NEXT

Martin Luther King, Jr. meets with parishioners at Atlanta’s Ebenezer Baptist Church.

Civil Rights and Civil Wrongs 1930–1968

African Americans make important gains in a long, sometimes violent struggle for civil rights.

NEXT

Civil Rights and Civil Wrongs 1930–1968

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

The Civil Rights Movement Begins

The Movement Grows

Victories and Losses in the Movement

NEXT

Section 1

The Civil Rights MovementBegins African Americans struggle to overcome racism anddiscrimination in the United States.

NEXT

Early Attempts to Gain Equal Rights

The Civil Rights Movement Begins

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)• Segregation legal, first half of 20th century; facilities

not always equal • African Americans, concerned whites found

NAACP, 1909- group works for equal treatment of African

Americans- publicizes terror, violence against African

Americans• NAACP lawsuits in 1930s challenge segregation,

equal facilities

SECTION

1

NEXT

SECTION

1

White Primaries Are Struck Down• African Americans fight in WWII, but face

discrimination upon return• Savannah NAACP gains political power by

creating large voting bloc• Supreme Court rules primary elections are

important part of process- white-only primaries deny Fifteenth

Amendment rights• Southern states, including Georgia, resist

decision• African American Primus King sues Georgia,

wins two-year court case

Postwar Changes Strengthen Protests

Continued . . .

NEXT

SECTION

1

Resistance and Decline• Some whites fear integration; KKK burns cross,

Stone Mountain, 1945 • NAACP progress erodes by 1950; pressure, Klan

threats close chapters- Georgia membership drops to about 3,100,

most in Atlanta, Savannah- later, civil rights movement reemerges in these

cities

continued Postwar Changes Strengthen Protests

NEXT

SECTION

1

Executive Order 8802 • Executive Order 8802 prohibits discrimination in

defense industries, 1941• Fair Employment Practice Committee enforces

order

Federal Support for Civil Rights

To Secure These Rights• Commission on Civil Rights issues report, To

Secure These Rights, 1947- suggests ways to provide equal access to

education, housing, jobs

Dixiecrats• 35 Southern Democrats walk out of 1948 national

convention - form States’ Rights Party, or Dixiecrats,

opposing desegregation

NEXT

The civil rights movement makes significant gains during the 1950s.

Section 2

The Movement Grows

NEXT

Challenging Segregation in Education

The Movement Grows

Brown v. Board of Education• Activists challenge segregation in public schools

through courts• Brown v. Board of Education—Supreme Court

strikes down segregation• 1954 decision calls “separate but equal” facilities

unfair, unequal- rules public schools must desegregate

SECTION

2

NEXT

Avoiding Compliance with the Law

Massive Resistance• Segregationist officials use “massive

resistance”—just ignore ruling

SECTION

2

The Southern Manifesto• 100 members of Congress sign Southern

Manifesto in 1956- supports resistance to “forced integration,”

Brown’s reversal - Georgia’s entire congressional delegation signs

• Georgia governor Herman Talmadge promises to maintain segregation

• Georgia cuts funds to schools trying to integrate

NEXT

Attacking Segregation of Public Facilities

Montgomery Bus Boycott• Montgomery, Alabama bus system segregated,

1955• Rosa Parks won’t give bus seat to white man

- Parks arrested; civil rights leaders organize Montgomery bus boycott

• Choose the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to lead boycott- demand desegregated buses, African-

American drivers• Boycott successful after a year; King becomes

new civil rights leader

SECTION

2

NEXT

Little Rock, Arkansas• African-American students try to attend Central

High School, 1957• Arkansas governor uses National Guard to

prevent integration• President sends federal troops to make sure

students can attend- sends message that U.S. will not allow states

to ignore federal law

SECTION

2

continued Attacking Segregation of Public Facilities

Image

NEXT

Organizing the Civil Rights Movement

Southern Christian Leadership Conference• Southern Christian Leadership Conference

(SCLC) forms, 1957- manages civil rights movement in South; King

serves as president- other leaders include Andrew Young, Jesse

Jackson, Ralph Abernathy• Advocates nonviolent protest to end racism,

segregation in South

SECTION

2

NEXT

The Movement Gains Strength

Greensboro• Four African-Americans hold “sit-in” at

Greensboro, N.C. lunch counter- return to restaurant each day, refuse to leave

until they are served- protest lasts six months; restaurant finally

integrated• African Americans launch similar sit-ins across

South

SECTION

2

Image

NEXT

Civil Rights Movement in Georgia

Generation Gap in the Civil Rights Movement• Sit-ins held in Atlanta, Macon, Savannah, Rome,

Augusta• Settlement ends Atlanta store boycott, younger

activists unhappy• Martin Luther King steps in, brings protesters together• Generation gap forms between younger activists,

older leaders

SECTION

2

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

(SNCC) forms in Atlanta• Attracts younger activists; works closely with SCLC

in early years

NEXT

Desegregating Georgia’s Schools

Desegregating the University of Georgia• Desegregating Georgia schools happens slowly,

but without violence• Two students sue to enter Georgia Law School,

1959; graduate 1963

SECTION

2

Atlanta Public Schools• Mayor William Hartsfield makes sure Atlanta

integrates smoothly• Nine African-American students attend all-white

schools, August 1961• Many parents keep students home, but attendance

soon back to normal• U.S. cuts funding for segregated schools; Georgia

integrated by 1971

Section 3

Victories and Losses inthe Movement The civil rights movement achieves many of its goals in the 1960s.

NEXT

NEXT

Freedom Summer, 1961

Victories and Losses in the Movement

Freedom Riders• “Freedom Riders” travel on buses through South,

1961• Alabama segregationists firebomb a bus; beat riders

in Birmingham

SECTION

3

The Albany Movement• SNCC launches voter registration drive in Albany,

Georgia, 1961- also plans nonviolent demonstrations; Freedom

Riders, King join• Hundreds arrested; city agrees to demands if

marches end • Protesters released in two days, but city breaks

promise

NEXT

Birmingham, 1963• Martin Luther King leads demonstrations against

Birmingham, Alabama• City shuts down some facilities instead of

integrating• King arrested; more than 1,000 protesters march,

many young children• Local police turn dogs, hoses on marchers;

violence shown on TV

SECTION

3

1963—A Year of Victory and Tragedy

A Bombing Kills Four• Birmingham agrees to desegregate, but violence

doesn’t end• Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombed; four

girls killed Continued . . .

NEXT

The March on Washington• Civil rights leaders disappointed at lack of federal

support• March on Washington takes place August 28,

1963• 250,000+ at Washington Monument to support

movement, non-violence• Martin Luther King gives famous “I Have A

Dream” speech

SECTION

3

continued 1963—A Year of Victory and Tragedy

President Kennedy is Assassinated• John F. Kennedy is shot, killed, November 22,

1963• Many see Kennedy’s death as blow to civil rights

movement

Image

NEXT

A Controversial Law• Kennedy sends controversial bill to Congress

before his death• Lyndon B. Johnson, his successor, uses

influence to get bill passed• Bill becomes Civil Rights Act of 1964, bans

public segregation• Creates Equal Opportunity Employment

Commission (EEOC)- “watchdog” agency to stop employment

discrimination• Not all businesses comply; some close rather

than integrate

SECTION

3

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

NEXT

Freedom Summer of 1964• Civil rights leaders need political power to

succeed• To gain power, African Americans need to vote • South still preventing African Americans from

voting despite laws• SNCC organizes voter registration drive across

South, summer, 1964• Three civil rights workers murdered in Mississippi

during drive

SECTION

3

The Struggle to Vote

Continued . . .

NEXT

Selma, Alabama, 1965• Martin Luther King organizes registration drive in

Selma, 1965• Hundreds arrested during drive; protest lasts for

weeks, but fails• King leads march from Selma to Montgomery to

gain support• State police attack marchers; marchers sue, win

in court• March resumes with federal protection, gains

national attention

SECTION

3

continued The Struggle to Vote

Continued . . .

NEXT

Voting Rights Act of 1965• Southern states use literacy tests, intimidation to

block voting• Congress passes Voting Rights Act of 1965,

banning these tactics• Thousands of African Americans register in

Georgia in 1965• Six African Americans win state legislature seats

- Grace Towns Hamilton one of the election winners

- first African-American woman in a Deep South state legislature

SECTION

3

continued The Struggle to Vote

Chart

NEXT

Radical Resistance and Separatism• Civil rights movement has internal conflicts by

mid 1960s• Some want to continue nonviolence, others want

more forceful methods• African American resistance in some major cities

turns violent• Malcolm X, others call for African-American self-

defense• Some call for separatism—economic, social

independence from whites• CORE, SNCC grow more radical and militant

SECTION

3

Changes in the Movement

Continued . . .

NEXT

Opposition to the War• Martin Luther King changes focus in 1967,

opposes Vietnam War- previously did not want to lose Johnson’s

support by criticizing war• Opposes on moral grounds; soldiers mostly poor,

African-American

SECTION

3

continued Changes in the Movement

Martin Luther King Jr.’s Assassination• King shot, killed in Memphis, April 4, 1968

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