Your Buyer’s Guide from NHBS:

Explore theWorld of Bats

- Introduction to bat detection- Choosing the right detector- Recording and analysing calls- Essential bat books- Field kit and accessories

Of the world’s 5,400 species of mammals, more than 1,100 are bats.Bats are a fascinating group of animals which account for around one-fifth of the world’s mammals. They are also the only mammals capable of powered flight and live in most parts of the world. There is a great deal of variation in what different spe-cies of bat look like – ranging from a fruit bat with a wingspan of up to 1.5 meters and weighing around 1kg to the bumblebee bat weighing in at about 2g. While most bats feed on insects or fruit, others eat fish, drink nectar or even blood!

One of the greatest mysteries surrounding bats was how they found their way around and located their food in the dark. It was only relatively recently discovered that many species of bat are able to orientate in the dark by emitting very short, but loud, pulses of high pitched sound called ‘ultrasound’. This behaviour – echolocation – works in a similar way to sonar on submarines. Bats listen to the echoes that return from their calls to construct images of their surroundings. In order to ‘see’ where they are going, bats can emit up to 15 – 20 calls per second at a volume that can be louder than the sound heard when standing next to a jet aircraft taking off.

The development of electronic devices (‘bat detectors’) that convert ultrasound into sounds that the human ear can detect has been a major breakthrough in making it possible to listen to bats. Due to the different environments bats feed in, and the variety of food they eat, each species has developed echolocation calls that are specialised to their needs. Listening to these calls is fascinating because it provides an opportunity to identify many different bat species and to get insight into the behaviour of these otherwise very elusive animals.

All of the 17 species of bat found in the UK use ultrasonic echolocation calls to orientate, for communication, and of-ten for finding food. Using a bat detector at night is an ideal way to discover what bats are flying in your garden, local woods, or even around streetlights in towns and villages.

It has never been easier to try detecting bats in your garden or local wildlife patch. The wide range of devices available suits all levels of interest from beginner to professional and entry-level models are available at very reasonable prices. By adding a digital recorder to your kit you can record and share your bat calls in MP3 format, send them by email and put them online. The right kit will last you many years – enjoy your bat detecting!

By Jon FlandersJon, who studied at the University of Bristol, is a member of ‘The Bat Ecology and Bioacoustics Lab’, an organisation conducting re-search on the ecology, behaviour and conservation biology of bats.

Bat Detection

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Your buyer’s guide from NHBSSummer 2010

Heterodyne Bat Detectors

Advantages+ The least expensive and best for beginners.+ Exaggerates frequency changes of bat calls.+ Allows sound recording of calls for playback.+ Allows real time analysis of calls.+ Immediately determine approximate frequency of the ultrasound.+ With expertise they allow immediate identification.+ Easy to recognise Doppler shift (bats in flight).+ Able to detect bats at long distances.

Disadvantages- No sound analysis possible.- Narrow frequency band means species outside range can be missed.- Tuning is continually required.- Louder bats can bias population estimates as they are most frequently heard by heterodyne detectors.

UsageThe user estimates the species likely to be present and tunes to the appropriate frequency, once call is heard the frequency is adjusted until the clearest sound is heard (much like tuning in a radio!). Heterodyne detectors are recommended for non-profes-sional surveys, or in professional surveys when used with other detector types.

Heterodyne detectors combine the incoming bat call with a constant signal generated within the detector so that the sum and different frequencies are generated. For instance a bat call at 45 kHz (end frequency for a Common Pip-istrelle) and internal frequency of 43 kHz produces output frequencies of 2 kHz and 88 kHz. The 88 kHz frequency is inaudible and is filtered out and the 2 kHz frequency is fed to a loudspeaker or headphones.

How do they work?

How they work, their advantages and disadvantages, and their usage

Frequency Division Bat Detectors

How do they work?Frequency Division (FD) bat detectors output sound which is a fraction (typically 1/10th) of a bat call. They work by con-verting a bat call into a square wave then dividing it by 10 to produce an audible square wave. For example, an inaudible 40kHz, is output at an audible 4kHz.These sounds can be recorded and used with sound analysis software.

Advantages+ Requires no tuning when in FD mode.+ Broadband recording means that all frequencies are detected at once.+ Records continually so nothing can be missed.+ Allows for more calls to be recorded within a given time period than TE - reduces missed calls and false identification.+ Recordings can be used for sound analysis.+ Preserves rhythm of calls, which can be helpful in aid-ing identification.

Disadvantages- Frequency changes in calls not exaggerated (unlike het-erodyne), which reduces ability to identify species.- All calls are heard at same time, which can make it difficult to distinguish species.- Picks up all ultrasound signals, can ‘clutter’ calls.- Sound analysis made using these recordings not as good as those made with TE detectors.- Louder bats can bias population estimates as they are the most frequently heard.

UsageDual FD/heterodyne detectors are useful for professional consultancy surveys and transects, especially as many detectors include a function to record voice notes, and all calls missed using the heterodyne function can be seen and measured on a sound analysis later. These detectors are able to provide identification to a standard that is adequate for determining the quantity of a species.

The 3 types of detector

Time Expansion Bat Detectors

Advantages+ Broadband recording means that all frequencies are detected at once.+ Unlike other detectors, it uses original signal, preserv-ing the whole waveform, making analysis easier and more accurate. + Recordings can be used for the most accurate sound analysis of any type of detector.

Disadvantages- Doesn’t provide real-time/continual recording, which means less accuracy and some bats may be missed. - Whilst a recording is being played back nothing is being recorded, so bat calls are sampled in small segments - Automatic recording (possible to use manual) initiatied by false triggers (non-bat ultrasound) can be an annoyance.- As with other types of detectors: louder bats can bias population estimates as they are the most frequently heard.

UsageThe user has several options with this detector. Firstly, they can use the heterodyne function as normal and record the TE output for sound analysis later. Secondly, they can listen directly to TE output. Lastly stereo headphones can be used to simultaneously monitor both the TE and heterodyne output.

Time expansion (TE) detectors work by making a digital recording of a bat call at a high sampling rate and then replaying it at a lower rate afterwards. Most detectors allow the rate to be varied between 10, 20 or 30x slower.

How do they work?

Choosing the right detector

Heterodyne P P P P P

Frequency Division P P

Time ExpansionLCD Screen P P P P

Illuminated Display P P P P P

Headphone socket P P P P P

Output socket* Fixed level Fixed level Fixed level Fixed level Fixed level 2 channelBatteries** 4xAAA 1x9v 4xAAA 2xAA 1x9V 1x9VFrequency Range 10-130kHz 17-120kHz 15-130kHz 15-160kHz 19-125kHz 17-125kHzBandwidth (+/-) 9kHz N/A 9kHz 4kHz >16kHz >16kHzMicrophone Type Wide Band

ElectretElectret Wide Band

ElectretBroadband

Electret Condenser

Electret Condenser

Weight (inc.battery) 154g 81g 164g 230g 240g 256g

NHBS Reference # #171848 #177263 #171849 #171622 #175131 #175132

Heterodyne P P P P P P

Frequency Division P P P

Time Expansion P P P

LCD Screen P P P P P

Illuminated Display P P P P P P

Headphone socket P P P P P P

Output socket* Fixed level, 2 channel

Fixed level, 2 channel

Fixed level, 2 channel

Fixed level, 2 channel

Fixed level, 2 channel

Fixed level, 2 channel

Batteries** 1x9V 1x9V 1x9V 1x9V 5xAA 4xAAFrequency Range 10-120kHz 15-120kHz 10-120kHz 10-120kHz 32-768kHz 16-190kHz

Bandwidth (+/-) 8kHz 8kHz 8kHz 8kHz 8kHz TBCMicrophone Type Electret plus

2x ceramic piezo

Electret condenser

Electret condenser

Advancedelectret

Electret condenser

Electret condenser

Weight (inc.battery) 220g 150g 160g 170g 600g TBCNHBS Reference # #175027 #175029 #175030 #175031 #175032 #180327

* Can be output to tape recorder, mp3 player with input feature etc. *** Built to order.** Note that it is possible to use rechargeable versions of each type of battery.

Pettersson D-100

Pettersson D-200

Pettersson D-230

Batbox Griffin

Pettersson D-240X

Pettersson D-1000X ***

Pettersson D-500X

#178758

Magenta Bat 4

Magenta Bat 5 Batbox III DMini 3

Batbox Duet

BatBox Baton

Due August ‘10

Also available for long-term monitoring:

Designed to be left in the field for up to two weeks, the D-500X detects the full spectrum of ultrasound and records in real time. Thus, it provides much more detailed data than either frequency division or time expansion detectors, and is particularly good at detecting those ‘hard to detect’ species such as the Brown Long-eared bat.

Type of Microphone and Frequency Range

The type of microphone used in a detector determines its sensitivity. Electret microphones are most sensitive at low frequencies (<30 kHz). Piezo microphones are particularly sensitive around 45 kHz, whilst capacitance microphones do best at frequencies greater than 80 kHz. All good detectors are able to scan a frequency range of 20 to 120 kHz, meaning that all models will detect all Eu-ropean species. Thus, regardless of the microphone, you will be able to detect any species. The only difference is that if you have a piezo microphone (optimally operating at low frequen-cies) the distance you can detect a bat operating at high frequencies (e.g. lesser horseshoe) will be less than if you have a capacitance microphone. Some detectors improve sensitivity by combining more than one type of microphone, such as the Pettersson D-100 with its combined electret-piezo microphones.

Other factors to consider while choosing your bat detector

Features in-depth

Tuning and Reading Frequencies

Recording Calls

Listening to Calls

Bandwidth

Stereo Jack to Jack Cable Lead

If constantly scanning up and down the frequency range, such as when using heterodyne detectors for non-specific species surveys, users may prefer larger frequency dials to smaller ones as larger dials can be rotated quicker. Detectors will usually offer one of two methods for reading off the frequency; either an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen or a graduated plastic dial. LCD screens are easier to read and can provide a more accurate frequency reading. Regardless of how the frequency is dis-played, be it on the manual dial or LCD screen, there should ideally be a light source to enable the user to read the frequency without the need for an external light source.

You can record bat calls from a bat detector on to most commercially available recording devices. Ideally the recorder should have a ‘line in’ socket to ensure the sound quality from the detector is preserved. If recording from a frequency division or time expansion detector, you can then use sound analysis software to identify species. The recording is turned into a sonogram (sound graph) on your computer for subsequent analysis. To transfer recordings from your recorder to your computer, the computer must have a ‘line in’ socket, which most modern computers now have (some laptops combine the ‘line in’ and ‘mic’ socket, which is also fine to use).

Most bat detectors have both an inbuilt speaker and socket for headphones. The speaker allows multiple users to listen to the same detector, such as when on bat walks. Using headphones rather than the speaker provides better sound quality and allows you to hear the weakest bat signals. Background noise interference is reduced when the speaker is not produc-ing sound. If using stereo headphones, some bat detectors allow you to hear the heterodyne output in one ear and the frequency division output in the other.

When using heterodyne detectors, the bandwidth can be an important consideration for the user. A small bandwidth (e.g. 4 kHz) makes it easier to judge where a call starts or finishes, which can be useful when targeting a specific species. Conversely, larger bandwidths increase the likelihood of detecting a species when undertaking a general survey. For example, a detector with a bandwidth of 10 kHz, when tuned to 50 kHz, will cover 45 - 55 kHz simultaneously. Finally, remember the size of the bandwidth does not influence the ability to tune in accurately to a particular frequency.

Don’t forget your cable! This 3.5mm Jack (headphone jack) to 3.5mm jack cable lead is 1.2m long. It is suitable for conecting all our bat detectors to any of our sound recording devices.

Cable Lead #176857

The Batbox Duet is a dual-mode bat detector, using both het-erodyne and frequency division methods.

The D240x combines Time Expan-sion and Heterodyne detection methods allowing detection across all frequencies.

CD #176795 £23.99

Recorder #186214 £209.99Silicone Rubber Case #186225 £19.99Carrying Pouch #186226 £39.99

(Qty 10) #185252 £6.49(Qty 100) #180145 £64.99(Qty 1000) #180146 £584.99

Pettersson D-240X

Batbox Duet

The Baton is an economic but versatile bat detector that uses frequency division to detect all species simultaneously.

This dual detection model allows you scan all frequencies at once using frequency division then home in on a specific frequency.

Batbox Baton

Pettersson D-230

HETERODYNE DETECTORSMagenta

Batbox III D

Bat Detector #175131 £169.99

Mini-3

Pettersson D-100

Pettersson D-200

The Mini-3 Bat Detector has a twist-on directional horn for increased range and sensitivity.

The D-100 is a high quality het-erodyne detector employing three microphones of two types to offer maximum sensitivity.

This advanced heterodyne bat detector has a backlit digital dis-play and an exceptionally sensitive microphone.

Bat Detector #175031 £1099.00

Bat Detector #171622 £149.99

Bat Detector #175027 £225.00

Bat Detector #175029 £299.99

Bat Detector #177263 £75.00

Bat Detector #175132 £275.00

Bat Detector #175030 £450.00

BAT DETECTING SOFTWARETIME EXPANSION DETECTORSBatbox BatScan v 9.8

Software optimised for use with the Batbox Duet, but also for use with other TE and FD detectors.

Batbox Griffin* Pettersson’s BatSound v4.0

Bat Detector #180327 £1495.00

The Griffin has been designed to provide all the required functions for studying and surveying bat popula-tions.

BatSound is an efficient, high-performance tool which includes a number of features particu-larly useful to analyze bat calls recorded from a bat detector.

Pettersson D-1000X

Pettersson BatSound v4.0 Upgrade

The D-1000X combines Time Expansion, Frequency Division and Heterodyne detection with a built-in Compact Flash “tape recorder”.

This upgrade option can be used to upgrade older versions of BatSound software to Batsound version 4.0.

Bat Detector #175032 £4500.00

Upgrade #182627 £135.00

H2 Handy Recorder

Animal Handling Gloves

Roland R-05 Stereo Recorder

Iowa Latex Gloves

Gripseal Bags

Recorder #184062 £179.99

This high quality, easy to use and cost effective sound recorder is ideal for use with bat detectors.

Extremely comfortable, supple, ultra-light gloves designed for precision tasks that require optimal dexterity and safety.

The compact R-05 is easy to use, affordable, and packed with big-ticket features that raise the bar in its price class.

High performance latex disposable gloves for general lab and field use. Each box contains 100 gloves.

Grip-Seal Sample Bags with write on panels.

Heavy Duty Polythene BagsHeavy-duty 500g polythene bags for holding larger samples or contami-nated clothing.

The Batbox III D is a heterodyne bat detector, which incorporates the latest technology, whilst retain-ing all the best qualities of its predecessor.

SAMPLE BAGS

GLOVES

The Magenta Bat 4 is a Superhet-erodyne Bat Detector developed from years of feedback from users of earlier models. (Bat 5 has LCD screen.)

SeeSnake Inspection Camera II #175039 £249.99

ENDOSCOPES

RECORDING DEVICES

FREQUENCY DIVISION DETECTORSSeeSnake Inspection Camera II

Make visual inspections of hard-to-reach nests, bat boxes and burrows. A field ecologist’s best friend!

LCD Camera/Video Inspection Endoscope

SeeSnake Extension Cable

Video Inspection Endoscope #175047 £850.00

A 1m flexible endoscope allowing you to peer into nest boxes, bird boxes, bat roosts, and burrows in order to check occupancy and monitor occupants.

Suitable for use with any SeeSnake endoscope inspection camera, this extension cable will increase the reach of the SeeSnake.

3ft Extension Cable #184846 £39.996ft Extension Cable #184847 £74.99

Bat 4 #171848 £59.95Bat 5 #171849 £89.95 Bat Detector Case #181818 £7.99

Single User Licence CD #177310 £279.992 User Licence CD #185638 £389.993 User Licence CD #185639 £449.99 5 User Licence CD #185640 £549.99

Small #180464 £4.85 Medium #180465 £4.85 Large #180466 £4.85 Extra Large #180467 £4.85

Small #180472 £5.99 Medium #180473 £5.99 Large #180474 £5.99 Extra Large #180475 £5.99

Small (Qty 100) #180139 £2.50 Small (Qty 1000) #180142 £22.49Medium (Qty 100) #180141 £2.99 Medium(Qty 1000) #180144 £26.99 Large (Qty 100) #180140 £4.50 Large (Qty 1000) #180143 £40.50

*Due August ‘10

customer.services@nhbs.co.uk | Tel: +44(0)1803 865913 | Fax: +44(0)1803 865280 | 2-3 Wills Rd, Totnes, Devon, UK. TQ9 5XN

www.nhbs.com | Everything for wildlife, science & environment

Bat Equipment Catalogue Summer 2010

“Our passion for wildlife drives forward everything we do at NHBS: adding to the world’s largest range of natural history books (over 110,000 titles), stocking our warehouse, helping customers and packing up orders for dispatch around the world – all of this is powered by a company-wide enthusiasm for the

world’s flora and fauna.”

customer.services@nhbs.co.uk | Tel: +44(0)1803 865913 | Fax: +44(0)1803 865280 | 2-3 Wills Rd, Totnes, Devon, UK. TQ9 5XN

www.nhbs.com | Everything for wildlife, science & environment

Edited by AJ Mitchell-Jones and AP McLeishThis manual provides detailed information on all aspects of bats and is essential for anyone wish-ing to obtain a licence to carry out bat work in the UK.

Softcover | Edition 3 | 2004 #146440 £20.00

Bats of Britain, Europe and Northwest AfricaChristian Dietz et alThis comprehensive and superbly illustrated handbook presents for the first time all 51 bat species that occur across Europe and Northwest Africa.

Abigail C Entwistle et alThis manual gives general guid-ance aimed at conservation and land management advisors on managing these habitats for bats.

John Russ, Sandie Sowler et alKnowledge of bat echolocation, calls and identification has grown significantly in the last decade. In this practical guide, the authors present the latest data in a clear and concise manner.

Softcover | 2001 #95381 £15.00

Softcover | 2010 #181961 £19.95

Habitat Management for Bats

British Bats - A Guide to Identification Using Sound Analysis

Schwegler Bat RoostsThis highly sophisticated Bat Roost is designed for the safe hi-bernation of bats in winter as well as for roosting during summer.

Bat Box #181536 £35.96

Hardcover | 2009 #178055 £33.99

Schwegler Brick Box for Bats

This box should be cemented into a wall in a building or underneath a bridge, arch or tunnel where condi-tions are relatively humid.

WeatherWriter waterproof clipboards are essential fieldwork items for windy, rainy or snowy days. The spring-loaded top is trans-parent so that you can see what you’re writing and folds flat when not in use.

HUMIDITY METERSMeter and Thermometer

Meter #183502 £79.99

This instrument measures both relative humidity and air tempera-ture. The large, easy to read backlit LCD includes primary and second-ary displays.

TERMS & CONDITIONSwww.nhbs.com/help/terms_and_conditions_privacy_policyAll prices include VAT. Prices are correct at the time of going to print but subject to change at any time.

This type of box is very popular for accommadating large colonies, espe-cially of great bats, nathusius pipes-trelles and brown long-eared bats.

A 4 in 1 multi-function environmen-tal meter which has been designed to combine the functions of sound level meter, light meter, humidity meter and thermometer.

BAT BOXES Schwegler 2F

The 2F is the standard bat box - ideal as a starter box to see if there are bats in your area.

Bat Box #177100 £84.95

Meter #183501 £139.99

A larger bat box - ideal for woodland species. The 2FN Bat Box has two entrances - one at the front and one at the rear against the tree.

Schwegler 1 FS

4-in-1 Environmental Meter

Schwegler 1FF

Meter with Dew Point and Thermometer

Schwegler 2FN

The 1FF is open at the bottom, allow-ing droppings to fall out and is there-fore especially suitable for hanging in inaccessible places such as steep slopes and house walls. With built-in wooden rear panel.

A digital instrument which has been designed to combine the functions of a thermometer and a humidity meter with dew point indicator.

Bat Box #174821 £55.95

Meter #183503 £79.99

BAT BOOKSThe Bat Detective

Softcover and Audio CD | 1998 #79534 £22.50

Brian Briggs and David KingField guide designed to aid the use of `mini’ bat detectors. As each topic is explained references are given to the relevant tracks on the CD.

A Guide to British Bats

Kate Jones and Allyson WalshThis fold-out guide includes 16 species of bat that live and breed in Britain.

8 page guide | 2001 #129064 £2.99

Which Bat Is It?

Bat Surveys

Bat Workers’ Manual

RE Stebbings et al Excellent little guide to bats, giv-ing identification key, advice on how to study bats and an impor-tant section on legislation.

Bat Conservation TrustThis book provides good practice guidance for those commission-ing, undertaking or reviewing bat surveys throughout the UK.

Softcover | Edition 3 | 2007 #169033 £4.99

Softcover | 2007 #169330 £19.99

Schwegler Bat Tubes

Data-Logging Thermo-Hygrometer

This Tube system meets the char-acteristic behavioural requirements of the types of bats that inhabit buildings.

A portable thermo-hygrometer designed to provide excellent performance in harsh environ-ments and poorly lit areas. In addition to Relative Humidity and temperature, this device will display the dew point.

Bat Box #174819 £32.95

Petzl TacTikka Plus Headlamp

Petzl TacTikka Plus Headlamp #174739 £38.00Petzl e+Lite Emergency Headlamp #174742 £25.00

1FR #178018 £72.962FR #180018 £74.95

Meter #180256 £199.00

1WQ #178017 £129.991FQ #177099 £89.99

Single Chamber #179142 £18.99Double Chamber #179143 £23.99

WEATHER WRITERS

HEAD TORCHES

WeatherWriter

WeatherWriter A5 Landscape #174600 £22.99WeatherWriter A4 Portrait #174585 £29.99WeatherWriter A4 Landscape #174593 £30.99WeatherWriter A3 Landscape #174598 £39.99WeatherWriter A3 Portrait #174595 £44.99

AQUAPAC WATERPROOF CASES

WOODEN BAT BOXES

Phone/GPS Case #182064 £20.00 PDA case #182066 £20.00Waterproof Keymaster #182069 £13.00 Ortlieb Mapcase #174690 £16.00

Standard #174814 £26.99Double Front Panel #181809 £33.95

Bat Box #183446 £21.49

Bat Box

Double Chamber Bat Box

This Batbox is available as either a single-chamber (pictured) or a double-chamber box. Improved draught-proofing. A selection of waterproof cases designed

to keep your equipment safe in the field.

This double chambered box provides habitat for many bats. The heavy construction provides good insulation and longevity.

LED headlamp with 3 lighting levels and red flip filter .

Bat Equipment Catalogue Summer 2010

Due August ‘10

Forthcoming

Huge range of books and field equipment items in stock.

Over 110,000 wildlife books and fieldwork essentials.

Global service - we ship around the world every day.

Online shopping or invoice ordering for com-panies & institutions.

www.nhbs.com

customer.services@nhbs.co.uk | Tel: +44(0)1803 865913 | Fax: +44(0)1803 865280 | 2-3 Wills Rd, Totnes, Devon, UK. TQ9 5XN

www.nhbs.com | Everything for wildlife, science & environment

Advanced Bird ID Guide: The Western PalearcticNils Van Duivendijk

Field Guide to the Birds of the Middle EastRichard Porter and Simon Aspinall

A Field Guide to the Reptiles of South-East AsiaIndraneil Das

The Biggest Twitch: Around the World in 4,000 BirdsAlan Davies and Ruth Miller

New Naturalist 115:Climate and WeatherJohn Kington Small (Children’s)

Butterfly Net

Magenta Bat 4

A Guide to British Bats

Series 700 Mist Net (16mm Mesh) various sizes*

Opticron Hand lens, 18mm, 20x magnification

Fine Pointed Forceps

Schwegler 1FF Bat Box With Built-in Wooden Rear Panel

Squirrel Trap

Hbk | 2010 | £34.99 £31.49 | #179356

Pbk | 2010 | £12.99 | #186657

Pbk | 2010 | £29.99 £21.50 | #152945 Hbk | 2010 | £50.00 £38.99 | #152944

£16.99 | #180592

£59.95 | #171848 £2.99 | #129064

*from £24.99 | #187218 £13.00 | #174486

£5.99 | #185505

£19.99 | #186145

£55.95 | #174821

Pbk | 2010 | £14.99 | #183860

BAT NEWS: Batbox Griffin due!

New Naturalist 115:Climate and Weather

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The long-awaited Batbox Griffin bat detector is due out this month, available from 10th September (approx!). Numbers will be limited so pre-order today. The Griffin has been designed to provide all the required functions for specialists and profes-sionals studying and surveying bat populations and features an onboard recording capability. (For more information search www.nhbs.com for #180327)

NEW TO BAT DECTECTING? The Magenta Bat 4 detector and FSC fold-out guide ‘A Guide to British Bats’ provides the perfect starting point for those interested in bats and bat detecting.

Latest news from NHBS

John Kington tackles a fascinating and oftenchallenging phenomenonBritain is known for its changeable weather patterns and diverse climate, but it is perhaps not commonly understood how these have evolved from the interplay of meteorological conditions and geography. John Kington draws on 2000 years of historical resources to tell the story of the development of this climate and the people who have lived in and recorded it.

Pbk | 2010 | £29.99 | #180983

Available 2/9/2010 Discounted until 30/11/2010