NEXT

New laws and intimidation in the South threaten African-American voting rights.

Responding to Changes1869–1917

America expands westward and changes after the Civil War. African Americans work to protect their rights, while reform movements begin to address problems in society.

NEXT

Responding to Changes1869–1917

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

America Expands Westward

Democrats Control Georgia Politics

Segregation and Discrimination

SECTION 4 The Progressive Movement

NEXT

Section 1

America ExpandsWestward The United States reunites after the Civil Warand expands westward.

NEXT

Native Americans and Expansion

America Expands Westward

Relocation and Resistance• U.S. government moves many Native Americans

west in 1800s–1830s- believe American settlers will never want

Western land • Several tribes already occupy Plains, Northwest,

Southwest• This Native land in the way of the coming railroad

SECTION

1

Continued . . .

NEXT

SECTION

1

Relocation and Resistance• Some tribes agree to move to reservations

- reservation—smaller area of land set aside by U.S. government

• Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) manages reservations

• Some Native Americans refuse to leave land; fight settlers, troops

• U.S. troops kill 200 Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, 1890- ends Native American armed resistance to

relocation

continued Native Americans and Expansion

NEXT

SECTION

1

Connecting the Coasts• Railroads provide transportation, allow shipping in

unsettled West• Union Pacific, Central Pacific railroads connect, May

10, 1869- transcontinental railroad links East, West coasts- built largely with immigrant, Native American labor

• Other railroads follow, bringing more white settlers

The Transcontinental Railroad

NEXT

SECTION

1

Farmers from Many Places• Settlers rush in to occupy former Native American

lands• Homestead Act of 1862 gives settlers 160 acres

if they stay 5 years• Some settlers from Eastern U.S., others

immigrants, African Americans• Exodusters are African Americans moving from

South to Midwest- leave to escape discrimination- term “Exodusters” refers to biblical exodus from

Egypt

Agriculture and Business

Continued . . .

NEXT

SECTION

1

Cattle Ranching• Cattle ranching one of the first large-scale land

uses in West- cowboys drive herds to market- many cowboys are Mexicans, African

Americans • Railroads replace cattle drive by 1900; ranches

spring up across West• Many ranchers do not own land their cattle graze on

- free-range or open-range ranching; ends as more public land purchased

continued Agriculture and Business

Map

Mining• Gold copper, silver, lead discoveries lure more settlers

West

NEXT

Georgia is led by one political party from 1870 well into the twentieth century.

Section 2

Democrats Control Georgia Politics

NEXT

The Bourbon Triumvirate

Democrats Control Georgia Politics

Three Men Control Party• Democrats win Georgia governor’s races in 1872,

1876 by wide margins • John B. Gordon, Alfred Holt Colquitt, Joseph E.

Brown control party • Known as The Bourbon Triumvirate; named for

line of French kings- a triumvirate is a ruling group of three people

• Triumvirate supports modernization, but not raising taxes to pay for it

• Appears devoted to Lost Cause, but supports Old South when profitable

SECTION

2

Continued . . .

NEXT

Georgia Constitution of 1877• Georgia rewrites constitution in 1877, enacts

county unit system- gives rural counties advantage in state

elections- six largest counties get 3 representatives- next 26 get 2 representatives, final 105 get 1

• System gives each representative two votes; in place until 1963

• Ensures counties with larger populations will not control legislature

SECTION

2

continued The Bourbon Triumvirate

NEXT

Voices of Change

Independent Movement• Democratic Party controls Georgia politics tightly • Many feel they have no representation in

government• Some find political voice in Independent

movement of 1870s• Dr. William H. Felton wins U.S. Congress seat

as Independent, 1872- serves three terms, supports rights of small

farmers • Two Independents win seats in 1878, but

movement dies out by 1882

SECTION

2

Continued . . .

NEXT

The Grange• Debt grows for small farmers, sharecroppers,

tenants• National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (the

Grange) created• Opens stores, cotton gins to reduce farmers’

expenses

SECTION

2

continued Voices of Change

Southern Farmers’ Alliance• Southern Farmers’ Alliance forms in Texas, 1870s• Opens co-op stores where farmers can buy on credit at

fair prices• Combines farmers’ crops to get them better prices at

market• Eventually 100,000 members in Georgia, a

million nationwide Continued . . .

NEXT

Colored Farmers’ Alliance• African Americans not allowed in Southern

Farmers’ Alliance- form own group, Colored Farmers’ Alliance

• More sharecroppers, tenants, farm workers than Southern Alliance

• Fails attempt to force landowners to increase wages for cotton-picking

SECTION

2

continued Voices of Change

NEXT

The Populist Movement

The Populist Party• Southern Farmer’s Alliance loses momentum in

1890• Northern and Southern farmers create Populist

Party, propose reforms- income tax, the vote for women, government

railroad control- credit programs for farmers, direct election of

U.S. senators• Populists attract African-American voters in

Texas, Georgia• Thomas Watson appeals to both races; wins

Georgia legislature seat

SECTION

2

Continued . . .

NEXT

The Populist Party Threatens Democrats• Former Southern Farmers’ Alliance members join

Populist Party• Democrats fear Populist growth; dislike races

joining together• Watson loses election for vice president, 1896;

for president, 1904- wins Senate seat in 1920 - is now hostile to African Americans, Jews,

Catholics• Election results concern politicians, conservative

whites

SECTION

2

continued The Populist Movement

Section 3

Segregation andDiscrimination Southern whites pass laws and sometimes use violence to prevent African Americans from enjoying their rights.

NEXT

NEXT

Guarantees of Political Equality

Segregation and Discrimination

White Southerners Feel Threatened• African Americans guaranteed rights to political

participation• Fourteenth, Fifteenth Amendments grant equal

rights, suffrage• Most white Southerners do not accept this, try to

weaken rights• Politicians warn that Democratic Party must stay

strong- warn that African Americans may take over

Georgia politics

SECTION

3

NEXT

Preventing the Right to Vote

SECTION

3

Poll Tax• Disenfranchisement—taking away rights of

citizenship, such as voting• Southern Democrats pass laws keeping people

from voting• Poll tax—fee paid before voting; kept blacks,

poor whites from voting- fees accumulate after each election, whether or

not voter votes

Literacy Test and Understanding Clause• Tests determine whether voters can read, understand

Constitution• Officials giving test fail African Americans and

“undesirable” voters Continued . . .

NEXT

Grandfather Clause• Grandfather clauses block African Americans

from registering to vote• Must have father or grandfather that voted before

1867 to qualify- African Americans could not vote before 1867,

so all disqualified

continued Preventing the Right to Vote

SECTION

3

White Primary• White primaries keep African Americans from voting in

primary elections• Democrats argue that primaries are not covered by

Fifteenth Amendment- in most cases, the white-only primary decides election

winner

NEXT

Segregation and Jim Crow

SECTION

3

Legal Segregation• Southern states pass Jim Crow laws to keep races

segregated• Supreme Court rules Fourteenth Amendment applies

to governments only- ruling allows segregation of public places

• African Americans fight Jim Crow laws in Supreme Court, 1896

• Plessy v. Ferguson—“separate but equal” facilities ruled constitutional

NEXT

Racial Violence

SECTION

3

Lynching• Lynching—shooting or hanging individuals—

used to control blacks• Mobs act on rumors, grab African-American

suspects from jails• Nearly 5,000 people lynched from 1880s–1950s,

most in South

Atlanta Race Riot of 1906• Both candidates in 1906 governor’s race want to take

vote from blacks• Own newspapers; report attacks on white women; leads

to race riots• 15–30 African Americans killed, thousands leave Atlanta

for countryside

NEXT

African-American Reactions

SECTION

3

Booker T. Washington• African Americans disagree on role in Southern

society- some accept discrimination; others want to

fight for rights• Booker T. Washington—teacher, speaks at

1895 Cotton States Expo- feels African Americans should learn skills,

develop economic strength- wants African Americans to earn respect,

equality, full status - fears immigrant labor could replace African-

American laborers

Image

Continued . . .

NEXT

W. E. B. DuBois• W. E. B. DuBois, Atlanta University professor,

disagrees with Washington• Believes blacks deserve equality, same

education as whites- most whites believe blacks, poor whites only

need technical education

continued African-American Reactions

SECTION

3

Image

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)• NAACP founded 1909 by African Americans and

concerned whites- works to end discrimination, stop lynchings;

W. E. B. DuBois a founder• Ida B. Wells, another founder, becomes crusading

journalist

Section 4

The ProgressiveMovementThe Industrial Revolution creates great wealth, but also causes major social problems.

NEXT

NEXT

The Progressive Movement Begins

The Progressive Movement

Groups Try to Improve Society• Many social, economic problems in 1890s America

- include corrupt government, increased division between poor and rich

• Progressive Movement—groups working together to improve society- goals: reform government, promote social welfare,

economic reform• Progressives expose problems in newspaper,

magazine articles- reporters called muckrakers; create public demand

for reform

SECTION

4

NEXT

Education• Georgia only provides money for elementary

schools in 1870s, 1880s• Many children needed on farms, do not attend

school regularly• Gustavus James Orr—“father of common

school movement” - school commissioner in 1872, pushes for

school to train teachers- supports education for blacks, vocational

training for all Georgians• Georgia Progressive reforms: high school

funding, mandatory attendance

Progressives in Georgia

SECTION

4

Continued . . .

NEXT

Railroad Regulation• Farmers complain of unfair rates, Progressives

work for fair treatment

continued Progressives in Georgia

City Management• Better Government Movement works for more efficient

city management

SECTION

4

Disease Control• Better disease treatment, prevention; sanitation;

food inspection

Continued . . .

NEXT

New Farming Techniques• Farmers learn new farming methods; women

learn food preservation

continued Progressives in Georgia

Settlement Houses• Settlement houses help immigrants, poor; begins in

Chicago, spreads- free health care, kindergarten, legal aid, laundry

SECTION

4

Continued . . .

NEXT

Women’s Rights• Rebecca Latimer Felton campaigns for many

causes in Georgia- antilynching; opposes drinking, smoking;

supports child care• Wants equal status for women, first woman to

serve in U.S. Senate- progressive in many areas, but still defends

white supremacy• Women active in churches, clubs, temperance

leagues• Women find new jobs as teachers, sales clerks,

journalists

continued Progressives in Georgia

Continued . . .

SECTION

4

NEXT

Women’s Suffrage• Georgia’s leaders not interested in giving the vote

to women- grant suffrage only when U.S. passes

Nineteenth Amendment, 1920

continued Progressives in Georgia

Continued . . .

SECTION

4

Image

Prohibition• Georgia progressives campaign to ban drinking before

1919 national ban• Georgia is first Southern state to outlaw sale of alcohol,

1907

Child Labor• Georgia bans businesses from hiring young

children by 1916• Factories ignore laws, continue to hire children

as young as 10

NEXT

Convict Lease System• Newspapers, farm and labor groups, churches

fight convict lease system- many abuses in system since 1870, horrible

treatment• Georgia abolishes system in 1908, creates new

system- adult and child convicts separated

• Prisoners live in state prison farms, work on public roads

continued Progressives in Georgia

SECTION

4

NEXT

North and South Slowly Unite• North, South gradually come together after

Reconstruction• Southern whites regain economic control; North

invests in South• Americans look for business opportunities around

the world• Spanish-American War, 1898, brings sides

together to fight Spain• Many think North, South will completely unite as

Americans- not all Americans this optimistic; many Civil

War veterans still bitter

The Nation Comes Together

SECTION

4

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