NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION - University of...
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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION Chapter 5
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• Force and mass
• Newton’s first law of motion
• Newton’s second law of motion
• Newton’s third law of motion
• The Vector Nature of Forces: Forces in Two Dimensions
• Weight
• Normal forces
Units of Chapter 5
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5-1 Force and mass
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• Force: push or pull
• Force is a vector: it has magnitude and direction
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5-1 Force and mass
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• Mass is the measure of how hard it is to change an object�s velocity.
• Mass can a l so be thought of as a measure of the quantity of matter in an object.
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5-2 Newton’s first law of motion
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• If you stop pushing an object, does it stop moving?
• Only if there is friction! In the absence of any net external force, an object will keep moving at a constant speed in a straight line, or remain at rest.
• This is also known as the law of inertia.
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5-2 Newton’s first law of motion
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• an object at rest will remain at rest as long as there is no net force acting on it
• an object moving with constant velocity will continue to move with constant velocity (same speed and direction)unless some net force acts on it.
• Law of Inertia:
Fnet = 0 N a= 0 m/s2
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5-3 Newton’s second law of motion
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• Two equal weights exert twice the force of one; this can be used for calibration of a spring:
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5-3 Newton’s second law of motion
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Now that we have a calibrated spring, we can do more experiments.
Acceleration is proportional to force:
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5-3 Newton’s second law of motion
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Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass:
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5-3 Newton’s second law of motion
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Combining these two observations gives:
Or, more familiarly,
When an object of mass m is acted on by a net force F, then the object will have an acceleration a associated with it that is related to the force.
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5-3 Newton’s second law of motion
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An object may have several forces acting on it; the acceleration is due to the net force:
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5-3 Newton’s second law of motion
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5-3 Newton�s Second Law of Motion
• Free-body diagrams:
A free-body diagram shows every force acting on an object.
1) Sketch the forces
2) Isolate the object of interest
3) Choose a convenient coordinate system
4) Resolve the forces into components
5) Apply Newton’s second law to each coordinate direction
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5-3 Newton�s Second Law of Motion • Example of a free-body diagram:
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5-4 Newton�s Third Law of Motion
• Forces always come in pairs, acting on different objects:
• If object 1 exerts a force F on object 2, then object 2 exerts a force –F on object 1.
• These forces are called action-reaction pairs.
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5-4 Newton�s Third Law of Motion
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• Some action-reaction pairs:
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External forces
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Internal forces
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Example
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Find the tension in the cord connecting the two blocks as shown. A force of 10.0 N is applied to the right on block 1. Assume a frictionless surface. The masses are m1= 3.00 kg and m2= 1.00 kg.
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Example continued Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Example continued Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
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5-4 Newton�s Third Law of Motion
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• Although the forces are the same, the accelerations will not be unless the objects have the same mass.
• Contact forces:
The force exerted by one box on the other is different depending on which one you push.
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5-5 The Vector Nature of Forces: Forces in Two Dimensions
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• The easiest way to handle forces in two dimensions is to treat each dimension separately, as we did for kinematics.
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5-7 Normal forces
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The normal force is the force exerted by a surface on an object.
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5-7 Normal forces
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The normal force may be equal to, greater than, or less than the weight.
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5-7 Normal forces
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The normal force is always perpendicular to the surface.
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5-6 Weight
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• The weight of an object is due to is the gravitational force exerted on it by the Earth.
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5-6 Weight
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• Apparent weight: • Your perception of your weight is based on the contact forces
between your body and your surroundings.
• If your surroundings are accelerating, your apparent weight may be more or less than your actual weight.
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Apparent weight
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Apparent weight
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Example
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Example continued
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Summary of Chapter 5 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Force: a push or pull
• Mass: measures the difficulty in accelerating an object
• Newton’s first law: if the net force on an object is zero, its velocity is constant
• Inertial frame of reference: one in which the first law holds
• Newton’s second law:
• Free-body diagram: a sketch showing all the forces on an object
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Summary of Chapter 5 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Newton’s third law: If object 1 exerts a force F on object 2, then object 2 exerts a force –F on object 1.
• Contact forces: an action-reaction pair of forces produced by two objects in physical contact
• Forces are vectors
• Newton’s laws can be applied to each component of the forces independently
• Weight: gravitational force exerted by the Earth on an object
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Summary of Chapter 5 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
• On the surface of the Earth, W = mg
• Apparent weight: force felt from contact with a floor or scale
• Normal force: force exerted perpendicular to a surface by that surface
• Normal force may be equal to, lesser than, or greater than the object’s weight