Next Tuesday Read article by Anne Treisman. Orienting Attention.
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Transcript of Next Tuesday Read article by Anne Treisman. Orienting Attention.
Next Tuesday
• Read article by Anne Treisman
Orienting Attention
Control of Attention
• Major Distinctions:
Voluntary Reflexive
Control of Attention
• Major Distinctions:
Voluntary Reflexive
Overt Covert
Voluntary Orienting
• Attention can be oriented covertly – a commonly used metaphor is “the spotlight of attention”
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
Subject presses a button as soon as x appears
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
X
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
That was a validly cued trial because the x appeared in the box that flashed
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
Voluntary Orienting
• What is another way to make this paradigm a voluntary orienting paradigm?
Symbolic cues may orient attention towards another location.Stimulus cues orient attention to the stimulated location.
Symbolic Cue
Reflexive Orienting
• Attention can be automatically “summoned” to a location at which an important event has occurred:
Reflexive Orienting
• Attention can be automatically “summoned” to a location at which an important event has occurred:– Loud noise– Motion– New Object
• We call this attentional capture
Transients
Reflexive Orienting
• The Posner cueing paradigm (with blinking boxes) confounds reflexive and voluntary orienting
… in what way?
Reflexive Orienting
• The Posner cueing paradigm (with blinking boxes) confounds reflexive and voluntary orienting
• How could we change the Posner cueing paradigm to make it asses only reflexive orienting?
Reflexive Orienting
• The Posner cueing paradigm (with blinking boxes) confounds reflexive and voluntary orienting
• How could we change the Posner cueing paradigm to make it asses only reflexive orienting?
• Make validity 50% (non-informative cue)
Reflexive Orienting
• The Posner cueing paradigm (with blinking boxes) confounds reflexive and voluntary orienting
• How could we change the Posner cueing paradigm to make it asses only reflexive orienting?
• Make validity 50% (non-informative cue)
• Viewers are still faster and more accurate!
Reflexive Orienting
• Can symbolic cues be reflexive?
Almost never but …
Reflexive Orienting
• Can symbolic cues be reflexive?
Reflexive orienting to direction of eye gaze
Reflexive Orienting
• Potential cues for Reflexive Orienting– Loud noise– Motion– New Object
• New Objects are powerful attention grabbers!
Transients
New Objects Capture Attention
IS THERE AN “H”?
Initial scene viewed for several hundred ms
Yantis & Jonides (1990): New-Object Paradigm
New Objects Capture Attention
New scene: search for target letter
IS THERE AN “H”?
Yantis & Jonides (1990): New-Object Paradigm
H may be revealed from an 8 or may appear as a new object
Reflexive Orienting
• Steven Yantis and colleagues– Result:
Reflexive Orienting
• Steven Yantis and colleagues– Result:
Targets are found faster when they are “new objects” than when they are revealed from “old” objects
Reflexive Orienting
• Steven Yantis and colleagues– Interpretation:
The visual system prioritizes in dealing with visual objects - relatively recent objects are “flagged” while older objects are disregarded
Attention and Consciousness
• The attention orienting mechanism can be confused leading to something called “change blindness”
Attention and Consciousness