Next Generation OBIGGS: Developments at Phyre Technologies Santosh Y. Limaye Phyre Technologies,...
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Transcript of Next Generation OBIGGS: Developments at Phyre Technologies Santosh Y. Limaye Phyre Technologies,...
Next Generation OBIGGS: Developments at Phyre
Technologies
Santosh Y. LimayePhyre Technologies, Inc.
November 2, 2005
Atlantic City, NJ
Presented at International Aircraft Systems Fire Protection Working Group Meeting
The Concept
Treat the ullage from the fuel tank to create inert gas
Inexpensive catalytic system Avoid the use of bleed air
This concept resulted from liquid fuel de-oxygenation system development
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12
14
JP-8 JP-8+100 JP-8+225 JP-900 Endo JP
Hea
t si
nk r
elat
ive
to J
P-8
325 F425 F
550 F
900 F
>1300 F
Near term Mid - Term
Fuel Temperature, F
Fuel Temperature, C
Combustor
Endothermic fuels
pyrolytic deposits
Fuel FlowJP-8 JP-8+225 JP-900
thermal-oxidativedeposits
JP-8+100
600400200 300 500
400 500 800 1000 1100900600 700300
Filamentous CondensationAmorphous
• Increase Thrust-to-weight– enables higher T41
• Reduce take-off gross weight– reduce fuel recirculation & ram air HX wt
• Improve SFC– enables higher T3 and P3
• Reduce component operating temp.– higher heat sink capability
High Heat Sink Fuels Benefits
High Heat Sink Fuels:Enable Advanced Propulsion
Deposition is The Significant Challenge for High Heat Sink FuelsDeposition is The Significant Challenge for High Heat Sink Fuels
Quick Review of De-Oxygenation System
Fuel GasContactor
ContaminatedFuel
Inert Gas
De-OxygenatedFuel
Inert Gas + O2
+ Fuel Vapor
Gas Treatment System
Oxygen free gas
For RecyclingPump
Fuel GasSeparator
Removing dissolved oxygen in fuel prevents premature oxidation; a primary cause of coking. Dissolved oxygen = cholesterol
Mass Transfer Issue
Mass Transfer Region
O2 Concentration Gradient
Diesel Droplet in N2 Gas
N2 Bubble in Diesel
Does it work? - - YES!
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60
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Fuel Flow (lpm)
O2 C
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
(p
pm
)
O2 = 5 ppm
Fuel O2 = 57.9 ± 5.4 ppm
N2 flow: 2.5 Liter/Min; lpm
FDV Hysteresis - Pre-Post Test Comparison - Check #2
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20.00
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140.00
120.00 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00
Actuation Delta-P (PSID)
Flo
w R
ate
, P
PH
PreTest
PostTest
Run Number 79 Fuel Used: JP-8
FDV Hysteresis - Pre-Post Test Comparison - Check #2
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20.00
40.00
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80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
120.00 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00
Actuation Delta-P (PSID)
Flo
w R
ate
, P
PH
PreTest
PostTest
Run Number 76 Fuel Used:
FDV Hysteresis - Pre-Post Test Comparison - Check #2
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20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
120.00 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00
Actuation Delta-P (PSID)
Flo
w R
ate
, P
PH
PreTest
PostTest
Run Number 79 Fuel Used: JP-8
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20
40
60
80
100
120
100 125 150 175 200
Pre-Test Increasing Post-Test IncreasingPre-Test Decreasing Post-Test Decreasing
Baseline JP-8 PADS Deox JP-8 (Catalyst)
PADS DeOx JP-8 (LN2)
JP-8+100
FDV Hysteresis - Pre-Post Test Comparison - Check #2
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
120.00 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00
Actuation Delta-P (PSID)
Flo
w R
ate
, P
PH
PreTest
PostTest
Run Number 80 Fuel Used:
Run75
Run80
Run79/81
Run76
PADS Deox JP-8 (Nitrogen)
Results from Testing at AFRL
OBIGGS Considerations
FlammabilityRegion
5 10 15 20
5
10
15
OxygenVolume Fraction (%)
Hyd
roca
rbo
n V
apo
rV
olu
me
Fra
ctio
n (
%)
Dilution with Air
Critical Dilution with Air
Iner
t A
ir P
urge
Catalytic Inerting System (CIS): Next Generation OBIGGS Concept
Fuel
Air + Fuel Vapor
Catalytic Gas Treatment System
21%
oxy
gen
+
Fue
l va
por
+ N
2
<10
% o
xyge
n +
Fue
l va
por
+ C
O2 H
2O +
N
2
Make up air to consume hydrocarbon vapor and pressure equalization
safety device
Pump Watertrap
PATENT PENDINGPATENT PENDING
Reverse Flow Valve
Reverse Flow Valve
Low Temp. air to air Heat Exchangers
Size: 12”x12”x 40”
Capacity: 150 CFM
# of passes to 10% O2 : 3
Support Systems
Automatic MoistureDrain Valves
Water Drain
Oxygen Sensors
Power
Control Unit
Optional, High Removal Rate, Vapor Fuel Control
Inlet OxygenSample Port
Heat Exchanger & Heaters
Catalyst Bed,5” Dia x 4.5”length
Blower
Inlet
Outlet
CIS System Description
CIS Catalytic Chemistry
Saturated vapor phase of fuel vapor : C9H20 (Nonane) As per DOT/FAA/AR-04/8 report (page
12), the precise composition is C9.05H18.01
Vapor pressure of Nonane is estimated to be 8000 ppmv at 70F
Stoichiometric Reaction of 8000 ppmv Nonane will consume 112,000 ppmv (or 11.2%) oxygen to provide 70,000 (7%) and 40,000 (4%) ppmv of CO2 and H2O
Vapor Pressure of NonaneVapor Pressure of Nonane (Jet Fuel) (Jet Fuel)
T C T K VP Pa Atmospheres
-46.8 226.35 1 0.00001
-26 247.15 10 0.00010
0 273.15 100 0.00097
34 307.15 1,000 0.00971
80.8 353.95 10,000 0.09709
150.3 423.45 100,000 0.97087
Stoichiometric ReactionC9H20 + 14O2 + 52.67 N2 9 CO2 + 10 H2O + 52.67 N2
.008 @ 70F.008 @ 70F
Oxygen Removal Rate
Pass # O2 % Corrected O2Ratio
Corrected/Uncorrected
0 21.00
1 13.82 14.02 1.01
2 9.09 9.45 1.04
3 5.98 6.44 1.08
4 3.94 4.46 1.13
1. If H2O is removed from the product, additional fresh air is needed to compensate the gas pressure in the reactant.
2. The corrected O2 column shows new concentration based on fresh addition of air to replace water molecules.
3. Three passes will ensure reduction of O2 below 10%.
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time, Minutes
Oxy
gen
Co
nte
nt
20 scfm
40 scfm
60 scfm
80 scfm
Plug Flow Reactor Model Numbers(for comparison purposes)
CSR Model: Oxygen Depletion RateFor 450 Cu. Ft. Ullage
Experimental Schematic
Ullage VolumeVU
Fuel VolumeVF
Pump
Flow RateFR
Flow Meter
Pressure gage
Moisture trap
Controller for heater
Catalyst Temp.CT
Catalyst Downstream Temp.CDT
Oxygen Sensor*
Fuel Tank
Catalyst
Heater
Ullage O2 Conc.Post Catalyst O2 Conc.
Experimental limitations: Very small ullage volume Limited flow rate control
Objective was proof of concept to validate theoretical calculationsObjective was proof of concept to validate theoretical calculations
Limitations on catalyst volume (smallest 1.2 cc) Delayed response due to long oxygen sensor lines
Initial Results – Experiment #1OBIGGS CATALYTIC CONVERTER TESTING
JP-8 Fuel @ Amb. Temp., Input/Output Vents 0.5" Above Fuel Level, no Sparging, 100,000/hr GHSV
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25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (minutes)
Ox
ygen
(%
)
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
Lo
we
r C
at.
C.
Te
mp
. °F
Ullage % oxy
Post Cat. % oxy
Lower Cat. Temp °F
Poly. (Ullage % oxy)
Poly. (Post Cat. % oxy)
Poly. (Lower Cat. Temp°F)
CT = 460°FCV = 1.2cc (29 balls)VU = 1.5 litersVF = 2.5 literFR = 2 l/mVTE = 5.3 (for 10% O2)
ConclusionBenefits No need for bleed air, eliminate ozone destruction device Low temperature process Only power necessary: blower operation Smaller foot-print, lighter weight, lower cost Closed loop system Ability to reduce oxygen level as well as fuel vapor level
Other Concerns Addressed Use of fuel vapor phase means no sulfur contamination, no corrosion Instead of purging the fuel vapor, it is consumed in the process, hence no VOC
emissions from the tank Ability to precisely control gas partial pressures
Next Steps Prototype Development Testing Phase Strategic Partnership Development