to Circles
arc$a curved line t)at is part of t)e circumference of a circle
chord$a line segment :it)in a circle t)at touc)es % points on t)e circle.circumference$t)e distance around t)e circle.
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diameter$t)e longest distance from one end of a circle to t)e ot)er.origin$t)e center of t)e circle
pi % &$A num+er< 1."("3,%...< e?ual to t)e circumference t)e diameter of an! circle.radius$distance from center of circle to an! point on it.
sector$is like a slice of pie a circle :edge.
tangent of circle$a line perpendicular to t)e radius t)at touc)es 6NL8 one point on t)ecircle.
Diameter = 2 xradius of circle
Circumference of Circle= PI x diameter= 2 xradius *herePI= = 3.141592...
Area of Circle:
area = r2
engt! of a Circular Arc:(*ith central angle ) i# the angle is in degrees% then length = x(/156) xr
i# the angle is in radians% then length = r x
Area of Circle Sector:(*ith central angle ) i# the angle is in degrees% then area = ( /3+6)x r2
i# the angle is in radians% then area = (( /(2))x r2
E"uation of Circle: #Cartesian coordinates$
#or a circle *ith center (j, k)and radius (r) (x!j)"2# ($!k)"2= r"2
E"uation of Circle: #polar coordinates$ #or a circle *ith center (6% 6)7 r( ) = radius
#or a circle *ith center *ith polar coordinates7 (c% ) and radius a7
r2! 2cr cos( ! ) # c2= a2
E"uation of a Circle: #parametric coordinates$ #or a circle *ith origin (8% &) and radius r7 x(t) = r cos(t) # j $(t) = r si%(t) # k
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http://www.math.com/tables/constants/pi.htmhttp://www.math.com/tables/constants/pi.htmhttp://www.math.com/tables/constants/pi.htm -
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The Right Triangle
!heright triangleis one o# the most important geometrical #igures% used in manyapplications #or thousands o# years
A 9ree& mathematician named ythagoras deeloped a #ormula% called theythagorean !heorem% #or #inding the lengths o# the sides o# any right triangle :e
treated each side o# a right triangle as though it *ere a s$uare and discoered thatthe total area o# the t*o smaller s$uares is e$ual to the area o# the largest s$uare
:e *rote this discoery as a #ormula7
*here c is the hypotenuseand a and b are the other t*o legso# the triangle ;oe
your mouse oer the triangle to learn more
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http://www.math.com/school/subject3/lessons/S3U3L4GL.html#%23http://www.math.com/school/subject3/lessons/S3U3L4GL.html#%23http://www.math.com/school/subject3/lessons/S3U3L4GL.html#%23http://www.math.com/school/subject3/lessons/S3U3L4GL.html#%23http://www.math.com/school/subject3/lessons/S3U3L4GL.html#%23http://www.math.com/school/subject3/lessons/S3U3L4GL.html#%23http://www.math.com/school/subject3/lessons/S3U3L4GL.html#%23http://www.math.com/school/subject3/lessons/S3U3L4GL.html#%23http://www.math.com/school/subject3/lessons/S3U3L4GL.html#%23 -
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A right triangle has one angle e$ual to triangle is still
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used by sureyors ,arpenters and *ood*or&ers also use it to ma&e their cornerss$uare
ythagoras *as a 9ree& mathematician *ho lied about 2>66 years ago% and *hodeeloped the most #amous #ormula in geometry% possibly in all o# mathematics@ :e
proed that% #or a right triangle% the sum o# the s$uares o# the t*o sides that 8oin at
a right angle e$uals the s$uare o# the third side !he third sidethe side opposite theright angleis called the hypotenuse o# the right triangle !he t*o shorter sides are
usually called "legs"
!his #ormula is called the ythagorean !heorem in honor o# ythagoras t is usually
*ritten as the e$uation belo*% *here aand bare the measures o# the legs o# thetriangle and cis the measure o# the hypotenuse
ets try out the ythagorean !heorem using this right triangle *ith sides o# > and 12cm% and a hypotenuse o# 13 cm ?e can eri#y that the ythagorean !heorem is true
by substituting in the alues !he s$uare root o# 1+< is 13% *hich is the measure o#the hypotenuse in this triangle
!he ythagorean !heorem has many uses .ou can use it to eri#y *hether or not a
triangle is a right triangle r you can use it to #ind the missing measures o# sides
ets use the ythagorean !heorem to #ind the missing measure o# the leg o# the
right triangle A;
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ubstitute the alues into the #ormula and per#orm the calculations% li&e this ?e #indthat the s$uare o# the hypotenuse% or c s$uared% is e$ual to 466 !o #ind c% *e ta&e
the s$uare root o# 466% *hich is 26 !his is the alue *ere loo&ing #or% the missingmeasure o# the leg%
Ta%le of Elements
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Element &escriptions
'
&tomic
'eit
*ame +$mol
-.P.
( / )
0.P.
( / )
De%sit$
(cm3)
art
crust
( )
Discoer$
(6ear)
(roup) Electronconfiguration
1 166B< :ydrogen : 2>< 2>3 66< 614 1BB+ 1 1s1
2 4662+ :elium :e 2B2 2+< 615 15 15 1s2
3 +3 151B 1 C:eD 2s1
4 >6 234 1565 13 C:eD 2s22p1
+ 12616B ,arbon , 3>66 452B 22+ 66 C:eD 2s22p3
5 1>
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1>
36 CeD 3s23p3
1+
326+> ul#ur 113 44> 26B 66>2 ancient 1+ CeD 3s23p4
1B
3>4>3 ,hlorine ,l 161 3> 321 664> 1BB4 1B CeD 3s23p>
15
3< candium c 1>3< 2532 24 6+2 1B6 'anadium ' 15 CArD 3d34s2
24
>1 1B4s1
2>
>4 14s2
2+
>>54> ron e 1>3> 2B>6 B5B >6> ancient 5 CArD 3d+4s2
2
B
>5 < CArD 3dB4s2
25
>5+3 2B32 5< 661< 1B>1 16 CArD 3d54s2
24+ ,opper ,u 1653 2>+B 5
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36
+>3< Ginc Gn 426 CArD 3d164s24p3
34
B5 4B< 151B 1+ CArD 3d164s24p4
3>
B
3+
535 Frypton Fr 1>B 1>3 3B> 154+B5 ubidium b 3< +55 1+3 15+1 1 CFrD >s1
35
5B+2 trontium r B+< 1354 2>4 1Bs2
323 333B 44B 1Bs2
46
2 43BB +>1 662> 1B5< 4 CFrD 4d2>s2
41
s1
4
2
>s1
43
H 1>s2
44
1616B uthenium u 22>6 3s1
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4>
162> hodium h 1s1
4+
16+42 alladium d 1>>2 2s1
45
112411 ,admium ,d 321 B+> 5+> 151B 12 CFrD 4d16>s2
4B 2666 B31 15+3 13 CFrD 4d16>s2>p1
>6
115B1 !in n 232 22B6 B31 ancient 14 CFrD 4d16
>s2
>p2
>1
121B+ Antimony b +36 1B>6 ++5 ancient 1> CFrD 4d16>s2>p3
>2
12B+ !ellurium !e 44< p4
>3
12+ odine 114 154 4s2>p>
>4
1312< 15s2>p+
>>
132> ,esium ,s 2< +B5 15B 15+6 1 CIeD +s1
>+
13B32B -arium -a B2> 1146 3>< 66> 1565 2 CIeD +s2
>
B
135> anthanum a 153< 3 CIeD >d1+s2
>5
14611+ ,erium ,e B 32>B +BB 1563 161 CIeD 4# 1>d1+s2
>
15+26B henium e 3156 >+2B 2164 1 B CIeD 4# 14>d>+s2
B+
1 >62B 22+ 1563 5 CIeD 4# 14>d++s2
BB
12B 224 1563 < CIeD 4# 14>dB+s2
B5
16B5 latinum t 1BB2 352B 214> 1B3> 16 CIeD 4# 14>dB 13>> ancient 12 CIeD 4# 14
>d16
+s2
51
2643533 !hallium !l 363 14>B 115> 15+1 13 CIeD 4# 14>d16+s2+p1
52
26B2 ead b 32B 1B46 113> ancient 14 CIeD 4# 14>d16+s2+p2
53
265+6 ancient 1> CIeD 4# 14>d16+s2+p3
54
H 26< olonium o 2>4
5+
H 222 adon n B1 +2 156 3266 166B 15
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6 4B< rotactinium a 1>+5 1>4 1# 2+d1Bs2
# 3+d1Bs2
5 ;endeleium ;d 1> 162
162
H 2>< obelium o 52B 15 162
163
H 2+2 a*rencium r 1+2B 1
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164
H 2+1 uther#ordium # 1
H 2+2 Jubnium Jb 1
16+
H 2++ eaborgium g 1
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di##erent isotopes o# elements ary in nature depending on the source o# materialsor relatie abundances o# isotopes in nature see re#erence on sotopic ,omposition
o# the Elements
&tomic 8eitAtomic *eight alues represent 8eited aeraeo# the masseso# all naturally occurring isotopes o# an element !he alues sho*n here are based
on the KA, ,ommission determinations (ure Appl ,hem B37++B+53% 2661)!he elements mar&ed *ith an asteris& hae no stable nuclides or these elementsthe *eight alue sho*n represents the mass number o# the longestlied isotope o#
the element
lectro% co%fiuratio% !he distribution o# electrons according to the energy
subleels (subshells) in uncharged atoms !he noble gas sho*n in s$uare brac&ets(eg C:eD)% mar&s that all the subshells associated *ith that element are #ully
occupied by electrons or #urther in#ormation see another *eb site
Energy le*els and su%le*els
Principal energy level(Quantum number: n)
Sublevels available(Quantum number: l)
123456
1s2s 2p
3s 3p 3d4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f 5g6s 6p 6d 6f 6g 6
Io%iatio% e%er$ (I)!he energy re$uired to remoe the outermost electron#rom an atom or a positie ion in its ground leel !he table lists only the #irst E in
e' units !o conert to &M/mol multiply by
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ton
s)ort ton%- s)ort )undred:eig)t it sets in t)e :est.
T!e Comple+ Sentence
A comple sentencecontains one independent clause and at least one dependent
clause. &nlike a compound sentence< )o:ever< a comple2 sentence contains clauses:)ic) are note?ual. Consider t)e follo:ing e2amples7
Simple
M! friend invited me to a part!. I do not :ant to go.Compound
M! friend invited me to a part!< +ut I do not :ant to go.Comple
Alt)oug) m! friend invited me to a part!< I do not :ant to go.
In t)e first e2ample< t)ere are t:o separate simple sentences7 M! friend invited me to a
part! and I do not :ant to go. T)e second e2ample oins t)em toget)er into a single
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http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/punct.html#punctuationhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/punct.html#punctuationhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/semicoln.html#semicolonhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/semicoln.html#semicolonhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/adverbs.html#conjunctive%20adverbhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/claustyp.html#dependent%20clauseshttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/claustyp.html#dependent%20clauseshttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/punct.html#punctuationhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/semicoln.html#semicolonhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/adverbs.html#conjunctive%20adverbhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/claustyp.html#dependent%20clauseshttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/claustyp.html#dependent%20clauses -
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sentence :it) t)e coBordinating conunction +ut
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Loose sentences are t)e most natural for Englis) speakers< :)o almost al:a!s talk in
loose sentences7 even t)e most sop)isticated Englis) :riters tend to use loose sentences
muc) more often t)an periodic sentences. )ile a periodic sentence can +e useful formaking an important point or for a special dramatic effect< it is also muc) more difficult
to read< and often re?uires readers to go +ack and reread t)e sentence once t)e!
understand t)e main point.
Finall!< it is important to remem+er t)at !ou )ave to structure a loose sentence ascarefull! as !ou :ould structure a periodic sentence7 it is ver! eas! to lose control of a
loose sentence so t)at +! t)e end t)e reader )as forgotten :)at !our main point :as.
T!e ,eriodic Sentence
If !our main point is at t)e end of a long sentence< !ou are :riting a periodic sentence7
periodic
Considering t)e free )ealt) care< t)e c)eap tuition fees< t)e lo: crime rate< t)ecompre)ensive social programs< and t)e :onderful :inters< ) am :illing to payslightly higher taes for the pri8ilege of li8ing in Canada .
T)e main point of t)is sentence is t)at t)e :riter prefers to live in Canada. At t)e
+eginning of t)is sentence< t)e reader does not kno: :)at point t)e :riter is going to
make7 :)at a+out t)e free )ealt) care< c)eap tuition fees< lo: crime rate< compre)ensivesocial programs< and :onderful :inters T)e reader )as to read all of t)is information
:it)outkno:ing :)at t)e conclusion :ill +e.
T)e periodic sentence )as +ecome muc) rarer in formal Englis) :riting over t)e past
)undred !ears< and it )as never +een common in informal spoken Englis) outside of +adpolitical speec)es. till< it is a po:erful r)etorical tool. An occasional periodic sentence
is not onl! dramatic +ut persuasive7 even if t)e readers do not agree :it) !our conclusion usedan! more t)an t)at< t)e! can make !ou sound dull and pompous.
T)e ot)er classifications in t)is c)apter descri+e )o:!ou construct !our sentences)(R$
The !efinition$T:o or more :ords are acting as a single modifier for a
noun.
The Clue$T)e! +elong toget)er. T)e! are not part of a series t)at can
separatel! descri+e t)e noun.
o ) thin7 Ste8e is a :ell5intentioned 8olunteer#
o Ste8e is a helpful; supporti8e 8olunteer#
o The 2H5year5old man :as too young to buy alcohol#
The Rule$If !ou can put and +et:een t)e modifiers and it makes
sense< it is not a compound modifier.
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The (ception$If t)e modifier includes ver! or an Bl! adver+< t)ese
:ords alone indicate t)at t)e! are part of a compound modifier< so a
)!p)en is redundant.
o -ost people thin7 they ha8e a :ell5de8eloped sense of style#
o Ste8e has a highly de8eloped sense of style#o Susan has an open5minded 8ie: of the :orld#
o !oug thin7s he has 8ery liberal 8ie:s#
The Jic7er$Most compound modifiers are )!p)enated :)en t)e!
follo: t)e linking ver+ to +e.
o ) thin7 his proposal is short5sighted#
The Ca8eat$=ut +e careful to distinguis) +et:een a compound modifier
and t)e same :ords not used as a modifier.
o is too5small effort couldn"t sa8e the game#
o The coat he ga8e his mother :as too small#
.U/TATI/N MA-1S:
/&et off e2planator! e2pressions :it) commas. In t)is e2ample )is sister recommended it.
d all are correct
"- a T)e carpenter liked using medieval tec)nolog! e.g. a )andBturned lat)e.
+ T)e gangsters told t)e s)opkeeper< If !ou are not careful !ouRll +e Sfis)
food.R
c =ritt Hume )imself :ill lead t)e ne:s team to omalia.
d all are correct
"" a Ever! da!< tep)en reads T)e Ne: 8ork Times to )is reporting class.
+ )irle! did not e2pect )er trip to /reece to +e suc) an e2)ilarating nonet)eless< )e
rarel! discusses it.
d all are correct
"% a After s)e poured t)e +rass< Alice took off )er gloves> filled t)e tu+ :it)
:ater> and su+merged t)e sculpture.
+ )en Daniel got too close to t)e edge of t)e cliff )is fat)er !elled< /et+ack )ere< DanielG
c Driven +! t)e need to prove )is tormentors :rong< 9arl :orked )ard ever!
da! to improve )is +ack)and.
d all are correct
"1 a T)e doctor is popular among )is patients alt)oug) )e does not spend
muc) time :it) t)em.
+ Have !ou seen t)e ne: s)o: T)e est ing
c /rant asked t)e teac)er< )en :ill t)e test results +e posted
d all are correct
"( a His mot)er and fat)er c)ose to sta! )ome and :ork in t)e !ard.
+ Nerdl! is one of t)e most aptl!Bnamed c)ildren Moni?ue )as ever met.
c Are !ou going to see )at Lies =eneat)
d all are correct
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"3 a Mer!l treep< :)o )as :on several acting a:ards< seems to +e ust a
regular person.
+ Tr!ing desperatel! not to cr! t)e !oung c)ild e2plained t)at t)e +ooger
monster )ad taken )is spinac).
c =efore :e start t)is e2ercise< letRs do a fe: stretc)es.
d all are correct
"* a T)e class visited t)e museum< t)e! :ent to a +ase+all game< too.
+ Maria )river is a talented ournalist and a completel! devoted mot)er.
c )en t)e! leave for t)e concertPs)e t)inks it :ill +e near noonPt)e!Rll
call !ou.
d all are correct
"5 a Nanc! prefers gold to silver> s)e t)inks its more elegant.
+ For suc) a ?uickB:itted emplo!ee< s)e )as +een rat)er confused +! t)is
easil! operated mac)ine.
c Has Mic)ael eno!ed )is interns)ip at T)e 'egister /uard
d all are correct
"0 a 9im+erl! is fl!ing to Me2ico to meet )er )us+and Qack for a vacation.
+ T)e race +et:een t)e t:o sprinters :as :idel! )!ped and completel!
disappointing.
c T)e speaker asked ever! audience t)e same t)ing7 Do !ou :ant to +e rig)t