NGOs in Complex Emergencies. Objectives To understand the complexity of the ‘NGO community’ To...
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![Page 1: NGOs in Complex Emergencies. Objectives To understand the complexity of the ‘NGO community’ To understand the principles and characteristics of NGOs Identify.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/56649d9e5503460f94a88119/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
NGOs in Complex Emergencies
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Objectives
• To understand the complexity of the ‘NGO community’
• To understand the principles and characteristics of NGOs
• Identify coordination mechanisms of NGOs
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Components of a Response• International Organizations (IOs)
• United Nations (UN) humanitarian agencies and programs• Regional Organizations• International Organization for Migration (IOM)
• Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)• The Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement• Donor Governments/Agencies (USAID/DfID, etc)• Affected Population• Host Nation Organizations/Agencies• International/Regional Financial Institutions• Business Community• General Public (public opinion/direct donations)
• And when requested/needed…• UN/Coalition Military Forces
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The “NGO Community”
1 Source: The Commonwealth Foundation, February,1996
• Broad Definition:• Every organization in society which is not part of
government, and which operates in civil society1
• Diversity:• Size• Operating Styles• Geographic Focus• Religious background• Programmatic Orientation2
• UN Agencies and the Red Cross are not NGOs!
2 Source: Paula Hoy, Players and Issues in International Aid, 1998
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NGO Typesno strict categories – often based on programmatic/regional focus
• Advocacy• Press international community for action on particular issues
• Development• knowledge of pre-existing disaster levels of basic service
• Disaster Relief• Attempt for programs/actions to be “Apolitical”• food/relief are “above the battle”
• Human Rights Organizations• - Speak out policy: Monitor actions of politicians, military, police, other
organizations, etc.
• Indigenous• Many are implementing partners for int’l NGOs• community level knowledge of actors and customs
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The “NGO Community”• Who they are…
• Skilled professionals• Paid workers and volunteers• Local and expatriate
• Why they respond…• Humanitarian Principles and Geneva Conventions• Host nation agreement and/or CNN Effect• Some claim the “right” of intervention
• Varying Sizes/programmatic focus• Local/Int’l, global, regional or community interests
• Implementing partners of UN/Donor agencies• Competition for funding sources
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Principal UN Organs - Security Council - Int’l Court of Justice
- General Assembly - Secretariat
- ECOSOC - Trusteeship Council
UN Agencies UN Departments
- UNHCR (est. 1951) - DPKO
- UNICEF (est. 1946) - DPA
- WFP (est. 1961) - DESA
- UNDP (est. 1965) - DPI
- WHO (est. 1948) - OCHA
- UNHCHR (est. 1994) - EOSG
- IAEA (est. 1957) - OLA
UN
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• Voluntary• IMPARTIALITY: Aid is given regardless of race, creed, or
nationality.
• NEUTRALITY: Aid will not be used to further a particular political or religious standpoint.
• Independence• Humanity• Unity• Universality
Guiding Humanitarian Principles
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NGO Strengths• Critical recipient level work• Less bureaucratic/more cost-effective• Access to local knowledge• Neutrality essential to security• Work protected by international conventions
Source: Paula Hoy, Players and Issues in International Aid, 1998
NGOs Weaknesses• Not homogenous system• Lack of collaboration• Failure to see the ‘big picture’• Government $$ erodes independence• Can be perceived as threat to host nation
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NGO funding sources
• Government Donors: Give with humanitarian objectives in mind but may be constrained by other political/policy issues
• USAID, AusAID, ECHO, Bi-lateral, etc• View NGOs as critical partners in aid delivery• Identify gaps in humanitarian response and target aid to fill gaps• Will have some form of accountability mechanism
• Implementing partners of UN Agencies• Foundations• Individuals/general public• Effect of donor fatigue and/or lack of strategic interest
on NGO operations?
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Major Government Donors to NGOs
• ECHO• European Community Humanitarian Office
• JICA• Japanese International Cooperation Agency
• AusAID• Australian Council for International Aid
• DfID• UK Department for International Development
• USAID• United States Agency for International Development
• CIDA• Canadian International Development Agency
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Major Donors: Examples of funding(Source: ReliefWeb, 12 April 02. USDoS: PRM)
Agency Amount Total Purpose
UNHCR TOTAL $54.0 million Emergency Response to Afghan Refugees and IDPs; Support for Voluntary Repatriation and Reintegration for Returning Refugees
ICRC TOTAL $13.5 million Emergency Response for Conflict Victims in Afghanistan and neighboring countries
OCHA TOTAL $3.6 million Inter-Agency Coordination in Pakistan and AFG
IOM TOTAL $3.0 million Emergency Assistance, Logistics, Assistance to IDPs and Returning Refugees in Afghanistan
WFP TOTAL $5.5 million Logistics, Food Mgmt & Supply in Afghanistan and Pakistan
UNICEF TOTAL $6.0 million Emergency Health, Education, Wat/San Assistance to Afghan Refugees and IDPs; Support for UNICEF's Back-to-School Program for Returning Afghan Refugees
WHO TOTAL $1.0 million Support for the Provision of Basic Health Services for Returning Refugees
Mercy Corps (MCI) $0.16 million Support to Maintain Operational Capacity Inside Afghanistan (October-December 2001)
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Efforts to improve accountability
• Sphere Project: Minimum Standards in Disaster Response:• water supply and sanitation
• nutrition
• food aid
• shelter and site planning
• health services
• ICRC/NGO Code of Conduct• 130 organizations have signed
• Donor demands for increased accountability• What is “acceptable loss”
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NGO Training• RedR
• Security Management Workshops• Transport Access in Emergencies• Site Selection and Planning
• People in Aid
• World Vision Security Training
• Individual organization training/recruitment policies• i.e. OXFAM GB: Knowledge/experience with
Sphere Standards
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Major NGOs in Emergencies• CARE• World Vision• Catholic Relief Services• Save the Children• International Medical Corps• Médecins sans Frontières• Doctors of the World• World (IRISH) Concern• Adventist Dev. & Relief Int.• Food for the Hungry• International Rescue Committee• Joint Relief International
• Mercy Corps
• Africare
• Concern
• World Relief
• OXFAM
• Lutheran World Relief
• Refugees International
• American Friends Service Committee
• International Aid
• American Refugee Committee
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NGO Coordination• VOLUNTARY• AS NEEDED• CONSENSUS• PERSONALITY DRIVEN
• Strategic level coordination• IASC, InterAction, ACFOA, VOICE, etc.
• Tactical level, typically will coordinate around sectoral or functional areas, i.e.
• Health, Wat/San, Food/Nutrition, logistics, etc.
• Some by policy will not collaborate with uniformed/armed military
• NGOs may have own coordination mechanism separate from the UN.
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NGONGO
ICRCICRC
Affected Country Requirements
THE FOG OF RELIEF:THE FOG OF RELIEF:International Relationships During DisastersInternational Relationships During Disasters
DonorDonor
DONORDONOR
NGONGO
DONORDONOR
NGNGOO
NGONGO
NGONGO
UNHCRUNHCR
WFPWFP
Red Cross/Red Cross/CrescentCrescent
UNICEFUNICEF
Private Private DonorsDonors
NGONGOUN Coordination: UN Coordination: HOC, OSOCC, etc.HOC, OSOCC, etc.
INT’L
MIL
ITARY FORCES
CIMIC
, CM
OC, etc)
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Selected NGO/Red Cross/Donor web sitesInternational Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA)
www.icva.ch
InterActionwww.interaction.org
Voluntary Organizations in Cooperation in Emergencies (VOICE)www.oneworld.org/voice
Australian Council for Overseas Aid (ACFOA)www.acfoa.au
The Sphere Projectwww.sphereproject.org
International Committee of the Red Crosswww.icrc.org
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
US Agency for International Development (USAID)www.usaid.gov
European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO)www.europa.eu.int/comm/echo/en
Australian Government’s Overseas Aid Program (AUSAID)www.ausaid.au
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Selected UN System web sitesHumanitarian Information Center - Afghanistan
www.hic.org.pk
United Nations Joint Logistics Centerwww.unjlc.org
Relief Web and UN Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Onlinewww.reliefweb.int
www.reliefweb.int/ocha_ol/
United Nations System Locatorwww.unsystem.org
United Nationswww.un.org
United Nations Children’s Fundwww.unicef.org
UN Development Programwww.undp.org
UN High Commissioner for Human Rightswww.unhchr.ch
UN High Commissioner for Refugeeswww.unhcr.ch
World Food Programwww.wfp.org