Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)
description
Transcript of Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)
![Page 1: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in
sensor NetworksMOBICOMM (1999)
Deborah Estrin, Ramesh Govindan, John Heidemann, Satish Kumar
Presented by
Mohammed Alam (shahed)
![Page 2: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
OUTLINE
Introduction Challenges to Sensor Networks Localized Algorithms for Coordination Directed Diffusion Related Work Summary Discussion
![Page 3: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
NETWORKED SENSORS
Sensor devices coordinating to achieve larger sensing task. EXAMPLE:
Tracking inventory Tracking motion of vehicles Temperature Noise level
![Page 4: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
EXAMPLES of Sensors
29 Palms Fixed/Mobile ExperimentTracking vehicles with a UAV-delivered sensor network
TINY OS
![Page 5: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Design Challenges
Sheer number of devices Rule out traditional network device management Ratio of communicating nodes to users much
larger (1000 :1). Impossible to concentrate on specific sensors.
Power constraint Device failure common
Battery supply limited
![Page 6: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Design Challenges
Frequent change in position Sensors added Sensors moved Sensors removed
Out of power Damaged Unreachable
![Page 7: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Proposed Design Features
Data Centric Sensors do not need identity (no IP address) Application focus on data having attributes Communication primitive : “request” for data
Application Specific Intermediate nodes cache and aggregate
application specific data Forwarding requests (like routers)
![Page 8: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Proposed Solution
Localized Algorithm
Distributed algorithm
Sensors interact in restricted area
Collectively achieve global objective
![Page 9: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Localized algorithm
Achieved using clustering of sensors (Localized Clustering algorithm).
Advantages: Scalability Improved robustness Efficient resource utilization (battery power)
![Page 10: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Clustering in Sensor Networks
Child Sensor
Parent Sensor
![Page 11: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Goal of Localized Clustering algorithm
Elect cluster-head sensor such that each sensor has a cluster-head as parent.
no asymmetric connections
Cluster adapts to network dynamics and changing energy level of nodes
![Page 12: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Localized Clustering algorithm
Assume link level procedure on sensor
Adjusts Communication range by tweaking transmission power to minimum value for full network connectivity.
![Page 13: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Localized Clustering algorithm
Assume a multi-level cluster formation
Associate sensors at a level with radius
Radius: Number of physical hops sensor advertisement will travel
Sensors at higher level = larger radii.
![Page 14: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Localized Clustering algorithm
1 2 3 4
Level1
Level 0
![Page 15: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Localized Clustering algorithm
1 2 3 4
Level1
Level 0
Send advertisements
![Page 16: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Localized Clustering algorithm
1 2 3 4
Level1
Level 0
Send advertisements
Start promotion timers
![Page 17: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Localized Clustering algorithm
1
2
3
4
Level1
Level 0
promote
![Page 18: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Localized Clustering algorithm
1
2
3
4
Level1
Level 0
Notify potential children
![Page 19: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Localized Clustering algorithm
1
2
3
4
Level1
Level 0
Select parent
![Page 20: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Localized Clustering algorithm
1 2
3
4
Level1
Level 0
Demote (no child)
![Page 21: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Localized Clustering algorithm
1 2
3
4
Level1
Level 0
Select parent
![Page 22: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Localized Clustering algorithm
All sensors start at level 0. Sensors send periodic advertisement to
sensors within radius hops. Advertisements carry:
Hierarchy level Parent ID (if any) Remaining energy in sensor
![Page 23: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Localized Clustering algorithm
After sending advertisements: Sensors wait for wait time (proportional to radius). At end of wait time, if sensor does not have
parent Level 0 sensor starts promotion timer. Promotion timer inversely proportional to remaining
energy and number of level 0 advertisements received.
Smaller time out value for sensors in dense regions with more power.
![Page 24: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Localized Clustering algorithm
After promotion timer expires: Sensor promotes itself to level 1. Sends periodic advertisements at level 1 radius. Advertisement lists potential child sensors:
Sensors whose advertisement received in level 0.
The child sensors in lower level chooses the closest parent.
All sensors keep checking (parent, child) after wait time period.
![Page 25: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Localized Clustering algorithm
If battery power of parent sensor less than certain threshold compared to children Parent sensor drops a level down. Election takes place so that a new parent
selected with more power.
![Page 26: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Difficulty of Localized Algorithms
Should provide desired global behavior with indirect global knowledge Converting centralized algorithm to distributed. Difficulty in designing adaptability to different
environments and converge to global behavior over range
![Page 27: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Solutions to overcome disadvantage
Adaptive Fidelity Algorithm Quality of answer traded against battery life,
network bandwidth or number of active sensors
Develop Techniques for characterizing performance of Localized Algorithms sacrifice resource utilization, responsiveness
![Page 28: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Directed Diffusion
Set of abstractions that describe communication pattern in localized algorithms.
Sensors name data that it generates. Data contains attributes.
Other nodes express interests based on attributes.
Network nodes propagate interests.
![Page 29: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Directed Diffusion
Interest on data creates gradients that direct diffusion of data.
Gradients are data dissemination path from source to sink (requesting information) nodes.
![Page 30: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Example of Directed Diffusion
SINK
SOURCE
Gradient
![Page 31: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Related Work
Ad-hoc Networks Proactive vs. reactive routing protocols
Energy-efficiency issues
Distributed Robotics Robots cooperate to discover entire map
Internet Multicast and web caching Lightweight session
![Page 32: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Current Developments
Smartdust project: cubic millimeter sensors Sensors float in air like dust
WINS (wireless integrated wireless Sensors) WSN (Wireless Sensing Network) Odyssey Habitat monitoring
Great Duck Island
![Page 33: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Summary
Manage sensor networks using localized algorithm
Advantages of localized algorithm Robustness, Energy efficient, manage sheer
numbers Cluster approach for localization Directed Diffusion for communication among
sensors
![Page 34: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
QUESTIONS
![Page 35: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
DISCUSSION
![Page 36: Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in sensor Networks MOBICOMM (1999)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814c08550346895db908a9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
References
http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/29Palms0103/ http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/IPRO/Summary/
01abstracts/szewczyk.1.html http://nms.lcs.mit.edu/projects/leach/ http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/context/1822734/0 http://www.cens.ucla.edu/Estrin/index.shtml http://www.greatduckisland.net/images.php www.mdpi.net/sensors/papers/s20700286.pdf