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Nexus of Climate Change and its Impact on Water Dr. Shahid Amjad Environment and Energy Management...
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Transcript of Nexus of Climate Change and its Impact on Water Dr. Shahid Amjad Environment and Energy Management...
Nexus of Climate Change and its Impact on Water
Dr. Shahid AmjadEnvironment and Energy Management
Institute of Business Management (IoBM) Karachi
The warm water in the Indian Ocean could affect the S.W Monsoon period, one of the most important climate patterns in the world that affects more than 1 billion people.
Most Important Climate Change Gases
Source: U.S. EPA 2005
GHGs:• Water vapor: H2O• Carbon Dioxide: CO2
• Methane: CH4
Source Examples:Oceans, Rivers, Plants, SoilCombustion, RespirationWetlands, Oceans, Biodegradation,Animals
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca
Atmospheric Lifetime of Individual Major Greenhouse Gas Molecules
Carbon Dioxide
~60% of warming from GHG 5 to 200 years
Methane ~20% of warming from GHG 8 to 12 years
Nitrous Oxide
~6% of warming from GHG ~120 years
CF4 (Perfluoromethane) >50,000 years
IPCC 2001
GHE#1 - natural
Earth’s Natural Climate
GHE#2 - humansHuman-caused Global Warming
GHE#3 - textDue to human activities, there are now 40% more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere than there were a few hundred years ago. (5 bn tons of excessive CO2 ) Trapping of Some Green house gasses is good, average world temp is 14oC. If no heat is trapped than the global Mean temp would be -18oC. The temp over past few decades has risen by 0.6oC
The Earth has already warmed as the consequence of this, and scientists expect that the next 20 to 100 years the world will warm a lot more! (1-5 C). For every 1 C rise, 7% increase in water vapor. (IPCC)
10
Siachen Glacier Past & Present
1989 2006Since temperature maxima have been increasing at a greater rate, the thinning of ice and retreat of glacial extent has taken place simultaneously at an alarming rate. The decay estimates calculated by remote sensing techniques show that Siachen Glacier has reduced by 5.9km in longitudinal extent from 1989 to 2009. Thinning of ice mass is evaluated at 17%.
2009
60.00 65.00 70.00 75.005.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
F IG U R E 1 7 . T rack o f T ro p ica l C y c lo n es w h ich en te red c irc le o f 3 0 0 n m rad iu s cen te red o n K a rach i.
PAKI STAN
I NDI A
S#
Year Hazard /disaster
How communitiesRationalize?
Kinds of losses Community coping response
1 1964 Cyclone Persistent strong wind, constant rain Livestock ,paddy crops mud houses
Sold livestock, undertook wage Labor in the area
2 1973 Heavy rains monsoon Livestock, paddy crop, mud houses life losses boats and fishing nets lost
Self help, built earthenembankments,
3 1976 Floods High water flow in the Indus, it were the worst floods with highest volume of water passingthrough the barrages and the also highest floods levels ever recorded.
Agriculture land in kacha area destroyed, livestock died, crop damaged, infrastructure also damaged.
Patrolling along weak parts ofbanks
4 1988 Floods Crops destroyed, agriculture land submerged in water
5 1994 Heavy rains Monsoon Livestock, paddy crops
6 1999 Cyclone Less rainfall in the areaand shortage of freshwater in the sea
Human Lives, livestock, paddy crop,
By selling livestock and surplus milk, doing Labor (wood cutting).Survivors took loans, transitorymigration
7 2001 Earthquake Will of God long dry spell Cracks in Pakka houses collapsed
trauma
8 2003 Floods ,
Sudden breach inKPOD, LBOD blockade of canal water. High sea tide and sea water intrusion in LBOD, weak embankment, unexcavated beds ofsmall surface drains.
Wooden houses collapsed, farmlands submerged by the sea water crops of rice, chili, banana, sugarcane destroyed, nets, boats and engine drowned
9 2010 Floods Erosion of sediments and embankments
Damage to property and loss of domestic animals and crops
Support from local community, and better fish and shrimp harvest from creeks.
Policy Measures For Water Resources• Water Storage and Infrastructure
Assess and address the needs for additional water storage and distribution infrastructure;
• Water Conservation Strategies
Ensure water conservation, reduce irrigation system losses and provide incentives for adoption of more efficient irrigation techniques;Introduce local rainwater harvesting measures.
• Integrated Water Resource Management Explore the possibility of joint watershed management of trans-boundary catchment areas with neighboring countries;Safeguard Pakistan’s rights on trans-boundary water inflows according to international norms and conventions;
Legislative Framework
• Legislate and enforce industrial and domestic waste management practices to protect the environment, in particular water resources, from further degradation;
• Enact and enforce laws and regulations required for efficient water resource management and a groundwater regulatory framework;
• Protect the HKH glaciers, considered the world’s water tower, by declaring them as ‘protected areas’ through agreements among countries sharing the Himalayan region.
Water Management: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century
• Water management and planning• Water rights and accessibility• Water markets and policies• Climate change Irrigation• Urban water management• Hydraulic engineering • Water quality Pollution contaminants and control• River basin management Flood risk management• Geo-politics of water • Water resources and economics • Governance and regulations • Desalination Water services