Next Generation Technologies for Environmental...
Transcript of Next Generation Technologies for Environmental...
Tom Alley
Vice President, Generation, EPRI
2012 Summer Seminar
August 5-7, 2012
Next Generation Technologies for
Environmental Control
2 © 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Effect of Environmental Controls on
Emissions
-100%
-50%
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Coal kWh
NOx tons
SOx tons
Perc
ent C
hange
Significant reduction in emissions with increased generation
Source: EPA and EIA
+217%
-67%
-85%
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Environmental Controls Technology
ESPs
$75-150/kW
LNBs
$20-40/kW
FGD’s
$250-$600/kW
Typical ranges of
EC equipment costs
SCR’s
$150-$300/kW
Deployment of present technologies are capable of compliance in existing units
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CCRs
(Metals)
Effluent Guidelines
CWA §316 (a) (b)
Possible Future Requirements for
Environmental Controls
(Hg, Se, B
TMDLs, WQC)
NAAQS MATS
CSAPR Regional Haze
(NOx, SO2
Hg, PM,
Ozone)
NSPS ESPS International
Treaties (CH4, CO2
N2O)
Technology innovation needed to prepare for the future
Water Quality
Air Quality
Carbon Control
Solid Waste
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Air Emissions Control – Key Challenges
Compliance with New Regulations
• NOx, SO2:
– Cross State Air Pollution Rule
(CSAPR)
– Large Combustion Plant Directive
(Europe)
• Hazardous Air Pollutants/Particulate
Matter (HAPs/PM):
– Mercury and Air Toxics Standards
(MATS)
• Solid Wastes
• Cycling Impacts on Control
Capability
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Improving NOx Control – What’s next? Advanced Boiler I&C, Feedback Loop
• Low NOx operation requires
improved fuel/air distribution and
mixing
• Combine multi-point measurements
with an optimizer for minimal NOx
– Maintain more uniform O2, CO
and NO
– Reduce O2 within acceptable
CO, unburned carbon
Novel I&C technologies can improve cycling capability
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Carbon Composite
PMscreen
Air Emission Controls – What’s Next?
SAP
Researching novel multi-pollutant controls and enabling
concepts to reduce costs or impacts
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Carbon Capture and Storage – Key Challenges
Reduce Energy and Water Use
• Significant reduction in energy
use requirements needed
• Large relative footprint for
equipment requires novel
designs
• Compounds the challenge of
water management
• Storage demonstrations to
validate permanence, allay
other concerns
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Innovative Approaches to Carbon
Capture
• Develop process simulations
– Identify ideal capture
material properties
– Very broad minimum;
thousands of promising
new compounds identified
• No single defining material
characteristic
• Theoretical minimum
capture/compression penalty
is ~11% or about 390 kJ/kg
CO2*
MEA
Needed breakthroughs require fundamental science
informed by process engineering
* For a typical US based plant. Percentage will vary based
on the plants overall efficiency
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Water Management – Key Challenges Reduce water withdrawal and consumption
• Use Less Water
• Use Water More Efficiently
• Reuse / Recycle Water and
Wastewater
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Power Plant Water Management –
What’s Next?
Many opportunities to reduce water use
Additional 1000+ gpm water
savings possible through fuel
moisture recovery innovations
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Water Use Efficiency Innovations
• Improve steam plant condenser
efficiency
• Increase power generation
efficiency
– Improved efficiency of steam
condensation process
– Potential for lowering turbine
back-pressure
Nano and micro-structured features
promote drop-wise condensation
Use less water for cooling
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Water Reuse Innovations – Moisture
Recovery Technology
• Moisture Recovery Membranes
– Recovery/reuse of water losses
– Recovery/reuse of FGD evaporator losses
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Innovative Waste Water Treatment
Systems
• Zero-Liquid Discharge (ZLD)
– Potential mandate or least-cost for
stringent limits
– Capture metals and salts for proper
disposal
– Recover water for power plant reuse
• Radical De-ionization Electro-coagulation
– Concentration of high dissolved solids
streams with no fouling or chemicals
– Less energy than existing
technologies
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Generation – Call for Innovation
• Advancing emissions controls
– SO2, NOx, Hg/HAPs,
Particulate, CO2
• Reducing water withdrawal
and consumption
• Maintaining plant reliability
and low costs with added
environmental controls