NEXT

Street battles in Paris, July 1830, helped end Bourbon Restoration and established July Monarchy of King Louis Philippe. Oil, Victor Schnetz.

Nationalist Revolutions Sweepthe West, 1789–1900

Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, nationalist revolutions sweep through Latin America and Europe. Bold new movements emerge in the arts.

NEXT

Nationalist Revolutions Sweepthe West, 1789–1900

Map

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

Latin American Peoples Win Independence

Europe Faces Revolutions

CASE STUDY: Nationalism

Revolutions in the Arts

Chart

NEXT

Section 1

Latin American PeoplesWin Independence Spurred by discontent and Enlightenment ideas,peoples in Latin America fight colonial rule.

NEXT

Colonial Society Divided

Latin American PeoplesWin Independence

A Race and Class System• Latin America has social classes that determine

jobs and authority:• Peninsulares—born in Spain, they head colonial

government, society• Creoles—American-born Spaniards who can

become army officers • Mestizos have both European and Indian ancestry (7%)• Mulattos—Have both European and African

ancestry (8%)• Slaves (Africans 6%), Indians (56%) are at the bottom of society

SECTION

1

NEXT

Revolutions in the Americas(Encouraged Latin Americans to try to gain freedom from European Masters)

SECTION

1

Revolution in Haiti• Haiti is first Latin American territory to gain freedom • Toussaint L’Ouverture leads slave revolt against

French (August 1791) 1801 Toussaint takes control & frees all slaves 1802 French agree to end slavery

• Toussaint is accused of planning another uprising, is arrested and eventually dies in French prison (Alps) in 1803

Haiti’s Independence• Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Saint Domingue

a country in 1804• Saint Domingue becomes first black colony to win

independence• Renamed Haiti, means “mountainous land” in the

Arawak language

Image

NEXT

Creoles Lead Independence

SECTION

1

The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas • Enlightenment ideas inspire Latin American

revolutionaries• Napoleon’s conquest of Spain triggered revolts• Creoles may have supported a Spanish King, but had

no loyalty to Napoleon’s brother• Used Locke’s idea of consent of the governed (power

shifted to people when king was removed)

Creole Leaders• Simón Bolívar—wealthy Creole leads Venezuela

in revolution• José de San Martín—leader of Argentinean

revolutionary forces

Continued . . .

Map

Image

NEXT

Bolívar’s Route to Victory• Venezuela declares independence in 1811;

Bolívar wins war by 1821• Bolivar marches into Ecuador where he met Jose

de San Martin

continued Creoles Lead Independence

SECTION

1

San Martín Leads Southern Liberation Forces• Argentina independent in 1816• San Martín helps free Chile (1817)• Bolívar’s and San Martín’s armies drive Spanish out of Peru

in 1824 • Future countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, & Ecuador

were united into a country called Gran Colombia

NEXT

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule (Violent Revolution)

SECTION

1

A Cry for Freedom• Padre Miguel Hidalgo—priest who launches

Mexican revolt (1810)• 80,000 Indian and mestizo followers march on

Mexico City (uprising of lower class)• Spanish army & Creole feared loss of property, control of land & lives (Army defeated Hidalgo)• José María Morelos—leads revolt after Hidalgo’s

defeat, but loses

Mexico’s Independence• Mexican creoles react; Iturbide (defeated Morelos 1815)

declares Mexico independent (1821)• In 1823, Central America breaks away from Mexico(Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, & Costa Rica)

Image

NEXT

Brazil’s Royal Liberator

SECTION

1

A Bloodless Revolution• Napoleon invades Portugal; royal family (King John VI)

moves to Brazil (1807)• Portuguese court returns to Portugal after

Napoleon’s defeat (1815)• Portuguese prince Dom Pedro stays behind in Brazil

- accepts Brazilians’ request to rule their new country

- officially declares Brazil’s independence(September 1822)

• By 1830, nearly all Latin American regions win independence

Interactive

NEXT

Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenge the old conservative order of Europe.

Section 2

Europe Faces Revolutions

NEXT

Clash of Philosophies

Europe Faces Revolutions

Three Philosophies• In early 1800s, three schools of political thought

conflict in Europe• Conservative—wealthy landowners, nobility

wanted to protect traditional monarchies of Europe• Liberal—wealthy merchants, business owners

wanted more power for elected parliaments but only the educated and landowners would vote (limited democracy)• Radical—favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people want everyone to have a vote

Believed government should practice ideals of French Revolution—in liberty, equality, and brotherhood;

SECTION

2

NEXT

Nationalism Develops

Nationalism and Nation-States• Nationalism—loyalty to nation of people with

common culture and history not to a king/empire• Nation-state—nation with its own independent

government (defends the nation’s territory, way of life, and represents the nation to the rest of the world)

• In 1815 Europe, only France, England, and Spain are nation-states

• Liberals and radicals support nationalism; conservatives do not

SECTION

2

NEXT

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power

Greeks Gain Independence• Balkans—region of Europe controlled by

Ottomans in early 1800s• Greece gets European help (British, French, & Russians) to gain independence from Turks(1830)

SECTION

2

1830s Uprisings Crushed• Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and nationalists

launch revolts• By the mid-1830s, conservatives are back in control

1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite• Ethnic uprisings in Europe, especially in the Austrian

empire• Liberals hold power for short time, lose to

conservatives by 1849

NEXT

Radicals Change France Conservative Defeat• In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore

absolute monarchy & flees to Great Britain (replaced by Louis-Philippe)

SECTION

2

The Third Republic• In 1848, Paris mob overthrows monarchy, sets up

republic• Radicals split by infighting; moderates control new

government• 1848 constitution calls for a strong president and parliament elected by the peopleFrance Accepts a Strong Ruler• Louis-Napoleon—Napoleon’s nephew—elected

president (Dec. 1848)• Later takes the title of Emperor Napoleon III, promotes industrialization and France experiences prosperity

Image

NEXT

Reform in Russia

Serfdom in Russia• Czars fail to free serfs because they fear losing

landowners’ support

SECTION

2

Defeat Brings Change• Russia’s lack of industrialization/transportation leads to military defeat in Crimean War (lost to France, G.B., & Ottomans)• Alexander II—czar who determines to make social

and economic changesReform and Reaction• In 1861, czar frees serfs, but debt to pay for land keeps them on the same land • Reform halts when Alexander II is assassinated by

terrorists in 1881• Driven by nationalism, Alexander III encourages

industrialization and tightened czarist control

Nationalism contributes to the formation of two new nations and a new political order in Europe.

NEXT

Section 3

NationalismCASE STUDY: Italy and Germany

NEXT

Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity

Two Views of Nationalism• Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation-

states• Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their

subjects- Three different types of nationalist movements: - unification merges politically divided but culturally similar lands- separation splits off culturally distinct groups- state-building binds separate cultures into one

SECTION

3 Nationalism CASE STUDY: Italy and Germany

NEXT

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires(mixture of ethnic groups)

The Breakup of the Austrian Empire• Austria includes people from many ethnic groups• 1866 Prussia defeats Austria in Austro-Prussian War

Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria splits empire into Austria and Hungary -still ruled by emperor (called Austria-Hungary)

The Russian Empire Crumbles• After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control

over empire (Controls: Ukrainians, Poles, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Armenians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians, & Turks)• Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt

Russian culture- policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic

nationalism

SECTION

3

Continued . . .

Map

NEXT

The Ottoman Empire Weakens• Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens

empire (Control: Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, & Armenians)• 1856 under pressure from France & Britain

rulers grant equal citizenship to all groups, under their rule outraging Turks

•Ottoman Empire broke apart after WWI

continued Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

SECTION

3

NEXT

Cavour (Nationalism) Unites Italy

Cavour Leads Italian Unification• Camillo di Cavour—prime minister of kingdom

of Sardinia in 1852• Gets French help to win control of Austrian-

controlled Italian land

Garibaldi Brings Unity• Giuseppe Garibaldi—leads nationalists who

conquer southern Italy (gets help from Cavour)• Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy

and Sardinia• Garibaldi steps aside, allowing king of Sardinia (King

Victor Emmanuel II) to rule• Control of Venetia (Venice), Papal States (Rome) finally unites Italy (Pope still governs Vatican City)

SECTION

3

Interactive

NEXT

Bismarck Unites Germany

Prussia Leads German Unification• Prussia has advantages that help it unify

Germany:- mainly German population- powerful army- creation of liberal constitution

• Nationalism unites Prussia

SECTION

3

Continued . . .

NEXT

Bismarck Takes Control• Junkers—conservative wealthy landowners—

support Prussian Wilhelm I • Junker realpolitik master Otto von Bismarck

becomes prime minister (Chosen by Wilhelm)• Realpolitik—”politics of reality” power politics

without room for idealism• Bismarck defies Prussian parliament, takes over

continued Bismarck Unites Germany

SECTION

3

Prussia Expands• Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two

provinces• Quick victory makes other German nations respect

Prussia

Image

Continued . . .

NEXT

Seven Weeks’ War (Prussia defeats Austria)• Bismarck creates border dispute with Austria to

provoke war• Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern

Germany• Eastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom

joined for first time

continued Bismarck Unites Germany

SECTION

3

The Franco-Prussian War• Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all

Germans• Wilhelm is crowned kaiser—emperor of a united

Germany—at Versailles• Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian

dominance• Germans called Empire the Second Reich

Interactive

NEXT

A Shift in Power

Balance Is Lost• In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five

powers in Europe: (equal in power)- Austria, Prussia, Britain, France, and Russia

• By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power

• Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economically

• France was in the middle

SECTION

3

NEXT

Section 4

Revolutions in the Arts Artistic and intellectual movements both reflect and fuel changes in Europe during the 1800s.

NEXT

Revolutions in the Arts

The Ideas of Romanticism• Romanticism—interest in nature; preferring

emotion, individuality• Romanticism linked to folk traditions and nationalism

SECTION

4

Continued . . .

The Romantic Movement

Romanticism in Literature• Poetry, music, and painting are the arts best

suited to romanticism• Many British romantic poets believe nature is the

source of beauty • Germany’s Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is a

great early romanticist • A leading French romanticist writer is Victor Hugo

Image

NEXT

The Gothic Novel• Gothic horror novels taking place in medieval

castles become popular• One of the earliest and most successful is Frankenstein

SECTION

4

continued The Romantic Movement

Composers Emphasize Emotion• Composers abandon Enlightenment style of

music• Ludwig van Beethoven leads the way from

Enlightenment to romanticism• Some composers draw on literature or cultural

themes

NEXT

Realism• Realism—art style attempting to depict life

accurately• Paintings and novels in this style show the

working class

The Shift to Realism in the Arts

SECTION

4

Photographers Capture Reality• Daguerreotypes, earliest photographs, are

surprisingly real• William Talbot invents negative, allows copies of a

photograph

Writers Study Society• Charles Dickens and Honoré de Balzac write

about society, class• Some realist literature sparks reforms in working

conditions

Image

NEXT

Impressionists React Against Realism

A New Movement• Impressionism—art style that tries to capture

precise points in time

SECTION

4

Life in the Moment• Impressionists like Claude Monet portray life of

rising middle class• Edgar Degas and Pierre-Auguste Renoir also

leading impressionists• Impressionist composers use music to create

mental pictures

Image

This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.

BACK

Print Slide Show1. On the File menu, select Print2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint

If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4

3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline

4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation

Print Text Version1. Click the Print Text button below; a text file will open

in Adobe Acrobat2. On the File menu, select Print3. Click the Print button to print the entire document, or

select the pages you want to print

Print TextPrint Text