NEXT Section 1 Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms.
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Transcript of NEXT Section 1 Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms.
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Section 1
Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms
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Invasions of Western Europe
Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms
Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare• Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire 400s• Trade and government disrupted; people abandon cities• Beginning of Middle Ages(500 – 1000)
The Decline of Learning• Thus the DARK AGES
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Loss of a Common Language• German language changes Latin; dialects develop
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Germanic Kingdoms Emerge
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Years of Upheaval Between 400 and 600• Germanic kingdoms• Continual wars change borders• Church est. order and security
The Concept of Government Changes• Government = family ties and loyalty • Communities governed by unwritten rules/traditions• Loyalty to chieftans
Continued . . .
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continued Germanic Kingdoms Emerge
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Clovis Rules the Franks• Rules Franks • Converts to Christianity in 496• Unites Franks into one kingdom with Church’s help
by 511
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Germans Adopt Christianity
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How the Church Spread• Frankish rulers convert Germanic peoples to
Christianity• Missionaries travel to convert Germanic and Celtic
groups
Monasteries, Convents, and Manuscripts• Church builds monasteries and convents• Monks establish schools, preserve learning
through libraries
Continued . . .
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continued Germans Adopt Christianity
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Papal Power Expands Under Gregory I• In 590, Gregory I, also called Gregory the Great,
becomes pope• Under Gregory, Church becomes secular—a
political power• Pope’s palace becomes center of Roman
government• Uses Church money to raise armies, care for poor,
negotiate treaties•
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An Empire Evolves
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Europe’s Kingdoms• Franks - control largest/strongest kingdoms
Charles Martel Emerges• Defeats Muslims from Spain at Tours in 732;
becomes a Christian hero• Son, Pepin, begins Carolingian Dynasty—
family that ruled 751–987
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Charlemagne Becomes Emperor
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From Pepin to Charlemagne• Pepin dies in 768, leaves kingdom to two sons; in
771 one son dies• Second son, Charlemagne (Charles the Great),
rules kingdom
Charlemagne Extends Frankish Rule• Charlemagne’s armies reunite western Europe, spread Christianity• Pope crowns Charlemagne emperor; gives him title, “Roman Emperor”• Germanic power, Church, heritage of Roman Empire now joined together (UNIFICATION OF POWER)
Continued . . .
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continued Charlemagne Becomes Emperor
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Charlemagne Leads a Revival• Charlemagne limits nobles’ power • Encourages learning and creates monastic schoolsWHAT TYPE OF EDUCATION IS COMMON AT THIS TIME?
Charlemagne’s Heirs• Charlemagne dies in 814his son • Louis the Pious (heir)• Louis’s three grandsons fight for control of empire• Lothair, Charles the Bald, Louis the GermanIn 843 they divide empire into three kingdoms; sign
Treaty of Verdun
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Feudalism, a political and economic system based on land-holding and protective alliances, emerges in Europe.
Section 2
Feudalism in Europe
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A New Social Order: Feudalism
Feudalism Structures Society• Feudalism - based on land control• A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land grants) in
exchange for services • Vassals—people who receive fiefs—become
powerful landholders
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The Feudal Pyramid• King at the top• Served by nobles• Served by knights• Peasants at bottom (most people)• Knights—horsemen—defend their lord’s land in
exchange for fiefsContinued . . .
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Social Classes Are Well Defined• Medieval feudal system classifies people into
three social groups - those who fight: nobles and knights- those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the
Church- those who work: peasants
• Social class –inherited (usually)• Most peasants are serfs—bound to land
• Not slaves, but what they produce belongs to their lord
continued A New Social Order: Feudalism
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Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism
The Lord’s Estate• Manor• Serfs/free peasants maintain the lord’s estate, give grain• The lord provides housing, farmland, protection
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A Self-Contained World• Manors cover a few square miles of land, are largely
self-sufficient
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The Harshness of Manor Life• Peasants pay taxes• Taille – Tax in goods• Corvee – Tax in labor
•Tithe—a church tax—is equal to one-tenth of a peasant’s income
• ROUGH LIFE (Poor diet, illness, malnutrition life expectancy 35
• Serfs generally accept their lives as part of God’s plan
continued Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism
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Section 3
The Age of Chivalry The code of chivalry for knights glorifies combat and romantic love.
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Knights: Warriors on Horseback
The Age of Chivalry
The Technology of Warfare Changes• Leather saddle and stirrups enable knights to handle
heavy weapons • In 700s, mounted knights become most important
part of an army
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The Warrior’s Role in Feudal Society• By 1000s, western Europe is a battleground of
warring nobles• Feudal lords raise private armies of knights• Knights rewarded with land; provides income needed
for weapons• Knights’ other activities help train them for combat
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Knighthood and the Code of Chivalry
The Code of Chivalry• chivalry—a set of ideals on how to act• They are to protect weak and poor; serve feudal
lord, God, chosen lady
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The Literature of Chivalry
Love Poems and Songs• Knights’ duties to ladies are as important as those to
their lords• Troubadours—traveling poet-musicians—write and
sing short verses•
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Women’s Role in Feudal Society
Status of Women• According to the Church/society, women are inferior
Noblewomen• Can inherit land, defend castle, send knights to war
on lord’s request • Usually confined to home or convent
Peasant Women• Most labor in home/field, bear children, provide for family• Poor, powerless,
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Section 4
The Power of the Church Church leaders and political leaders compete for power and authority.
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The Far-Reaching Authority of the Church
The Power of the Church
The Structure of the Church• Power within Church is organized by status; pope is
supreme authority•
Religion as a Unifying Force• Religion important in Middle Ages; shared beliefs
bond people • Clergy administers the sacraments—rites to
achieve salvation• Village church is place of worship and celebration
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Continued . . .
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The Law of the Church• The Church has system of justice to guide
people’s conduct• expected to obey canon law• Popes have power over political leaders through
threat of - excommunication- interdiction—denial of sacraments and services
• Kings and emperors expected to obey pope’s commands
continued The Far-Reaching Authority of the Church
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The Church and the Holy Roman Empire
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Signs of Future Conflicts• Holy Roman Empire• Holy Roman Empire is the strongest European
power until about 1100
Map
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The Emperor Clashes with the Pope
Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII • Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture—kings
appointing Church officials• Henry IV orders pope to resign; Gregory VIII
excommunicates Henry. (they make up)PROBLEM STILL CONTINUES
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Concordat of Worms• Compromise: pope appoints bishops, emperor
can veto appointment