Newsletter of the Global COE program Deep Earth...

Message from the program leaderTetsuo IRIFUNEProfessor and Director of Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University

"Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program" aims at forming world-class research hubs in Japanese Universities with strong financial support by the Japanese government. We, a group of researchers in Ehime University (Geodynamics Research Center, GRC, and Geophysics division at Graduate School of Sciences), together with those of allied laboratories in University of Tokyo, Japan Synchrotron Research Institute (JASRI), and Stony Brook University (SBU) submitted a proposal entitled "Center for Advanced Experimental and Theoretical Deep Earth Mineralogy" for this highly cutting-throat competition.

This proposal has been selected as one of 3 successful programs in Earth science field, in which we will advance cutting-edge sciences in deep Earth mineralogy, focusing on the topics represented by the keywords "lower mantle mineralogy", "core materials", and "deep Earth water". We will also conduct interdisciplinary studies, such as solid-state physics, inorganic chemistry, and materials science, utilizing the rich resources of high-pressure and other facilities at GRC. Moreover, new technologies in experimental and computational sciences relevant to these studies will also be developed in this program.

For instance, we will develop techniques to produce pressures of Mbar regime in multianvil apparatus using sintered diamond anvils, while the P, T conditions for precise determination of sound velocities, developed by the program member of SBU, will be extended to those of the lower mantle. Application of the newly produced nano-polycrystalline diamond (NPD or HIME-dia) to various types of high-pressure apparatus will also be pursued in order to realize higher pressure and temperature generation in larger sample volumes as compared to those available in conventional high-pressure apparatus. We will also focus on the development of techniques relevant to the applications of "quantum-beams" in deep Earth mineralogy, particularly those of synchrotron and neutron available at SPring-8 and at J-PARC, respectively, in collaboration with the program members of JASRI and Univ. Tokyo.

The new experimental data based on these techniques will be examined with first-principles calculations by the numerical simulation group of GRC, while the predictions based on the latter studies will in turn guide the experimental exploration of the behavior of Earth's materials at very high pressure and temperature. Moreover, these data are used for realistic computer simulations of dynamics of the Earth, as well as for understanding the seismologically derived structures of the Earth's deep interior

in the numerical simulation group.Another important aim of our program is to train young

scientists in deep Earth mineralogy and related fields. We will accept 15-20 PhD students and 20-30 post-doctoral fellows, including those from overseas, in experimental and theoretical deep Earth mineralogy, particularly in the fields of high-pressure mineral physics, quantum-beam applications, and first-principle computations during the period of the program. To this end, we will open a special course with exemption of the tuition and providing scholarships as well as significant research funds, in the Graduate School of Science of Ehime Univ., and annually invite up to 4 highly motivated foreign and Japanese PhD students at GRC for this program. We will have special training programs for these young scientists, including internships in the members' and other domestic and overseas laboratories, which have strong relations with GRC, such as having official agreement on the collaboration in research and education (i.e. GSECARS, Univ. Chicago; Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Univ. Bayreuth; Mineral Physics Institute, SUB; Laboratoire de Geologie, CNRS-ENS; Institute of Earth Sciences, National Chen Kung Univ.; RSES, Australian National University).

In addition to the above research and training activities, an important goal of our Global COE program is to form an international research/education network of deep Earth mineralogy in Asia region, in order to enhance international collaborations and exchange of people in this field. Although scientific and technological contributions from the Asian countries to the advancement in deep Earth mineralogy have been quite significant, we do not have any effective network platforms for mutual interactions among the researchers and students in these countries, such as those established in USA (COMPRES) and Europe (Crust to Core, c2c), in spite of the geographically close relations. Thus we plan to form a network (The Asian Network in Deep Earth Mineralogy, TANDEM) to combine unique techniques and facilities in individual laboratories in Asian region to develop new frontiers in deep Earth mineralogy as well as in training young scientists in this and related research fields.

Matsuyama, where GRC and the headquarters of the global COE program are located, is the largest city in southern main island of Shikoku in Japan. The famous hot spa, Dogo Onsen, and the beautiful Matsuyama castle on the hill are within the walking distances from the GRC office building, and you may also enjoy scenic views of hundreds of islands floating on the calm Seto inland sea near the city. This area is known as the modest climate throughout a year (though a little bit warm in summer), rich nature, low living costs, and is an ideal place to live in. We heartily welcome and invite those who wish to explore the secrets of the Earth's deep interior to our global COE program on Deep Earth Mineralogy. Bon voyage to the center of the Earth!

Center for Advanced Experimental andTheoretical Deep Earth Mineralogy

先進的実験と理論による地球深部物質学拠点

Newsletter of the Global COE program

Deep Earth Mineralogy

No. 1, January 30, 2009

Global COE starts!

On June 18, 2008, our Global COE program "Center for Advanced Experimental and Theoretical Deep Earth Mineralogy" has been accepted by Japan Society of the Promotion of Science (JSPS), as one of the three programs selected in the field of Earth and Planetary Sciences.

News & Events

The press conference to announce the acceptance of the Global COE program (Mayayuki KOMATSU, president of Ehime Univ. and Tetsuo Irifune, program leader).

Program Members

Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University IRIFUNE, Testuo High-pressure experiment HANAYAMA, Yoichi Ultrasonic measurement INOUE, Toru High-pressure experiment TSUCHIYA, Taku Theoretical mineral physics KAMEYAMA, Masanori Numerical mantle dynamics simulation YAMADA, Akira Global Seismology OHFUJI, Hiroaki High-pressure experiment NISHIYAMA, Norimasa High-pressure experiment

Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University OHNO, Ichiro Ultrasonic measurement KAWASAKI, Toshisuke High-pressure synthesis YAMAMOTO, Akihiko Tectonophysics

Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute

FUNAKOSHI, Ken-ichi Synchrotron experiment HIGO, Yuji Ultrasonic measurement

Geochemical Laboratory, University of Tokyo KAGI, Hiroyuki Neutron and optical spectroscopic measurement

Mineral Physics Institute, Stony Brook University LI, Baosheng Ultrasonic measurement

The 1st Global COE International Frontier Seminar"High-Pressure Neutron Scatteringfor Material- and Geo-Sciences"

Lecturer: Prof. Stefan Klotz(University P&M Curie, Paris)

Date: 29 August 2008

The 2nd Global COE International Frontier Seminar"Lithospheric Edges and Structures"

Lecturer: Prof. Brian Kennett(Australian National University,

Research School of Earth Sciences (RSES))Date: 18 September 2008

The 3rd Global COE International Frontier Seminar"Let's creep!

-- An experimental pursue for high-pressure rheology "Lecturer: Prof. Yanbin Wang

(GeoSoilEnviroCARS, The University of Chicago)Date: 21 November 2008

Faculty members and research/postdoctoral fellows at GRC, Ehime University.

The 4th Global COE International Frontier Seminar"Experimental investigation of plasticproperties of high pressure minerals"

Lecturer: Dr. Sébastian Merkel(CNRS, Université Lille 1, LSPES)

Date: 20 January, 2009

The 1st International Special Lecture"Imaging Earth Structure"

Lecturer: Prof. Brian KennettAustralian National University,

Research School of Earth Sciences (RSES)

LECTURE I 18 September 2008 13:00-16:00 LECTURE II 19 September 2008 9:00-12:00 Venue: 6th floor, Integrated research Bldg, Ehime University 1 Introduction 2 The major elements of Earth structure 3 Seismic Waves 4 Probing the interior of the Earth 5 Elements of Seismic Tomography 6 The global seismic wavefield 7 Global Seismic Tomography 8 The seismic wavefield to 40 deg 9 Regional Seismic Tomography 10 Tomography and Earth Dynamics

The 1st Global COE Symposium "Toward formation of The Asian Network in Deep Earth Mineralogy

(TANDEM)23-25 November, 2008, Ehime University

See pages 6 & 7 for a detailed report about the symposium.

Global COE Kick-off ForumLecturer: Prof. Kazuo Oike

Date: 1 December, 2008 This forum was held in Ehime University in commemoration of the starting of the global COE program with a large audience (ca. 300 people). Prof. Oike, the former president of Kyoto University, gave a lecture on the nature of earthquake occurred in and around the Japan Islands. Following the lecture, Prof. Irifune, the program leader, introduced educational and research objectives of the global COE program on deep Earth mineralogy.

The 1st YESA Workshop in Ehime University(Young Earth Scientist Association of Global COE, YESA/G-COE)

"Studies of subduction zone combined field andexperimental works for Earth's interior

~water transportation in the deep mantle and mantle dynamics~"

The 1st YESA Workshop was held at Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan, from 22-23 January 2009, with about 30 people of young researchers including students. Contributions at the workshop consisted of oral presentations about studies of subduction zone associated with Earth's mantle dynamics from surface to the core. Nowadays, the Earth's internal dynamics is studied by many research fields from experimental, seismological, and simulation methods. The participants brought out and discussed various problems in each field of research, and suggested a new interpretation through this workshop.

Advertised Positions

Openings for Global COE Postdoctoral Fellows and Global COE Research Fellows in Ehime University

Ehime University invites applications from highly-motivated researchers to promote the Global COE program. Each researcher, employed either as Global COE Postdoctoral Fellow or Global COE Research Fellow, will be expected to conduct world-leading experimental or theoretical researches on deep Earth mineralogy with particular emphasis on (i) lower mantle mineralogy, (ii) core materials, and (iii) deep Earth water. Successful applicants are also requested to strongly contribute to the principal research objectives of the Global COE program, beyond their individual research specialty.

Note: The followings introduce the outline of this positions. Detailed information for the applications should be checked in web pages.

http:/www.ehime-u.ac.jp/~grc/http:/deep-earth-mineralogy.jp/tandem/

1. Positions: Global COE Postdoctoral Fellows and Global COE Research Fellows (hereafter PD Fellow and Res. Fellow, respectively). PD Fellows with excellent research achievements can be promoted to Res. Fellows during the period of their employments.

2. Capacity: About 4-5 PD Fellows and Res. Fellows

3. Research Fields: Advanced experimental and theoretical studies on structure, physical properties, chemical composition, dynamics, and evolution of the Earth and planetary deep interiors.

4. Terms: Term for PD Fellow will end on March 31st, 2010, and can be

renewed on a year-by-year basis. Term for Res. Fellow will last three years from their appointments, and can be renewed. Terms cannot be renewed beyond the accomplishment of the COE program (March 2013).

5. Starting Dates: April 1st 2009, or later at the earliest possible dates.

6. Qualifications: Applicants must have a Ph.D. (or equivalent) by the time of employment. Nationality of the applicants will not be considered.

7. Deadline for application: Must arrive by February 13th, 2009.

8. Contact address: Tetsuo Irifune (Professor, Leader of Global COE program) Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577 JAPAN. e-mail: irifune @ dpc.ehime-u.ac.jp

9. Other support programs: The present Global COE program will offer following training programs for young scientists: 1) International training at the overseas research institutes, 2) Travel supports for presenting the research achievements at

scientific meetings, 3) Financial supports for the outstanding research projects by young

scientists.

Geodynamics Research Center of Ehime University also offers two positions for assistant professors. The candidates can apply to both of these and the present COE-related positions, but must submit the requested documents separately to each address.

Educational ProgramsNew special PhD course on deep Earth mineralogy

A special PhD course on deep Earth mineralogy, which will be formed at the Graduate School of Science and Engineering of Ehime University, will annually invite 2 students from Asian countries with exemption of admission and tuition fees. A special support for living expenses (~140,000 yen per month) will also be provided by the University. Application period and selection test date are to be scheduled in May and June, while the enrollment will be late September in each year. The successful applicant should have a Master’s degree or is expected to complete it by September.

We invite applications from those who are highly motivated in experimental and computational studies on compositions, structures, physical properties, dynamics, and evolutions of the Earth’s and planetary interiors, in addition to those who have strong backgrounds in physics, chemistry, Earth sciences, and materials science. We particularly encourage applications from the TANDEM laboratories. Further details on this special course will officially be announced in March 2009.

For further details, please contactProf. Toru Inoue ([email protected]) of GRC.

Internship Programs

Global COE internships at Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, provide opportunities to learn advanced techniques and theories on the earth's deep mineral studies for Ph. D. students and postdoctoral young researchers. Research training on ultra high-pressure and high-temperature experiments and theoretical computations for mineral physics and geodynamics can be offered as the internships. Contact address for inquiries about the internships: Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University 2-5, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, JAPAN Akira Yamada (Research Administrator) e-mail: [email protected]

High-temperature ultrasonic measurement in multi-anvil apparatus under the melting

temperatures of mantle materials

Yoshio KONO(Global COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

Measurement of the elastic wave velocities of partially or completely molten mantle materials is important to understand the nature and dynamics of the Earth's upper mantle, such as those relevant to subduction volcanism, lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary and/or possible melt layer above the 410 km discontinuity. Some attempts to measure elastic wave velocities of silicate melts have been made at high temperatures and atmospheric pressure (e.g. Ai and Lange, 2008), but the corresponding measurement under the upper mantle

pressure conditions has not yet reported to date, because of the limitation in tempera-ture conditions of elastic wave velocity measurement at high pressures (Fig. 1). We therefore need to develop the experimental technique for elastic wave velocity measurement at high-pressures and at temperatures greater than the melting temperatures of mantle materials (higher than 1400 ˚C) to address the above issues. Here I report some preliminary results of ultrasonic measurement at temperatures to 1700 ˚C at high pressures. Graphite was used as the heater instead of platinum used in our previous studies, and zirconia was used as thermal insulator. I also adopted highly sintered zirconia as the buffer rod for transmitting ultrasonic waves to the sample. The ultrasonic measurement shows clear elastic wave signals reflected at both ends of a sample up to 1700 ̊ C, which is higher than the melting temperatures of most hydrous silicates and of some anhydrous silicates. Then ultrasonic measurements were carried out for MORB sample to the melting temperature at ~5 GPa. I successfully obtained P-wave signals reflected at both ends of the MORB sample up to 1600 ˚C, but S-wave signals disappeared above ~1400 ˚C, which would be attributed to strong attenuation of S-wave by (partial)

melting of MORB. P-wave travel time becomes significantly long above 1400 ˚C due to the melting of MORB. SEM obser-vation of the run product shows that melt was enclosed by BN capsule, but that melt infiltrates into the zirconia buffer rod. Further improvement for enclosing melt should enable us to determined elastic wave velocities of molten mantle materials at simultaneous high-pressures and high-temperatures comparable to the Earth's upper mantle.

Fig. 1. Pressure and temperature conditions of elastic wave velocity.

Heterogeneity of water content in Earth's upper mantle: a study of

mantle xenoliths

Kyoko N. MATSUKAGE(Global COE Research Fellow)

My research interests relate to the geochemical effects of fluid (melt) associ-ated with recycling of crustal and mantle materials in interior of our planet. One of resent subjects of my study is the geochemi-cal evolution of the continental mantle. I research the mantle-derived peridotites obtained as xenoliths of alkali basalt from Cameroon volcanic line (CVL), and of kimberlite from Lesotho and Botswana in African craton. These xenoliths give us direct information about the feature and evolution of chemical, petrological and mineralogical variations of the upper mantle

beneath volcanoes. The CVL is a 1,600-km volcanic chain sitting on the continental margin of West Africa. It is well known as the former triple junction, which is made by an upwelling deep mantle plume that controlled the separation of Africa from South America and opening the Atlantic Ocean at ~120 Ma. The CVL is erupting on the failed rift arm of the triple junction. The heterogeneity of texture and chemistry of this area can be explained by process of partial melting and subsequent melt extraction in sallow mantle at depth of 30-80 km. The estimated degree of melting (~30 %) of residual peridotite and the chemical feature of the constituent minerals, that was depleted in incompatible element (SiO2, Al2O3, CaO) with respect to compatible elements (MgO, Cr2O3), indicate that the partial melting occurred at almost dry condition. Garnet peridotites from more than 100 km in depth at Lesotho and Botswana areas have quite different with chemistry from that of CVL. The peridotites of these areas characterized the extremely high amount of orthopyroxene (= high amount of SiO2) with high MgO content. These high-Si and -Mg rocks could not explained as residue of dry partial melting (see Fig. 1), but may be residues of partial melting at H2O-saturated condition at higher

pressure at depth of 200-300 km. The results suggest that the Earth's mantle is very heterogeneous in water content. The measurement of mineral-liquid/fluid distri-bution coefficients for elements in major phases is very important to understand the chemical evolution of the Earth's interior. Because the distribution coefficients of mineral-dry melt are expected to be differ-ent to that of mineral-wet fluid. My research at the GRC will focus on geochemical effects in both wet and dry conditions, texture of rocks and migration mechanism of fluid and melt at deep Earth.

Fig. 1. Relationship between orthopyroxene mode and bulk Mg/(Mg + Fe) atomic ration of peridotites in kimberlite and in CVL (= thick arrows) modified after Matsukage et al. (2005).

Hot Researches by Young Scientists

opx

(vol

%)

0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94Mg# (bulk)

Pyrolite

Harz(R)

0

50

40

30

20

104 GPa

7 GPa

4 GPa

7 GPa

6 GPa

continental garnet peridotites (Jordan, 1989)mid ocean ridge harzburgite (Michael and Bonatti, 1985)pyroliteresidual harzburgite by partial melting at garnet stability field (Walter, 1998)

depletion trends at dry condition

TANDEM (The Asian Network in Deep Earth Mineralogy) is an international network in Asia region for the advancement of experimental and computational studies on physical properties, structures, dynamics, and evolution of the Earth's deep interior. TANDEM members combine unique techniques and facilities in individual laboratories to develop new frontiers in deep Earth mineralogy as well as in training young scientists in high-pressure research. TANDEM is coordinated by Geodynamics Research Center (GRC), Ehime University, with financial support by the Global COE program "Center for Advanced Experimental and Theoretical Deep Earth Mineralogy" funded by MEXT, Japan. We will organize the first TANDEM symposium to discuss the future directions of this network and to share the information about the research and education programs in individual laboratories.

TANDEM Laboratories (2009 January)Ehime University JapanUniversity of Tokyo (Geochem. Lab.) JapanUniversity of Tokyo (Inst. Solid State Phys.) JapanJapan Synchrotron Research Institute JapanHokkaido University JapanKyushu University JapanHiroshima University JapanNational Institute for Materials Science JapanGakushuin University JapanOkayama University JapanTokyo Institute of Technology JapanOsaka University JapanKyoto University JapanUniversity of Hyogo JapanJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Japan Science Technology (IFREE)China University of Geosciences ChinaJiling University ChinaPeking University ChinaChinese Academy of Science (Inst. Geochem.) ChinaChinese Academy of Science (Inst. Geol. Geophys.) ChinaYanshan University ChinaSichuan University ChinaSeoul National University KoreaNational Chen Kung University TaiwanAustralian National University Australia

Advisors: Yanbin Wang, GSECARS, Univ. Chicago Baosheng Li, MPI, Stony Brook Univ. Juhua Chen, Florida Int. Univ. Yingwei Fei, Carnegie Inst. Washington

The 1st Global COE Symposium"Toward formation of The Asian Network in Deep Earth Mineralogy (TANDEM)"

The symposium was held on November 23-25, 2008 in Geodynamics Research Center (Ehime University) for a mutual understanding on the current stage of the deep earth studies conducted in the Asian region. About 100 people (35 from China, Korea, Taiwan, Australia and USA, 60 from Japan) participated in the symposium. In the oral sessions (titles are listed in the next page), representatives of TANDEM member laboratories introduced their laboratories, facilities and new researches. Young scientists showed their own researches in the poster session and made active discussions among the participants. This symposium has been held as the first step to form a new network of deep earth mineralogy in Asian region.

TANDEM Outline

THE ASIAN NETWORKIN DEEP EARTH MINERALOGY

TANDEM

Oral SessionT. Irifune: facilities and some recent topics at

ultra-high pressure laboratory, GRCT. Inoue: High Pressure studies for the effect

of water on Earth mantle materialsT. Tsuchiya: Ab initio study in geosciencesM. Kameyama: Mantle Convection

Simulations at GRC- Tools, Outcrops and Future Prospects -

H. Kagi: Spectroscopic and neutron diffraction studies on deep-earth materials

K. Funakoshi, Y. Higo, Y. Tange: High pressure research using synchrotron radiation and multianvil press at SPring-8

B. Li, R. Liebermann, D. Weidner: Probing the Earth's Interior Using Phonons and Photons at Mantle Pressure and Temperature Conditions

Y. Wang: Synchrotron-based high-pressure

research facility at GSECARS, Advanced Photon Source

Z. Jin: High Pressure and Temperature Study at GPMR, China

X. Liu: High pressure laboratory and high pressure experimental research at Peking University

D. Yu, X. Han, Y. Sun, Z. Liu, Y. Tian: Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Tetraboride Crystal

Y. Zhang, G. Guo: Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Deep Earth Materials

W. Zhou, H. Li, H. Tang, H. Zhang, H. Xie: Laboratory for Study of the Earth's Interior and Geofluids -Present and Future

D. He, L. Lei, J. Qin, C. Chen, F. Wang, Y. Zou: High Pressure Research at Sichuan University

H. Jung & S. Lee: Deformation of rocks in the

upper mantle: Probing and Modeling of Pressure-induced Structural Transitions in Amorphous and Crystalline Oxides at High Pressure: Insights from inelastic X-ray scattering & NMR

J. Kung: High pressure research program at NCKU: Current and future

Presentation List of the symposium

Poster SessionH. Yusa, LHDAC systems for materials science at

NIMSJ. Ando, I. Katayama, TANDEM in Hiroshima

UniversityK. Fujino, T. Nagai, H. Miura, D. Hamane, Y. Seto,

Recent and future studies of mineralogy group at Hokkaido University

A. Yoneda, D. Yamazaki, T. Yoshino, High-pressure research at ISEI, Okayama University

H. Kojitani, M. Akaogi, Stability of high-pressure materials by thermodynamic approach

N. Nishiyama, T. Irifune, K. Wada, T. Maeda, T. Kawazoe, Developments of high-pressure deformation apparatuses at GRC, Ehime Univ. . MADONNA and Drickamer-cell -

F. Wang, D. He, Two-stage split-sphere high pressure apparatus based on hinge-cage housed Chinese cubic press

T. Kunimoto, T. Irifune, Development of ultra-high pressure generation tec. and performance test with various diamond using a 6-8-2 type multi-anvil apparatus

T. Kawazoe, N. Nishiyama, T. Irifune, Toward melting experiments to 50 GPa and 4000 K using a Kawai apparatus with sintered diamond anvils

L. Deng, Z. Gong, Y. Fei, X. Liu, Direct shock wave loading of MgSiO3 perovskite to lower mantle conditions and its equation of state

Y. Tange, Y. Nishihara, T. Tsuchiya, Unified analyses for P-V-T equation of state of MgO: A solution for pressure-scale problems in high P-T experiments

G. Mallmann, H. O'Neill, F. Jenner, M. Norman, S. Eggins, R. Arcutus, C. Ballhaus, Determining the redox state of basalts and picrites using V/Sc olivine-melt partitioning: experimental calibration and application to natural systems

K. Wada, N. Nishiyama, T. Irifune, T. Nagai, Phase relation of FeAlO3 at high pressure and temperature

S. Greaux, N. Nishiyama, Y. Kono, H. Ohfuji, T. Shinmei, T. Irifune, Phase Equilibrium of Ca- and Al-silicate hosts up to 24 GPa and 2000 K

N. Tsujino, Y. Nishihara, Grain-growth kinetics of ferropericlase at high-pressure

T. Shinmei, T. Irifune, Phase transitions and density changes in pyrolite up to ~ 50 GPa using multianvil apparatus with sintered diamond anvils

Y. Wu, Y. Fei, Z. Jin, X. Liu, The Fate of Subducted Continental Crust: an Experimental Perspective

T. Kawamoto, Fluids in subduction zone 1: significance of elemental partitioning between aqueous fluids and silicate melts

T. Kawasaki, Metamorphic P.T Path of Rundvagshetta, Luzow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica inferred from High-Pressure Experimental and Petrographical Data

N. Doi, T. Kato, T. Kubo, Experimental study on eclogite formation from basaltic oceanic crust

D. Fan, W. Zhou, C. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Xing, J. Liu, L..Bai, H. Xie, Thermal equation of state of almandine up to 27.7 GPa and 533 K

D. Fan, W. Zhou, C. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Xing, J. Liu, Y. Li, H. Xie, In situ X-ray diffraction study of natural stibnite at high pressure and high temperature

H. Ishibashi, Non-Newtonian behavior of plagioclase-bearing magma: subliquidus viscosity measurement of Fuji 1707 basalt

S. Odake, S. Fukura, M. Arakawa, A. Ohta, B. Harte, H. Kagi, Micro-XANES measurements of the oxidation state of chromium in natural ferropericlase inclusions

Y. Terada, J. Ando, J. Zhang, H. W. Green, I. Katayama, Deformation Experiment of Antigorite Serpentinite and Microstructures Observation

K. Hirauchi, I. Katayama, Simple shear deformation of low-temperature serpentines

C. Yang, Z Jin, Fabric and water content of olivine in mantle xenoliths from Mingxi and Damaping, eastern China

Y. Nishihara, K. Funakoshi, Y. Higo, H. Terasaki, N. Nishiyama, T. Kubo, A. Shimojuku, N. Tsujino, Stress relaxation test of olivine under Earth's deep upper mantle conditions

R. Farla, I. Jackson, J. F. Gerald, H. Kokkonen, U. Faul, A. barnhoorn, Dislocation Recovery and Damping in Upper Mantle Materials

Y. Wang, J. Zhang, Z. Jin, H. W. Green II, Rheology of mafic granulite at high pressure and temperature: implications for crust-mantle interactions

C. Zhou, Z. Zeng, Strain analysis of the matrix of bone-shaped boudinages from Tieshan, Hubei, China

K. Matsukage, S. Kikuchi, S. Ono, The density and seismic velocities of chromitite body in mantle peridotite

Y. Kono, H. Ohfuji, S. Greaux, T. Inoue, T. Irifune, Y. Higo, Elastic wave velocities of grossular garnet up to 17 GPa and 1650 K

Y. Higo, Y. Kono, T. Inoue, T. Irifune, K. Funakoshi, Elastic wave velocities measurements under the condition of lowermost mantle transition region

M. Kobayakawa, A. Yamada, Thermal structure in the lowermost mantle inferred from short-period P-wave reflections from the D'' layer

Y. Usui, M. Kanao, A. Kubo, Y. Hiramatsu, H. Negishi, Anisotropic structure caused by past tectonic events in the upper mantle beneath East Antarctica and Sri Lanka

N. Shibata, A. Yamada, Structures of CMB and ICB regions beneath the Japan Islandsinferred from PcP and PKiKP waves

J. Tsuchiya, T. Tsuchiya, High pressure

polymorphism of Al+H-bearing SiO2: ab initio investigation

Y. Kuwayama, K. Hirose, N. Sata, Y. Ohishi, Phase relations of iron-silicon alloys at high pressure and high temperature

Yi-Jie Lin, Chia-Hui Lin, Chih-ming Lin, T. Yu, Z. Liu, J. Kung, X-ray Diffraction and spectroscopic studies of CaSnO3 perovskite at high pressure

H. Hirai, S. Machida, T. Kawamura, Y. Yamamoto, T. Yagi, Phase changes of methane hydrate under high pressure and their implications for icy planets and satellites

L. Rui, Research on Raman spectra of 1-hexanol at high pressure

H. Ohfuji, K. Aibara, H. Sumiya, T. Irifune, Micro-texture and structure of high-pressure quenched graphite

H. Ohfuji, Laser heating in "nano-polycrystalline" diamond anvil cell - Application for melting experiments of iron

L. Lei, D. He, Synthesis of GaN crystals through solid-state metathesis reaction under high pressure

D. Li, D. Yu, J. He, Y. Tian, Synthesis of BC3.3N compounds at high pressure and high temperature

M. Arakawa, H. Fukazawa, H. Kagi, Structure analysis of hydrogen-ordered ice using infrared spectroscopy and neutron diffraction measurements

Y. Zou, D. He, R. Yu, T. Lu, Transparent Mechanism in Nanocrystalline MgAl2O4 Ceramics via High-pressure Sintering

Y. Ohgi, H. Kagi, H. Arima, A. Ohta, K. Kamada, A. Yoshikawa, K. Sugiyama, Crystal Growth and Structural Characterizations of Ce-doped Gd9.33(SiO4)6O2 Single Crystals

C. Wang, X. Liu, Z. Jin, High-Pressure and High-Temperature Synthesis and Structure Characterization of Chiral Lutetium Disilicate

Q. Sun, Raman spectroscopic study for the aqueousNaCl salinity

China University of Geosciences is a national key university founded in 1952 in China. It has two campuses: the Wuhan campus and the Beijing campus. It is more than just a university specialized in geosciences. The Wuhan campus has 22 schools of sciences, engineering, literature, economics, law, education and philosophy. It offers 37 Phd programs, 131 Mater degree programs and 62 Bachelor's degree programs. Its faculty consists of ~350 professors and ~580 associate professors, including 9 current members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Its current student enrollments are over 44,000. The State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources (GPMR) was established at the China University of Geosciences and sponsored by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Land and Resources. Its original main purpose was to provide a platform for conducting inter-disciplinary geoscience research on the lithosphere evolution and mineralization processes, spatial-temporal distribution of mineral resources, and mineral exploration and mineral resources assessment. Its current research scope has expanded into deep Earth dynamics, environmental protection and geological hazard control. The GPMR consists of five research divisions and led by six members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. There are 42 full-time professors and researchers in the GPMR. The laboratory for mineral and rock physics is part of the first division of the GPMR (Division of Composition, Structure and Evolution of the Lithosphere). It is also a relatively new laboratory/research group in the GPMR. Professor Zhenmin Jin is the head of the laboratory for mineral and rock physics. There are currently 7 faculty, 2 postdocs, 3 PhD students and 6 Master students in the group. The laboratory currently houses a 1-atmosphere pressure gas media deformation apparatus and one 5 GPa piston cylinder apparatus. Two new apparatus (a 28GPa Walker's-type multianvil and a 5 GPa Griggs-type deformation apparatus) will join the apparatus family by the end of 2009. In addition to those high P/T apparatus, the GPMR is also equipped with a broad spectrum of analytical instruments (JXA-8100 electron probe, Quanta200 SEM (with an HKL EBSD system), RM1000 Laser Raman, POEMS III ICP-MS, CM12 STEM,

Agilent7500a Laser Ablation System, etc). The GPMR provides financial support for short- and long-term external visiting scientists to conduct collaborative research. The laboratory for mineral and rock physics is currently collaborating actively with several international research laboratories in the geosciences field including Prof. Harry Green's laboratory at University of California at Riverside (USA) and Prof. Yingwei Fei's laboratory at Carnegie Institution of Washington (USA). Our research interests are but not limited to the experimental deformation of rocks and minerals at high temperature and pressure, rheology of the crust and mantle, earthquake physics and ultrahigh pressure metamorphism. We look forward to establishing stable and substantial collaborations with any interested individual or institution of the TANDEM on high-pressure geoscience researches and training of young scientists and graduate students.

Correspondence: Prof. Zhenmin Jin ([email protected]) & Prof. Junfeng Zhang ([email protected])

TANDEM Laboratories

Global COE Newsletter, issued Jan., May and Sep.Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University

2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, JapanTel & Fax : +81-89-927-8405

E-mail : [email protected]: http://deep-earth-mineralogy.jp/

Edited by Akira Yamada

Laboratory for Mineral and Rock Physics in the GPMR, China University of Geosciences at Wuhan





No. 2, May 30, 2009

Dr. Dirk Spengler, PD fellow of Ehime University, published his research paper with his colleagues, entitled “Long-lived, cold burial of Baltica to 200 km depth”, in Earth and Planetary Science Letters (EPSL, 281, 27-35, 2009). This paper has been picked up in the recent volume of a famous journal of “Nature Geoscience” as one of research highlights (Nature Geosci., vol 2, no. 5). With this outstanding result, now Dr. Spengler

proceeds to further step of his research in the current position of Senior Research Fellow Center in Ehime University, which is a collaborative center with the global COE program.

An exibition booth was run by GRC members to advertise the activities of GRC and global COE during the period (16-21 May) of the Japan Geoscience Union (JPGU) meeting held in Makuhari, near Tokyo. The persons in charge of explaining the displays, including nano-polycrystalline diamond (HIME-DIA), wore special Japanese Kimono and attracted many participants and visitors. These costumes for “Botchan” (young master) and “Madonna” are those for main characters in a Japanese novel written by Soseki Natsume, one of the most famous writers in Meiji era in Japan, and used for the names of the new 6000-ton Kawai type and 1500-ton D-DIA type apparatus introduced in GRC.

News & Events

On 14 April in Tokyo, Prof. Taku Tsuchiya, the leader of theoretical mineral physics group of GRC, received the Young Scientists’ Prize from the Minister of Ministry of Education, C u l t u r e , S p o r t s , S c i e n c e a n d Technology (MEXT) for his research a c h i e v e m e n t s i n l o w e r m a n t l e m i n e r a l o g y b a s e d o n a b i n i t i o

computations. This prize is awarded to outstanding young scientists below 40 y.o. in all research fields, among which only a couple of scientists are selected in whole Earth science community in Japan. Prof. Tsuchiya plays an important role as the executive committee member of our global COE program, par t icular ly on the advancement of cutting edge researches in deep Earth mineralogy.

The Young Scientists’ Prize to Prof. Tsuchiya

Hot paper picked up by Nature Geoscience

Booth at JPGU Meeting

Honorable Guest Professorship to Prof. Irifunefrom CUG Wuhan

Prof. Tetsuo Irifune, the leader of the global COE program and the director of GRC, was awarded the Honorable Guest Professorship from China University of Geoscience (CUG), Wuhan. Prof. Irifune gave a lecture on the phase transition and constitution of the Earth’ s mantle and subducting lithologies after the ceremony, and was invited to a banquet with the president of CUG and its headquarters. CUG is one of the major universities in China with more than 40000 students and 22 Schools in broad natural and social sciences, as well as engineering, law, education, etc., and selects some internationally acknowledged and distinguished scientists for the professorship.

Completion of BOTCHAN-6000 and SOSEKI LABA 4-floor building, housing a new 6000-ton Kawai-type apparatus

and connected to the Integrated Research Building, was completed and an opening ceremony was held on 30 March, attended by the headquarters and the council members of Ehime University, including the president Prof. Komatsu. The name of “BOTCHAN” (Beyond observable Toughness and Conceivable Hardness of Artificial Nano-diamond) is taken from a novel by Soseki Natsume, and the laboratory was named as “SOSEKI LAB” after the writer. Another meaning of SOSEKI in Japanese is “creation of gem stones”, and is expected to produce high-quality single crystals and sintered high-pressure phases at high pressure and temperature. With BOTCHAN-6000, HIME-DIA of as large as ~1 cm will also be synthesized and applied for new high-pressure apparatus for higher pressure and temperature generation.

5th International Frontier Seminar“Effects of Hydration on the elastic properties

of transition zone minerals”Lecturer : Prof. Steven D. Jacobsen

(Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences,Northwestern University, USA)

Date: 3 March 2009

6th International Frontier Seminar“Laboratory-based Interpretation of Upper-mantle Seismic

Tomograms : Progress and Prospects”Lecturer : Prof. Ian Jackson

(Research School of Earth Sciences,Australian National University, Australia)

Date: 3 March 2009

7th International Frontier Seminar“Some Remaining Problems in the Mantle”

Lecturer : Prof. Craig R.Bina(Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences,

Northwestern University, USA )Date: 4 March 2009

Takaaki KAWAZOE (PD Fellow, GRC) Rheological properties of deep mantle minerals under high-pressure and temperature

based on deformation and melting experimentsYoshio KONO (PD Fellow, present: Research Fellow, GRC) Elastic wave velocity measurements of minerals, rocks, and melts at high pressures and

high temperaturesAkihiro YAMADA (PD Fellow, GRC) Relaxation of MgSiO3 glassYusuke USUI (PD Fellow, GRC) Anisotropy and velocity heterogeneity in the deep Earth’s mantle: cross study combined

with seismic observations and numerical modelingSteeve Gréaux (PD Fellow, GRC) Impact of 3+ cations hosting on properties of minerals of the Earth’s deep mantleYoshinori TANGE (PD Fellow, present: Assistant Professor, GRC) Developments in high-pressure experiments for precise determination of the bulk

composition of the lower mantleLeiming FANG (PhD student, GRC) High pressure and high temperature synthesis of novel crystalline C-N materialsTakehiro KUNIMOTO (PhD student, GRC) Development of a 6-8-2 type multi-anvil apparatus and its applicationsYu NISHIHARA (Senior Research Fellow, Ehime Univ.) The phase transformation in MgSiO3 pyroxenes at high-pressure and -temperature

determined by in-situ X-ray diffraction: Implications for nature of the X-discontinuityJun TSUCHIYA (Senior Research Fellow, Ehime Univ.) First principles investigations on hydrous systems -Brief reports of our recent works and

future plans-Shoko ODAKE (PhD student, Univ. Tokyo) Laser processing of Nano-polycrystalline diamondHiroaki OHFUJI (Assistant Professor, GRC) Laser Heating in “nano-polycrystalline” diamond anvil cell -Application for melting

experiments of iron-Yuji HIGO (Research Scientist, SPring-8) Development of the elastic wave velocity measurement technique which can be adapted

for soft material -a preliminary experimental result

Activity report by young scientists for FY200816 March, 2009, Ehime University

To activate and establish the Asian network of deep Earth mineralogy, official agreements for mutual academic exchange of educations and researches have been signed and entered into force between State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences (CUG) and GRC, and between Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University (SCU) and GRC. Adding to the agreements, the memorandum has also been signed, which prescribes accommodations for active and mutual exchange of students. According to the agreement and memorandum, accommodation for PhD students and internship programs are now planned between these institutes.

Official agreements with CUG and SCU

Reform of GRCIn association with the global COE program, GRC has been reformed

to seven (five experimental and two computational simulation) research/education groups: (1) high-pressure Earth science and technical development, (2) diamond and new materials synthesis, (3) fluid and magma, (4) rheology, (5) applications of diamond anvil cell and quantum beams, (6) mineral physics based on ab initio calculations, and (7) simulation of mantle and core dynamics. In addition to these groups, a new administration office and a COE supporting office have been created to strongly support the activities of GRC and the global COE program (see, TANDEM news for further details).

News & Events

The 2nd International Special Lecture“Water Distribution Across the Mantle Transition Zone in Earth

and Its Implications for the Evolution of Ocean”Lecturer: Shun-ichiro Karato

(Yale University, Department of Geology and Geophysics)Date: 2-3 September 2009, Venue: Ehime University, Japan

International Summer School“P-V-T equations of state of materials”Date: 3-5 August, 2009, Venue: Ehime University

Internship Program“Tutorial for Crystal Structure Analysis”Date: 19-21 August, 2009, Venue: Ehime University

Lecturer: Kazuki Komatsu(Geochemical Laboratory, The Univ. of Tokyo)

The transition zone of Earth’s mantle (MTZ; ~410 to ~660 km depth) can store a large amount of water up to ~ten times of the current ocean mass. Consequently, this layer may play an important role in the circulation of water in Earth. However, the role of MTZ in water circulation has been p o o r l y u n d e r s t o o d b e c a u s e o f t h e difficult ies in determining the water distribution in the deep mantle. Various geochemical and geophysical observations are reviewed including the water contents in var ious basal ts as wel l as e lect r ical

conductivity and seismological observations in order to infer the water distribution in the deep mantle of Earth at present. It is concluded that the MTZ has a range of water content but is ~ 0.1-0.3 wt% in the Pacific. This value is about ten times higher than the water content in the asthenosphere and is close to the critical water content for partial melting at above the 410-km discontinuity. This suggests that the water content in MTZ is self-regulated by partial melting that would in turn stabilize the ocean mass during the geological history.

Contact address: Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, JAPAN Akira Yamada (Research Administrator)

Email:[email protected]

T. Tsuchiya and Y. Tange from GRC are in charge of a G-COE international summer school "P-V-T equations of state of materials" to be held on August 3-5 at GRC as a satellite meeting of the forthcoming AIRAPT 22. Uncertainty in pressure standards and accurate measurement of P-V-T EoS of materials is long been a critical issue in high-pressure science and technology. Several important progresses can however be seen in these years in experimental techniques, analytical and calculation methods and theory. Now it is a nice timing to meet researchers from several research areas and discuss the topics comprehensively to take a next step. The workshop will be composed of reviews of cutting-edge research results and discussion. Talks will be given by top-level world-wide scientists from (i) theory and modelling, (ii) shock experiment, and (iii) static experiment. We are also planning to have a special lecture to be given by Prof. Holzapfel accompanied with the workshop. People involved in the high-pressure science and technology of course including students are most welcome.

Contact address: Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, JAPAN Taku Tsuchiya (Professor) Email:[email protected]

Forthcoming Events

This is a practical internship program focused on a basic procedure for crystal structure analysis. It would be particularly suitable for Ph.D. students, Post-Doc and young scientists who are beginners for Rietveld refinements and structure solving. Anyone who would like to improve their knowledge and skills for crystal structure analysis or anyone who is interested in the experiments in spallation neutron sources like J-PARC will be also welcome.

The internship will include the following program.・Procedure of analysis for powder x-ray/neutron diffraction

using GSAS・An introduction to crystallography (the definition of crystal, the

diffraction process, concept of reciprocal lattice, Bragg’s law, space group etc…)

・What profile patterns tells us. (lattice constants, atomic coordinates, atomic displacements, crystalline size, preferred orientation, residual stress, etc…)

It is preferable that participants will bring their own laptop computer to install some crystallographic software. GRC can prepare several laptop PCs, if participants do not have it. The number of participants would be limited up to 15.

Contact address: Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, JAPAN Toru Inoue (Professor) Email: [email protected]

GRC-BGI WorkshopDate: 17-19 June, 2009, Venue: Bayreuth, Germany

The joint workshop by BGI (Bayerishes Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth) and GRC will be held at Bayreuth, Germany, on June 17-19, 2009. The workshop is aiming at training young scientists to become international researchers with high presentation and dicussion abilities. Another objective is to share and exchange information on the researches and experimental and computational techniques between GRC and BGI on deep Earth mineralogy (GRC and BGI have the offiical agreement for mutual academic exchange of educations and researches).

Program (Session title)17 June 11:15-14:45 Phase Equilibria and Phase Transformations in the Earth’s mantle 14:45-15:25 Mineral Physics I 15:30- Lab Tours18 June 9:00-10:10 Silicate Metlts and Fluids 10:45-12:20 Mineral Physics II 14:00-15:35 New Experimental Methods 15:35- Poster Session19 June 9:00-10:20 Deformation and Rheology 10:45-12:20 Earth’s core

New Members

My name is Kiyoshi Fujino. I came from Hokkaido University. Actually, I had been a faculty member of the Department of Earth Sciences at Ehime-University until 16 years ago. My speciality covers a wide range of phase equilibria, crystal structures, phase transitions and rheology of minerals at high pressure and high temperature, using X-ray diffraction, analytical electron microscopy and high

pressure and high temperature experiments including a laser-heated diamond anvil cell. Currently, I am interested in the experimental measurement of spin states of iron in the lower mantle minerals. I would like to deeply contribute to the succession of the fundamental methods of studying minerals such as crystallography and thermody-namics along with the basic experimental methods in the international cooperation of the Global COE program.

Kiyoshi FUJINO (Professor) Hisako HIRAI (Professor)I moved to GRC from Tsukuba University on this April. My major is high-pressure material science and Earth-planetary science. I study high-pressure properties of gas hydrates, e.g. methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide hydrates, and planetary ices, e.g. solid methane and ethane by using diamond anvil cell in wide temperature range from 77K to 2500K. On the basis of the experimental results, I try to understand the nature of these materials and also to infer interiors of the icy planets and their

moons. Besides, I’m interested in synthesis of diamond and ultra-hard materials, especially in the transition mechanisms from starting mate-rials.

Yasuhiro KUWAYAMA (Assistant Professor)My name is Yasuhiro Kuwayama and I have moved here from Tokyo Institute of Tech-nology. I received my Ph.D from Tokyo Tech. in 2007, working with Prof. Kei Hirose on phase relations of iron alloys based on laser-heated diamond-anvil cell (LH-DAC) experiments. My current research interests are focused mainly on the structure, composition, dynamics and evolu-tion of the Earth's central core. Achieving high pressure and temperature conditions

equivalent to the center of the Earth is a major experimental challenge. I will make efforts to successfully achieve accurate measurements under such extreme conditions, in order to understand the whole range structure of the deep Earth interior from mantle to core. It is my great pleasure to work at GRC.

My research is high pressure study for gas hydrates. Gas hydrates are inclusion compounds which are made of hydrogen-bonded water molecules forming cages or frameworks and of including gas molecules. Methane hydrate is expected to become a promising natural resource. Also, hydrogen has attracted attention as a new energy resource, and hydrogen hydrate is expected to be the storage of hydrogen

molecules. In the icy planets of the solar system, methane hydrate and hydrogen hydrate are considered to be the major constituents of outer planets and their moons. To estimate the formation and evolution process and the interiors in icy planets, high pressure experiments of gas hydrate are important.

Shinichi MACHIDA (COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

Sayaka MURAKAMI (PhD student) I start from this April on experiments under the condition at the Earth's core-mantle boundary (CMB) using diamond anvil cell. The objective of my research is to determine melting temperature of major minerals in the lower mantle, which is importnt issue to understand Ultra-Low Velocity Zone (ULVZ) suggested to exist just above the CMB. The origins of ULVZ are suggested to be due to partial melting of mantle materials. However, the

melting temperature for lower mantle minerals are not well determined. Through the experiments in my PhD student life, I'd like to investigate the origins of heterogeneous structures at CMB and to study the dynamics at the CMB.

I graduated master course from University of Tsukuba in this spring. I research for relationship between C-O-H fluid mantle minerals using laser heated diamond anvil cel l . Mantle dynamics considerably depends on these fluids. Thus, existence and states of the fluids in the Earth’s m a n t l e a r e i m p o r t a n t i s s u e s t o b e understood. Methane and water fluids are stable in the lower part of mantle. I'd like to reveal about stability of methane in the

mantle condition, the effect of methane and hydrogen on stability and crystal structure of olivine.

Ayako SHINOZAKI (PhD student)

I visited Department of geology, University of California Davis (UCDavis) as an internship scholar from January to mid March. I studied about structure and density of dense silicate glass with students and researchers there. They are investigating silicate melt structure and the physical properties (e.g., density and viscosity) at high pressure through the relaxation process of the glass, which reflects the structure of super-cooled liquid at the conditions where it is synthesized. In particular, they have excellent facility of solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), which focuses on structural analysis of dense amorphous materials including silicates synthesized at high pressure and temperature. They gave me a

chance to collect the data of dense MgSiO3 glasses synthesized at high pressures and temperatures. In addition, I had a chance to participate in the beamtime of UCDavis group at Advanced Photon Source (APS). The group at UCDavis and GSECars have been working on the volumetric properties of silicate melt with pressure using high-pressure micro X-ray computed tomography, which is unique technique developed at GSECarse (Sector 13). In this method, we can get 3D image of sample by taking 2D sample image with rotating 180 degree (e.g., every 0.5 degrees). This method is useful for many kinds of experiment. I am so grateful to GRC faculties, secretary and colleagues at UCDavis, Prof. C.E. Lesher and his students, for giving me great opportunity and their kind helps during this internship program

Akihiro YAMADA (COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

Internship Report


10-1

101

103

105

107

109

1011

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Elec

trica

l res

ista

nce

(ohm

)

Load (MN)

GaP

24 GPa at 1.40 MN

It is important to study rheological properties of mantle minerals (e.g., olivine, wadsleyite, ringwoodite and Mg-perovskite) at high pressure for understanding mantle dynamics. Pressure range of the traditional deformation experiments had been limited up to a few GPa using a gas apparatus and a Griggs apparatus. The situation was changed by developments of two types of new high-pressure deformation apparatus, namely deformation-DIA apparatus (D-DIA; Wang et al., 2003) and rotational Drickamer apparatus

(RDA; Yamazaki and Karato, 2001). Both apparatus have capability to generate pressure of 18 GPa at high temperatures (Nishiyama et al., 2007; Nishihara et al., 2008). The D-DIA apparatus has simpler deformation geometry compared with that of the RDA. This makes it easier to interpret a lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of a deformed sample. This advantage of the D-DIA apparatus motivated us to conduct deformation experiment of mantle minerals with large strain at high pressure to study their LPO. Here we will report results of preliminary experiments using a D-DIA apparatus “MADONNA”.

Preliminary experiments were performed using “MADONNA” with a 6-6 type compression system (Nishiyama et al., 2008). We employed tungsten carbide anvils for pressure-generation and deformation tests. The relationship between sample pressure and press load was calibrated at room temperature by measuring electrical resistance change of ZnTe (12.0 GPa), ZnS (16.2 GPa), GaAs (19.3 GPa) and GaP (24 GPa). Calibration of the relationship at high temperature (1900-2000 K) was conducted by the quench method using phase transitions in Mg2SiO4. Pressure generation was observed up to 20 and 24 GPa (Figure) at 1900-2000 K and room temperature, respectively. Preliminary deformation experiments were performed using a deformation cell at 19 GPa and room temperature. Deformation of a pressure medium was monitored as advancement of

upper and lower anvils using displacement sensors.

These results show capability of “MADONNA” to conduct deformation experiments up to 20 GPa and 2000 K. Further technical development is to be done toward deformation experiments of mantle minerals and rocks under pressure-temperature conditions of the mantle transition zone and the lower mantle.

Now the relationship between the seismic velocity heterogeneity observed in the deep mantle and the properties of postperovskite phase of MgSiO3 is being discussed extensively. Since the MgSiO3 has quite high transition pressure, study of low-pressure analogs is also important. Although the high-P,T phase relation of MgGeO3 is predicted to be quite similar to those of MgSiO3 including the Clapeyron slope, it is still not well understood how similar the elastic properties of analogs to those of MgSiO3. We show the elasticity of MgGeO3 perovskite (pv) and postperovskite (ppv) calculated based on the density functional first principles methods, and compare them to those reported for MgSiO3.

The behavior of elastic property of MgGeO3 ppv is generally the same as those of MgSiO3. The small c22 means that the [010] direction parallel to the stacking direction of GeO3 layers is significantly compressible. The large c66 indicates that a lateral shift of layers ((010) planes) parallel to the edge sharing octahedral columns (along [100]) faces the greatest resistance. These are also found in MgSiO3 ppv. On the other hand, c55 is clearly smaller than other shear elastic constants. This means the resistance very weak for shear deformation of GeO3 plane itself. In comparison with MgGeO3 and MgSiO3, c55 of MgGeO3 is remarkably smaller than that of MgSiO3. This indicates that the shear elasticity of ppv is more distinct in MgGeO3 than in MgSiO3.

The isotropic averaged compressional (P), shear (S) and bulk (φ) wave velocities show negative jumps of -1.09%, -1.02% and -1.12% across the static transition pressure, respectively. These are very different from the case of MgSiO3, where the S wave of ppv shows a distinct positive jump of +1.5%, being consistent with the typical character of the D” discontinuity. In this point, the elasticity of MgGeO3 ppv is not completely analogous to that of MgSiO3. For transverse anisotropy (AS

T), both phases have the same anisotropy trend at relevant pressures, though the anisotropy in MgGeO3 has somewhat larger pressure dependences in all three directions. AS

T of MgGeO3 for [100], [010], [001] aligned vertically are +1.0%, +2.8% and +26.9%, respectively. Those of MgSiO3 are quite similar and -6.7%, +3.4%, and +16.8%, respectively. Unlike CaIrO3, distinctive VSV<VSH type transverse anisotropy, that is typically observable in the D” layer, is

achieved only when [001] is oriented vertically at relevant pressures. Finally we conclude that MgGeO3 are not fully comparable to those of MgSiO3, in particular for the velocity contrasts across the phase change, though we may consider MgGeO3 as one of good low-pressure analogs of MgSiO3.

Preliminary Experiments using the Deformation-DIA Apparatus

“MADONNA”Takaaki KAWAZOE

(COE Postdoctral Fellow)

Figure 1 . Electrical resistance of GaP with applied press load during compression process. The generated pressure is the highest record using a cubic-anvil apparatus (including the D-DIA apparatus).

Yusuke USUI(COE Postdoctral Fellow)

Elastic properties of MgGeO3 postperovskite by first principles

calculations

Figure 1 . (top) Volume dependence of the normalized elastic constants of MgGeO3 and MgSiO3 post perovskite (bottom) Pressure dependence of the elastic anisotropy of MgGeO3 and MgSiO3 post perovskite. Polarization anisotropy of S waves in transversely isotropic media with the three possible orientations of the major crystalline axes: a, b, and c oriented vertically.

Ehime University JapanUniversity of Tokyo (Geochem. Lab.) JapanUniversity of Tokyo (Inst. Solid State Phys.) JapanJapan Synchrotron Research Institute JapanHokkaido University JapanKyushu University JapanHiroshima University JapanNational Institute for Materials Science JapanGakushuin University JapanOkayama University JapanTokyo Institute of Technology JapanOsaka University JapanKyoto University JapanUniversity of Hyogo JapanJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Japan Science Technology (IFREE)China University of Geosciences ChinaJiling University ChinaPeking University ChinaChinese Academy of Science (Inst. Geochem.) ChinaChinese Academy of Science (Inst. Geol. Geophys.) ChinaYanshan University ChinaSichuan University ChinaSeoul National University KoreaNational Chen Kung University TaiwanAustralian National University Australia

Advisors: Yanbin Wang, GSECARS, Univ. Chicago Baosheng Li, MPI, Stony Brook Univ. Juhua Chen, Florida Int. Univ. Yingwei Fei, Carnegie Inst. Washington

THE ASIAN NETWORKIN DEEP EARTH MINERALOGY

TANDEM

International session in JPGU meeting

An international session relevant to deep Earth mineralogy was held during the period of the annual meeting of Japan Geoscience Union (16-21 May). This session was run for three days, entitled as “Dynamics and Evolution of the deep Earth”, convened by T. Katsura (Okayama Univ.), D. Zhao (Tohoku Univ.), and M. Kameyama (Ehime Univ.), in order to enhance international communications and collaborations in deep Earth mineralogy, particularly in the Asian region. Our global COE program contributed to invite some foreign researchers, including Dr. Yingwei Fei of Geophysical Laboratory, CIW, and Nadege Hilairet of GSECARS, Univ. Chicago, and will continue to play major roles in the corresponding international sessions in forthcoming years. Contributions of papers from TANDEM laboratories are to be most welcome in these sessions of the JPGU meeting held every May in Makuhari, near Tokyo.

News & Events

TANDEM Laboratories (2009 May)

Brief Communications

A visit to CUG in Wuhan

I had an opportunity to visit China University of Geoscience (CUG) in Wuhan briefly in April and communicate with the headquarters, including the President of CUG (Prof. Jingao Zhang), Dean of Faculty of Earth Sciences (Prof. Xiulong Lai), Director of State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources (GPMR, Prof. Shan Gao), and Prof. Zhenmin Jin, a member of Chinese Academy of Science. I also enjoyed talking with the faculty staff members and students at GPMR and a campus/lab tour organized by Prof. Jin. I found staff members of GPMR are of world-level and the laboratories there are very well equipped and organized, particularly those related to experimental geochemistry and petrology. I was also impressed by the students of GPMR, who are highly motivated and prepared to step into new research fields, in addition to their high ability to communicate in English. Wuhan is the capital of Hubei province with a population of about 10 million, and consists of a mixture of urban high-rise buildings and traditional Chinese downtown areas. Although I did not have time to explore the city on this visit, I do hope to see some famous spots, such as Yellow Crane Tower, in my next trip to Wuhan. Finally, I would like to thank Profs. Jin and Junfeng Zhang of GPMR for their warm hospitality during my stay (article by T. Irifune).

TANDEM Laboratories

Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University

Geodynamics Research Center (GRC) of Ehime University is the core insti tute of the global COE program on Deep Earth Mineralogy, which is one of three COE programs selected in Earth and planetary science field among all Japanese universities. GRC focuses its studies on structures, physical properties, dynamics and evolution of deep Earth, based on experimental and theoretical grounds. GRC now has 15 faculty members (including tenure-track positions and COE professor positions) and more than 10 post-docs and research fe l lows , as wel l as ~15 graduate and ~10 undergraduate students. The activities of GRC and global COE are strongly supported by about 15 technical, administrative, and official staff members, such as “Research Administrator” and “Lab Manager”, which have been firstly introduced to GRC as entirely new positions in Japanese universities. These figures of the GRC members are increasing year by year, and we expect the total number will soon reach ~80.

E x p e r i m e n t a l b r a n c h o f G R C i s m a d e o f 5 m a j o r research/education groups, focusing on (1) high-pressure Earth science and technical development, (2) diamond and new materials synthesis, (3) fluid and magma, (4) rheology, and (5) applications of diamond anvil cell and quantum beams, while theoretical study groups are (6) mineral physics based on ab initio calculations and (7) simulation of mantle and core dynamics. All of these groups organize their own seminars, in addition to the “Geodynamics Seminar” given in English regularly held on Friday for whole GRC members. In addition to these seminars, we invite world-leading scientists for “International Lecture” and “International Frontier Seminar” series open to researchers/students outside GRC.

Experimental groups share rich high-pressure experimental and analytical facility at GRC. GRC has three conventional Kawai-type multianvil apparatus (ORAGNGE-1000, 2000, 3000) for high-pressure phase equilibrium and physical measurement studies, as well as new world-largest D-DIA (MADONNA-1500) and 6000-ton Kawai-type apparatus (BOTCHAN-6000) for deformation and materials synthesis experiments, respectively. Moreover, a new version of MADONNA (MADONNA-II) for operation of sintered-diamond cell will be introduced within this year.

GRC also has more than 10 diamond anvil cells with a YAG laser hea t ing sys tem, in addi t ion to a Dr ickamer and a piston-cylinder apparatus. The analytical instruments available include 200keV analytical TEM, SEM-EDX combined with micro-Raman spectroscopy, FE-SEM with EBSD and EDX, high-power X-ray with high-temperature furnace and micro-focus attachment, FIB, micro FT-IR, etc. Utilizing these apparatus and instruments, as well as synchrotron X-ray source of SPring-8 which is easily accessible from GRC, experimental groups have greatly contributed to the precise determinations of phase transitions in

deep mantle and subducted s labs, e last ic wave veloci ty measurement under the mantle transition region, behavior of water in deep mantle, etc. Synthesis of new materials have also been conducted in collaboration with related laboratories in physics, chemistry, materials science, using high-pressure facility at GRC. One such successful example is the nano-polycrystalline diamond (NPD=HIME-DIA) invented by GRC, which was found to be the hardest material ever synthesized, and industrial and scientific applications of this novel material has been pursued at GRC and related laboratories.

Theoretical mineral physics group is pursuing investigations of ultra-high pressure and high-temperature behaviors of Earth and planetary materials and also related materials based primarily on the first principles computation techniques. Major interests are 1. density functional computation of complex minerals and related materials and their physiscal properties (structural property, thermodynamics, elasticity, etc. of major lower mantle and core phases). 2. development of fundamental methods for calculation techniques, 3. theory of materials at extreme condition, 4. Earth's structure and dynamics. The group's recent achievements include qu i te impor tan t pos t -perovsk i te t rans i t ion in MgSiO 3 , pressure-induced spin transition of iron in ferropericlase, P-V-T equations of state of major materials, dense structures, melt, iron alloy, etc. The method is now extended to solid-solution thermodynamics, and these studies have drastically advanced our understanding of the Earth's deep mantle mineralogy. This group is now updating the GRC parallel computing system. New cluster system has approximately 400 cores and 400 GB memory in total with quad-core Xeon processors. See web site for further i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t y o f t h e g r o u p (http://www.sci.ehime-u.ac.jp/~takut/index_e.html).

Mantle and core dynamics group also uses parallel computing system, as well as super computers such as Earth Simulator, to simulate dynamics of the whole mantle, mantle-core boundary, and outer core of the Earth, based on fluid dynamics and other physics disciplines. Development of cutting-edge computational techniques relevant to dynamics and evolution of the Earth is also a major

research subject of this group. Physical parameters obtained by both experimental and theoretical mineral physics groups are used to simulate various phenomena in E a r t h ’ s a n d p l a n e t a r y d e e p interiors.

Correspondence:Prof. Tetsuo Irifune([email protected])

TANDEM Laboratories




Edited by Akira Yamada and Tomo Ohkuma

Laboratory of High Pressure Science & Technology (HPST) , Sichuan University

Sichuan University (SCU) is a national key university directly under the State Ministry of Education. As the largest university in the west of China, SCU has a history of more than 110 years and enjoys a deep cultural background and eminent scholarly research tradition. It has 2 national key labs, 6 national engineering centers, 5 ministerial key labs, 35 provincial key labs, 10 ministerial and provincial centers, 4 key research bases for humanities and social sciences, and 4 clinical research bases at the national level. Besides, it has 12 first-class disciplines to grant Doctor’s degree and Master’s degree, 111 second-class disciplines to grant Doctor’s degree, 178 Master programs, 6 specialized degree programs, and 16 post-doctor stations. The 109 bachelor programs cover the major fields in liberal arts, sciences, engineering, medicine and agriculture. SCU has a current student population of more than 70 thousands.

The Laboratory of High Pressure Science & Technology (HPST) was supported by the Atomic and Molecular Physics Institute of SCU. The predecessor of the HPST laboratory was the High Temperature and High Pressure Physics Institute, which was established by Chengdu University of Science and Technology (now is SCU) and Fluid Physics Institute of China Academy of Engineering Physics in 1983. The HPST began to recruit graduate students for master and doctoral degree majored in Atomic and Molecular Physics since 1985. In 2006, it began to recruit graduate students for master and doctoral degree majored in High Pressure & Technology, which is the earliest specialty in China.

The HPST original main purpose was to provide a platform on the research and application of the dynamic and static high pressure. It is one of the earliest labs to perform the research on the synthesis of made-made diamond and cBN. Currently, its researches are mainly focusing on novel superhard materials, solidification and crystal growth at high pressure, non-crystalline materials and new energy materials, elastic moduli and strength of strong materials under high pressure as well as development of technology for large volume press.

The laboratory currently houses a two-stage gas gun, 6×800 ton cubic press, and 6×2500 ton cubic press. The two-stage gas gun can generate the pressure up to 300 GPa, the 6×800 ton cubic press equipped with self-designed 6-8 two-stage apparatus can enhance the P/T condition up to 25 GPa/2000oC, and the 6×2500 ton cubic press is currently the largest tonnage high-pressure apparatus in laboratories of the world. In addition to those high P/T apparatus, the HPST is also equipped with X-ray diffraction apparatus (DX2500), Vickers hardness tester (FV700), and high vacuum furnace system (WZB-20), Numerical Control Machine, etc.

Professor Duanwei He is the head of the HPST. There are currently 5 faculties, 6 PhD students and about 20 master students in the group. The HPST has a weekly seminar on a regular basis, and always welcomes speakers and audience from outside the laboratory.

The laboratory always contributes zealously to the international corporations. Last century, Professor Masao Wakatsuki, the first person to successfully grow the synthetic diamond in Japan, has been invited as the visiting professor of the HPST laboratory. The two laboratories have exchange scholar programs and also accomplished two joint projects sponsored by Japan Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. At present, the laboratory is collaborating actively with many other international research laboratories in high-pressure fields including Geodynamics Research Center (GRC) at Ehime University, Geosciences department at Princeton University, LANSCE division at Los Alamos National Laboratory, etc. We look forward to establishing close and sustained collaborations with any interested individual or laboratories of the TANDEM on high-pressure researches and training of young scientists and graduate students.

Correspondence: Prof. Duanwei He ([email protected])





No. 3, September 25, 2009

News & Events

International awards to young scientists

Two young scientists of GRC received international awards during the 22nd general assembly of International Association for the Advancement of High-Pressure Science and Technology (AIRAPT) held in Tokyo on 26-31 July.

Dr. Yasuhiro Kuwayama, an assistant professor of GRC, received Jamieson award from AIRAPT, for his outstanding research achievements in high-pressure mineral physics using a laser-heated diamond anvil cell. The executive committee of AIRAPT selects one young scientist for Jamieson award mainly from research fields relevant to geophysics and high-pressure physics. This award is in memory of Prof. J.C. Jamieson of Chicago Univ., who greatly contributed to the invention and development of diamond anvil cell technology. Dr. Kuwayama is the second person who received this award from Japan, and gave a 40 minute award lecture.

Mr. Takehiro Kunimoto, a PhD student at GRC, received a Student Poster Award during this meeting, as one of seven outstanding poster presenters in three-day poster sessions. He presented some of the latest results on application of nano-polycrystalline diamond (NPD = HIME-Dia) to a 6-8-2 type multianvil apparatus, resulting in generation of pressures as high as 125 GPa, at 1000 K. This is the highest pressure ever reported in multianvil apparatus.

Hot discussion on novel pressure scalesIntensive discussion was made on existing and new pressure

scales among ~40 participants in a summer school held at GRC on 3-5 August. Establishing practical pressure scales based on adequate P-V-T equations of state (EOS) is one of the major issues relevant to the deep Earth mineralogy. Prof. Taku Tsuchiya of GRC, whose pressure scale of gold is well cited and sometimes referred to as "Tsuchiya-scale", organized a summer school in Matsuyama for the satellite meeting of AIRAPT, held in Tokyo in the preceding week.

Some internationally well-acknowledged speakers in both theoretical and experimental studies were invited to GRC from various countries, and had intensive discussion with the participants for three days, focusing on the current status and future perspectives of the P-V-T EOSs suitable as pressure scales. One of the highlights of the summer school is a special lecture by Prof. W. B. Holzapfel, Univ. Paderborn in Germany, who is the authority of P-V-T EOS studies and made a comprehensive review talk on these topics. A

new method of deriving a unified EOS utilizing available experimental data sets was proposed by Dr. Yoshinori Tange, an assistant professor of GRC, who gave a talk on the performance of a series of new EOSs, referred to as "EHIME-scale", based on this method.

Internship for crystal structure analysis

An internship for crystal structure analysis was held on 19-21 August, attended by PhD students and postdoctoral fellows, as well as some faculty members of GRC and GL. The lecturer, Dr. Kazuki Komatsu of GL, Univ. Tokyo, made a comprehensive lecture on the basics of crystal structure analysis, followed by some practice in using major software packages, such as VESTA and GSAS. Training of young scientists in applications of various "quantum beams", particularly X-ray and neutron, to deep Earth mineralogy is one of the purposes of the education program of the present global COE, and this internship offered an opportunity to learn practical method for analysis of crystal structures using observed diffraction data. The internship program will continue in laboratories related to the present COE program.

Dr. Kuwayama Mr. Kunimoto

News & Events

Paper highlighted by Nature Geoscience

Dr. Steeve Gréaux, a COE postdoctoral fellow at GRC published his research paper entitled "Experimental high pressure and high temperature study of the incorporation of uranium in Al-rich CaSiO3

perovskite" in Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors (vol.174, 254-263), which has been picked up in "Nature Geoscience" as one of the articles in Research Highlights (Nat. Geosci., vol.2, 5). Another paper by a COE postdoctoral fellow of GRC was also picked up by the same journal as a highlight (see, No.2 of this news letter) earlier this year, demonstrating high quality of researches conducted by the young scientists of GRC. Further details of Dr. Gréaux's work are summarized in this issue.

Awards to COE members

Two of the COE executive members, Profs. Tetsuo Irifune of GRC and Hiroyuki Kagi of Geochem. Lab. (GL), Univ. Tokyo, received the most prestigious awards of two major Japanese Societies relevant to high-pressure studies and mineral sciences, respectively. Prof. Irifune was selected as the winner of the Japan Society of High Pressure Science and Technology Award, and gave a plenary lecture during the joint meeting with AIRAPT-22 held in Tokyo in July. The Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences Award was given to Prof.Kagi, who gave a special talk during the annual meeting of the association held in Sapporo in September. Meanwhile, Prof. Kiyoshi Fujino, also a staff member of GRC, received the Research Paper Award of the latter society during the meeting, as one of the co-authors. Moreover, Mr. Akihito Sogabe, a graduate student at GRC, and Mr. Toru Yoshino, also a student at

GL received Outstanding Research Presentation Award in this meeting. Only three students were selected for this award.

A new high-pressure form of M2O3

A research team of Prof. Taku Tsuchiya of GRC and Dr. Hitoshi Yusa of NIMS (Guest Researcher of GRC) found a new high-pressure form with the Gd2S3-type structure as a result of a phase transition from Sc2O3 at about 20 GPa, using both diamond anvil cell experiments and first-principle calculations. The new structure was found to possess octahedrally coordinated cations and

results in a quite large density increase by about 13% upon the transition. The same phase transition was also found in In2O3, suggesting that the new structure could a l s o b e i m p o r t a n t i n d e e p E a r t h mineralogy. An illustration of the new structure and phase transition sequence was adopted as the cover page of the journal "Inorganic Chemistry", issued by the American Chemical Society.

Inter-institutional workshop in Bayreuth, Germany

A workshop attended by the global COE members and the members at Bayeriches Geoinsitut (BGI), University of Bayreuth, was held on 17-19 June, at Eremitage old palace in the suburb of Bayreuth. About 70 people, 30 from the GRC side, gathered, and oral and poster presentations were made mostly by young scientists, such as PhD students and postdoctoral fellows.

The best presentation award was given to two presenters, Drs. Shinichi Machida, GRC, and Micaela Longo, BGI, with Germany wine and Japanese sake as supplementary prizes, respectively, by the selection committee made of 12 "senior" members from both sides. This workshop was held to improve ability of research presentations in English for young scientists, as well as to enhance mutual interactions and collaborations between the two institutes, who have an agreement on exchange of people and collaboration in research/education.

During the workshop in Bayreuth, participants from GRC side visited BGI for a lab tour, and also discussed with the people at BGI on details of the experimental techniques and facilities. After the lab tour, a BBQ party was held at BGI and all the participants enjoyed further discussion and communication with fine German Beer. At the end of the workshop, an excursion tour to an old castle and a limestone cave was arranged by BGI, where the participants learned some history and nature of this region in Bavaria.

Prof. Irifune Prof. Kagi

Mr. SogabeProf. Fujino Mr.Yoshino

Larger HIME-Dia now available with BOTCHAN

Up to about 7 mm "HIME-Dia" (or nano-polycrystalline diamond, NPD) rods in both diameter and length are now produced at GRC using a newly constructed large-volume multianvil apparatus (BOTCHAN) operated in a 6000-ton press. Thus synthesized HIME-Dia rods are processed with a pulse-laser to form various shapes and used as anvils for high-pressure apparatus. Press loads of only up to about 3000 tons have been used for synthesis of such HIME-Dia rods, and those exceeding 1 cm in dimensions are expected to be produced when the capacity of BOTCHAN is fully used.

Lecture & Seminar

International Frontier Seminer

8th (14 May)"Experimental constraints on the chemistry and physical state of the terrestrial planetary cores"Lecturer : Prof. Yingwei Fei (Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, USA)

9th (28 May)"Rheology of serpentines, seismicity and mass transfer in subduction zone"Lecturer : Prof. Bruno Reynard (Laboratoire de Sciences de la Terre UMR CNRS 5570, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France)

10th (22 July)"Magma to Molecules: Simulation of Abiotic Organic Synthesis at Mid-Ocean Ridge Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems" Lecturer : Prof. John R. Holloway (Institute for Geothermal Sciences, Kyoto University & Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, and School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University)

11th (24 August)"Laboratory-based Interpretation of Upper-mantle Seismic Tomograms: Progress and Prospects"Lecturer : Prof. Eiji Ito (Institute for Study of the Earth's Interior, Okayama University, Japan)

12th (2 September)"Water Distribution Across the Mantle Transition Zone in Earth and Its Implications for the Evolution of Ocean"Lecturer : Prof. Shun-ichiro Karato(Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University)

The 2nd International Special Lecture Lecturer: Prof. Shun-ichiro Karato (Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University) Date: 2-3 September, Ehime Univ. Lecture I : Some recent progress in the study of plastic deformation

in minerals: Applications to the dynamics of Earth and other terrestrial planets

Lecture II : A new approach to the equation of state of liquids: Applications to the evolution of Earth and other terrestrial planets

Forthcoming Events

News & Events

The 2nd YESA Workshop(YESA: Young Earth Scientist Association)

"Seismic observations for the deep Earthand the interpretation"

28-29 September, Ehime University

Takuto Maeda, Seismic Energy Radiation from low-frequency tremor

Youjiro Yamamoto, Seismic velocity structure off Miyagi forearc region, central part of NE Japan

Yoshihiro Yamamoto, Global P-wave tomography of mantle plumes and subducting slabs

Genchi Toyokuni , Eff icient Computat ion of Seismic Wave Propagation through Whole Earth for Investigation of Deep Structures

Kensuke Konishi, Waveform inversion for seismic structure in D"Yusuke Usui , Numerical modeling of D" anisot ropy by the

calculation for polycrystalline elasticityNoriyoshi Tsujino, Equation of state of γ-Fe and γ-Fe64 Ni36 alloysHiroki Ichikawa, Thermal distribution resulting from planetary core

formation by iron rain in a magma oceanYasuhiro Kuwayama, Phase relat ions of i ron alloys and its

implications for the structure of the Earth's inner coreTakako Satsukawa, Fabric Characteristics and Seismic Properties of

Mantle beneath South Central North America: Constraints from Peridotite Xenoliths from Knippa and Kilbourne Hole

Ikuo Katayama, Where anisotropy is distributed in the mantle wedge?

Akihiro Yamada, Structural change in hydrous magma under upper mantle conditions

Forthcoming Events

New Members Hiroki ICHIKAWA (COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

Li Lei (COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

Tomohiro OHUCHI (COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

Matthew L. Whitaker (COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

I received my Ph.D f rom Sichuan University on June 2009. My doctoral dissertation was on investigating phase transitions of LiMO2 (M=B, Al, Ga) compounds under high pressure as well as high-pressure synthesis of GaN crystals through solid-state metathesis reaction. GaN is considered as one of the most promising semiconductor materials for LEDs and LDs because of its wide-band gap as well as thermal

and chemical stability. The newly found chemical reaction may imply an effective synthetic route to not only GaN but also other novel materials. I'd like to continue this interesting research at GRC. Geophysically, a minor fraction of borate component in silicate magma may affect the geodynamics in Earth's interior. Borate exhibits interesting behaviors at high pressure. Exploring the nature of borate at high pressure, therefore, is also my current research interest.

I have moved from Yale University in June. I majored in the exper imental petrology, particularly microstructural evolution of rocks controlled by diffusion p r o c e s s , a nd go t a Ph D a t Tohok u University in 2007. I have wanted to understand the evolution of the Earth from the v iew poi nt of "m ic ros t r uc t u re". Deformation is one of the most essential processes controlling the evolution of the Earth, and microstructure of rocks evolves

during deformation. So, I started deformation studies when I moved to Yale, and I am now concentrating in it. I would like to contribute to GRC and the GCOE program by conducting my researches.

I moved to GRC f rom ENS Lyon in May. I was working on a development of a numerical m e t h o d t o c a l c u l a t e a me t a l - s i l ica t e se pa r a t ion process in the planetary core formation process and received Ph.D. from the university of Tokyo in 2008. I made 10cm length scale calculations of

metal-silicate separation process in the magma ocean to estimate size or velocity of metal droplets. Throughout my research, my main tool has been computational f luid dynamics. I would like to contribute to the understanding of the core formation process and the mantle convection.

I started working with the GRC at the beginning of September of 2009 after finishing my Ph.D. in Mineral Physics at Stony Brook University in August 2009. I have an extensive background in experimental mineralogy and petrology, and my dissertation research focused on examining the physical properties of i ron / l ig ht- element a l loys a t h ig h pressu res and temperat u res using

synchrotron X-ray diffraction in Diamond Anvil Cells and a combination of synchrotron radiation techniques with ultrasonic inter feromet ry measurements in the Mult i-Anvil Cell. The information obtained from these experimental studies can be used to make some determinations about the composition of the Earth's core. I hope to eat some good sushi, sing some good karaoke, and contribute to the overall mission of the GRC and GCOE during my stay here by expanding our knowledge of the composition of planetary cores by using these experimental mineral physics techniques.

Internship Program"Tutorial for Synchrotron in situ X-ray Diffraction Experiment under High Pressure

and High Temperature"

Date: 30 November - 4 December, 2009, Venue: SPring-8Lecturer: Ken-ichi Funakoshi, Yuji Higo

(Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), SPring-8)

This is a practical internship program focused on a basic procedure for synchrotron in situ X-ray diffraction experiment under high pressure and high temperature. It would be particularly

suitable for PhD students, P o s t - D o c a n d y o u n g s c i e n t i s t s w h o a r e beginners for in situ X-ray d if f ract ion exper iment under high pressure and h igh temperat u re. T he e x p e r i m e n t w i l l b e conducted using a large volu me h ig h p r e s s u r e a p p a r a t u s ( M A8 - t y p e

(Kawai-type) apparatus), SPEED-1500 or SPEED-MkII in SPring-8. Anyone who would like to know how to conduct in situ X-ray diffraction experiments using a Kawai-type apparatus at SPring-8 or anyone who plans to do such an experiment at SPring-8 will be also welcome.

The internship will include the following programs.1) Lecture for synchrotron in situ X-ray diffraction experiment

under high pressure and high temperature,2) Preparation of high pressure cell assembly,3) In situ X-ray diffraction experiment under high pressure and

high temperature,4) Analysis for the obtained diffraction data

In this internship, we will observe olivine - wadsleyite transformation in Mg2SiO4, and then collect the P-V-T data of wadsleyite in wide pressure and temperature range. Using the data, we will determine the P-V-T equation of state for wadsleyite. The number of participants would be limited to 15. Contact address: Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuayama 790-8577, JAPAN Toru Inoue (Professor), Email: [email protected]@RIKEN/JASRI

Hot Researches by Young ScientistsPhase relation of Ca-rich garnets under High-pressure and high-

temperatureSteeve Gréaux

( COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

To understand the structure of the Earth’s mantle transition zone has become a challenge for geoscientists in the past years. Main discontinuities in the upper part of the mantle are usually associated with the HP-HT polymorphism of olivine. However, in the lowermost part of the transition zone, this model cannot completely explain observed seismic variations (Irifune et al., 2008). Such variations could find an answer in chemical and/or structural transforma-tions in non-olivine materials within the mantle’s transition zone (Deuss et al., 2006). Majorite garnet is a major phase of the transition zone, whose behavior is of importance to explain the structure at the base of the transition zone (Irifune and Ringwood, 1993, 1995; Karato et al., 1995).

Because of its complex nature and as the composition of garnets might significantly vary in the mantle, it is difficult to investi-gate majoritic garnet as a function of pressure, temperature and chemical compo-sition. Therefore several experimentalists investigated the HP-HT phase relations of garnet endmembers (Irifune et al., 1996; Akaogi et al., 1998; Takafuji et al., 2002).

Unlike magnesian- and iron-rich garnets, the HP-HT behaviour of Ca-rich garnets is still poorly constrained. Grossular garnet is one of the most significant Ca-rich endmember of mantle garnets. In order to clarify the situation we investigated the HP-HT phase transitions in Ca3Al2Si3O12

using Kawai-type multi-anvil press appara-tus coupled with in situ X-ray diffraction techniques at the synchrotron facility, Spring-8. Recovered samples were analyzed by micro-focused X-ray diffrac-tion (μ-XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our experiments showed a transformation sequence at 20-30 GPa and ~800-1500 K. First, an Al-Ca-perovskite gets exsolved and coexists with grossular garnet. Second, grossular garnet completely transforms into a tetragonal “Grossular”-perovskite. As temperature increases, Gr-perovskite transforms to the cubic perovskite structure. Finally, at high temperature, CaAl4Si2O11 CAS phase appears besides two compositionally distinct populations of Al-Ca-perovskites. These new results suggest a slow and

progressive exsolvation of Al-Ca-perovskite from the garnet, with the occur-rence of Gr-perovskite at intermediate temperature. It is also likely that an additional phase is required at high-temperature to accommodate the excess of Al in the Ca-perovskite (Saikia et al., 2008).

Fig. 1. Phase relations of Ca3Al2Si3O12 grossular garnet at HP-HT. Squares: grossular; diamonds: grossular + Al-Ca-perovskite; circles: Gr-perovskite; triangles: Al-Ca-perovskite + CAS phase. Plain and open symbols are in situ at HP-HT and recovered samples data, respectively. Crys-tal structure illustrations stand for CAS phase, CaSiO3 perovskite and grossular garnet, up to down.

Technical development of a 6-8-2 t y pe mult ianv i l system w ith

nano-polycrystalline diamond

Takehiro KUNIMOTO(PhD student)

Kawai-type multianvil apparatus (KMA) and diamond anvil cell (DAC) have been widely used as the devices to study the Earth's interior. KMA has an advantage in producing homogeneous temperature and p r e s s u re i n l a rge r s a mple volu me s compared with DAC. On the other hand, DAC has an advantage in generating higher P-T conditions equivalent to the Earth's core region, while the P-T condit ions achievable with KMA have been limited to those of the middle region of the lower mantle. I have been developing the 6-8-2 type multianvil system (6-8-2 MA) toward

higher pressure generation utilizing the advantages of KMA and DAC.

In situ X-ray diffraction experiments were car r ied out using a large volume K M A (S PE E D - M k . I I ) a t BL 0 4B1, SPring-8. We adopted nano-polycrystalline diamond (NPD or HIME-Dia) invented at GRC, as third-stage anvil material, which exhibited remarkable performance as anvil material in my preliminary experiments (Kunimoto et al., 2008). The generated pressure was calculated f rom several equations of state for MgO, while the temperature was measured with a W-Re thermocouple.

U s i n g t h e p r e s e n t 6 - 8 -2 M A , I successf ul ly ach ieved the maximum pressure of 125.2 GPa by an EOS model of Jamieson et al. (1982), 124.4 GPa by Tange et al. (2009), under room temperature, at a press load of 5.0 MN. The sample was then h e a t e d a t t h i s p r e s s l o a d , w i t h a temperature fluctuation of less than 5 K. A slight increase of pressure from 125.2 to 125.9 GPa was noted with increasing temperatu re to 1000 K, where X-ray diffraction patterns of the sample were a c q u i r e d . T h e p r e s s u r e d e c r e a s e d significantly at higher temperatures, but was maintained at 83.7 GPa for two hours at 1300 K. The pressure at this temperature was almost constant within 0.5 GPa.

The P-T limits in multianvil apparatus with various techniques are shown in Fig.

1, which have been substantially expanded by the present technical development of 6-8-2 MA. With this new high-pressure system combined with NPD, I hope to accurately study the phase transitions at the P-T conditions of the Earth's lowermost mantle.

Fig. 1. Pressure-temperature limits in various types of multianvil apparatus. KMA (WC), Conventional Kawai type multianvil apparatus with tungsten carbide anvils (e.g. Irifune et al., 1992); KMA (SD), Kawai type multianvil apparatus with sintered diamond anvil (e.g. Ito, 2007); 6-2 MA, 6-2 type multianvil system (Utsumi and Aoki, 2003); 6-8-2 MA, 6-8-2 type multianvil system (present study).

TANDEMTHE ASIAN NETWORKIN DEEP EARTH MINERALOGY

News Brief Communications

Advanced Crystallography at High Pressure

I had an opportunity to give a talk about current high-pressure techniques using multianvil apparatus in GRC, in an international conference "Advanced Crystallography at High Pressure" held as an activity of the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) Commission on High Pressure on July 19-22, 2009 at Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), China. This was the 9th meeting organized by the IUCr Commission on High Pressure since 1998. Harbin is a capital city in the northern part of China and located at a latitude of 45º45' north, which approximately corresponds to the northernmost region of Japan. About 80 participants (34 from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, Japan, Korea, Russia, Poland, UK, Ukraine, and USA; 48 from China) gave oral presentations (39) and poster presentations (36) on the high-pressure crystallography from various aspects such as geosciences and planetary sciences, materials sciences; amorphous, liquid, non-crystalline and nanocrystalline solids, biological solids, simple organic systems; magnetic and electronic phenomena, chemistry, theory, techniques, and so on. Some of the member of TANDEM gave contributions to the conference. The conference was started at the Science Park of HIT. From the second day, sessions were held in a conference room at the Songhuajiang Gloria Plaza Garden Hotel beside the Songhua River, and concentrated and hot discussions were made in a good atmosphere. In addition to the scientific sessions, a tour in Harbin and a conference banquet were planed in the afternoon of the third day, and we enjoyed the Tiger Zoo, the Sun Island Park which is famous for the Ice Sculpture Festival in the winter season, and the delicious Chinese food. Finally, I would like to thank the local organizer Prof. Haozhe Liu and his colleagues of HIT for their warm hospitality during the conference. The next year's meeting is locally organized by Dr. Chris Tulk, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA.

http://shp.hit.edu.cn/Meetings/2009IUCr_HP/Home.htm(article by Y. Tange)

A special PhD course in deep Earth mineralogy has been set up in the Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, which annually invites two students from Asian countries with full financial supports from the University. The entrance exam will be made in May, and the successful candidates may enter the course from the end of September. The candidates should complete their master (or equivalent) thesis by the time of entrance. In this special course, GRC offers ideal environments for advanced exper imental and /or computat ional s t ud ies on ultrahigh-pressure mineralogy and related sciences. Two students from the Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University are allowed to enter the course this year.

For more details on the application of FY2009, seehttp://deep-earth-mineralogy.jp/g-coe2008/english/positions/index.html

Application information for FY2010 will be announced March or April, 2010.

Special course open to Asian students

Internship students from CUG to GRC

TANDEM Laboratories

The Geochemical Laboratory at the University of Tokyo was originally founded as "Laboratory for Earthquake Chemistry" in 1978 for developing earthquake prediction from geochemical observations of groundwater. After a couple of decades from the foundation, the mission of the laboratory shifted gradually into fundamental geochemical researches for material science/chemistry of deep earth minerals, trace isotope geochemistry/cosmochemistry, spectroscopic observations of volatiles, etc. The Geochemical Laboratory currently has 7 faculty members, 3 post-docs, 3 supporting staffs, 8 PhD students and 6 master-course students. One of the marked features is that the laboratory belongs to the chemistry department and most of the graduate students majored in chemistry. We will contribute to the geoscience community by supplying people who have a background in chemistry.

"Deep Earth mineralogy" group has two faculty members, Kagi and Komatsu, and 4 PhD students are studying under their supervision. We join with the GCOE program on deep earth mineralogy headed by Geodynamic Research Center, Ehime University and TANDEM. Our research group mainly focuses on the spectroscopic observations of deep earth mate r ia l s a nd hyd rous m i ne ra l s a t h ig h pressu re , crystallographic studies on minerals at high pressure using X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques, surface chemistry of crystal growth and dissolution, etc. Representative distinguishing instruments are three-dimensional Raman mapping system for imaging stress distributions around inclusions in diamonds, a high-intensity X-ray diffractometer with a fine-focused rotary anode, imaging plate and confocal mirrors for in-house X-ray diffraction measurements using

DAC, IR and Raman microprobe for DAC, atomic force microscopes (AFM) for surface observations of crystal surface with the atomic scale, etc. These analytical tools have been improved from commercially available instruments with our original idea. Collaborations with people who are not familiar with these measurements are strongly welcomed and many geologists/pet rologists visit the laboratory for collaborative works.

It is also worthwhile to note that we are leading the high-pressure neutron diffraction project at J-PARC by collaborating with many colleagues all over Japan headed by Professor Takehiko Yagi at the Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo. Neutron scattering experiments under high pressure will be one of the strongest tools for studying water in the earth’ s interior. In 2007, JSPS funded us the Grant-in-Aid for Creative Scientific Research entitled "Material sciences at ultra-high pressure using the strongest

spallation neutron source". We are trying to apply HIME-DIA (nano polycrystalline diamond developed at GRC) as a new high-pressure generat i ng dev ice for neut ron scattering. The construction of the high-pressure beamline at the pulsed neutron facility in J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Complex) will be completed in a couple of years. Complementary studies using these measurements will shed light on mater ial science of deep ear th minerals. We st rongly hope for f u r t h e r c o l l a b o r a t i o n s a n d exchanges of knowledge and people to further develop the sciences in TANDEM.

Correspondence:Prof. Hiroyuki Kagi

([email protected])

Geochemical Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo

S P r i n g - 8 ( S u p e r P h o to n r i n g - 8 G eV ) i s a l a r g e third-generation synchrotron radiation facility which delivers the most powerful synchrotron radiation currently available in the world. SPring-8 has been in operation for users since October 3, 1997. Consisting of narrow, powerful beams of electromagnetic radiation, synchrotron radiation is produced when electron beams, accelerated to nearly the speed of light, are forced to travel in a curved path by a magnetic field. The research conducted at SPring-8, located in Harima Science Park City, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, includes nanotechnology, biotechnology and industrial applications. The electron storage ring of the SPring-8 accelerator complex can potentially accommodate 62 beamlines (34 insertion devices, 4 long undulators, 23 bending magnets and 1 infrared). Currently, 49 beamlines are operational.

The "Material Structure Group І" / "Extreme structure team" has 6 researchers, and 3 beamlines are used for high pressure and high temperature experiments.

One of the beamline BL04B1, "High Pressure and High Temperature Research beamline" is a white X-ray beamline from a bending magnet. The use of high energy X-ray (20 - 150 keV) is suitable for energy-dispersive diffraction experiments using a solid state detector (SSD) and X-ray radiography experiments using a CCD camera. This beamline is designed to conduct research on the materials in the Earth's interior, and many studies concerning the phase relation, equation of state, structure, kinetics, viscosity, elastic wave velocity etc., have been conducted under high pressure and

h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e c o n d i t i o n s . H i g h - p r e s s u r e a n d high-temperature experiments are performed using two large-volume presses: SPEED-1500 and SPEED-Mk.II, both of which are installed in the tandem experimental stations (Experimental hutch 1, hutch 2). These large-volume presses are constructed by double-stage (Kawai-type) high-pressure vessels with three kinds of the anvils; the tungsten carbide (WC), the diamond/SiC composite (RDC) and the sintered diamond (SD). 30 GPa or 90 GPa has been reached with the WC (26 × 26 × 26 mm3)/RDC (14 × 14 × 14 mm3) or the SD (14 × 14 × 14 mm3) over 2500 K, and this high pressure and high temperature condition corresponds to the lower mantle region in Earth's interior. Recently, the monochrometer was installed into BL04B1. The white X-ray from a bending magnet source was monochromatized by a water-cooled Si (111) monochromator, which is capable of selecting monochromatic energies 30 ~ 60 keV. The lattice strain is measured using X-ray diffraction data collected at different azimuth angles by a two-dimensional X-ray detector (Imaging Plate or X-ray CCD Camera).

In this G-COE program, Practical internship program, which focused on a basic procedure for synchrotron in situ X-ray diffraction experiment under high pressure and high temperature, is held at SPring-8.

Correspondences: Ken-ichi Funakoshi ([email protected])Yuji Higo ([email protected])

Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI, SPring-8)

TANDEM Laboratories

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No. 4, January 31, 2010

News & Events

New hot papers in Science and PNAS

Research papers by faculty staff members of GRC have been published in highly cited journals, Science and Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. in December 2009. Prof. Tetsuo Irifune and Dr. T. Shinmei of GRC reported detailed phase transitions in pyrolite at pressures up to about 50 GPa and provided new insights into the chemical composition and density changes in the lower mantle. This study has been conducted in collaboration with the research group (C. A. McCammon, N. Miyajima, D. C. Rubie, D. J. Frost) of Bayerisches Geoinstitut (BGI), University of Bayreuth. Meanwhile, Prof. Taku Tsuchiya of GRC and Dr. Kenji Kawai, a JSPS Postdoctoral Fellow, estimated temperatures of the D" layer near the mantle-core boundary, on the basis of combined ab initio calculations and seismological wave-form inversions. Both studies were reported in some major Japanese newspapers and TV news programs.

Highest pressure in a cubic anvil apparatus

Dr. Takaaki Kawazoe, a COE postdoctoral fellow at GRC, and his colleagues of the "rheology group" achieved a pressure of ~25 GPa in a DIA-type cubic apparatus (MADONNA-1500), which is the highest pressure recorded in this type of apparatus using tungsten carbide anvils. Dr. Kawazoe developed the "6-6 system", invented by Assoc. Prof. Norimasa Nishiyama of GRC, and succeeded to produce such a high pressure by optimizing the cell assembly. He fur ther applied this technique to deformation experiments, and some preliminary studies have been made on high-pressure forms of olivine at pressures up to 20 GPa, at 1700K, utilizing the D-ram system of MADONNA.

A possible new high-pressure form of Fe

Clarifying the crystal structure of iron at the P, T conditions of the Earth's inner core (>330 GPa, ~5000-6000 K) is one of the major research targets of our global COE program. Simultaneous generation of such extremely high-pressure and temperature cond it ions , however, has not been rea l i zed using s t a t ic

high-pressure vessels, such as multianvil apparatus and diamond anvil cell. Dr. Takahiro Ishikawa, an Assist. Prof. of GRC, found that a stacked disorder structure of hcp and fcc iron becomes more stable at higher temperatures under the inner core pressures, on the basis of ab initio calculations using a new computational algorithm. The disordering at higher temperature was also found to enhance elastic anisotropy of iron, which should have important implications for the structure and dynamics of the core.

Successful synthesis of further larger HIME-DIA

Synthesis of larger ultrahard nano-polycrystalline diamond (NPD = HIME-DIA) is one of important issues in developing new high-pressure technology for deep Earth mineralogy. Mr. Futoshi Isobe, a master course student at GRC, succeeded in synthesizing a f lawless HIME-DIA rod of ~8mm in both diameter and length, u si ng a la rge -volu me Kawai- t y pe mult ianv i l appa ra t u s (BOTCHAN-6000) introduced in "SOSEKI LAB" of GRC last year. He used an octahedral pressure medium of 30 mm edge length, and pressurized a graphite rod of about 1 cm, using a set of eight WC anvils with edge length of 65 mm. Thus synthesized rods will be processed and used for new high-pressure vessels.

News & Events

An interdisciplinary workshop by young scientists

The Young Earth Scientist Association (YESA) of the global COE organized the 2nd YESA workshop at GRC on 28-29 September, 2009. The workshop aimed at having extensive discussion on dynamics of the deep Earth, based on high-pressure experimental studies, numerical simulations, and seismological observations. In this workshop, emphasis was made on the interpretation of seismological observations by experimental and theoretical mineral physics studies. Eight young scientists from Hiroshima Univ., JAMSTEC, National Inst. Polar Res., Shizuoka Univ., Tohoku Univ., TiTech., and Univ. Tokyo were invited to give talks, while four speakers were selected from the YESA members of GRC. The interdisciplinary workshop, also attended by about 30 GRC members, was highly successful with extensive discussions among the young scientists, followed by further communication at izakaya restaurants.

Long-term internship students from CUG WuhanTwo master course students, Mr. Chunyin Zhou and Ms. Cuiping

Yang, from Chinese University of Geoscience (Wuhan) have been engaged in high-pressure experimental studies at GRC for about 5 months since September 2009, with financial supports from GRC. GRC and the national key laboratory at CUG Wuhan holds an agreement on the mutual exchange of students and researchers. Mr. Zhou has been working on the phase relations in iron-bearing pyroxene using the quench method, while Ms. Yang focuses her study on in situ observations of serpentine at high pressure and high temperature. Both are expected to finish their internship studies by the end of January, 2010, and write scientific papers on these subjects.

Long-term visiting PhD students from EuropeA PhD student from Bayerisches

Geoinst it ut (BGI), Mr. St ag no Vincenzo, stayed and joined in experimental studies at GRC for four m o n t h s f r o m S e p t e m b e r t o D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 9, b a s e d o n a n a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e t w o institutes. He made some successful high-pressure runs with sintered d i a m o n d a n v i l s o p e r a t e d i n MADONNA and also worked with Focused Ion Beam (FIB) for TEM

observations of some mineral inclusions in natural diamonds. Meanwhile, another PhD student of Univ. Edinburgh, Mr. Shigeto Hirai, stayed at GRC in November-December 2009, and made a number of high-pressure runs to synthesize new substances with perovskite and post-perovskite structures relevant to materials science. He is planning to visit GRC again in January 2010 for further experimental studies in this direction.

Internship for TEM analysis An internship for analytical transmission electron microscopy

(ATEM) on ear th materials was held on October 27-30. The lecturers were Prof. Kiyoshi Fujino and Dr. Hiroaki Ohfuji of GRC, Ehime Univ. The program consisted of lectures and a training course for practical ATEM operation. In the lectures, fundamental crystallography, electron diffraction, and EDS analysis were given,

while basics of ATEM operation were taught individually in the training course. Nearly 20 people of the graduate-course students, postdoctoral fellows, and faculty members attended the lectures, and 9 of those people attended the training course. ATEM is now becoming a fundamental tool to study the textures, crystal st ructures, and compositions of natural and synthetic solid materials, and particularly, important in analyses of high-pressure phases.

Internship for high P-T in situ observationAn internship program "Tutorial for in situ X-ray diffraction

experiments under high-pressure and high-temperature using synchrotron radiations" was held on 30 November to 4 December at the BL04B1 beamline at the SPring-8 as a part of the G-COE program by Dr. Funakoshi and Dr. Higo (JASRI). A total of sixteen people, including twelve beginners, participated in the internship program from Ehime Univ., Univ. Tokyo, BGI (Germany), and CUG Wuhan (China). They learned techniques relevant to in situ X-ray observations using a combination of Kawai-type multianvil apparatus and synchrotron radiation. In situ observations of phase transitions in natural olivine were carried out as well as the P-V-T measurements for each phase, followed by the data analyses assisted by the experienced postdoctoral fellows and Ph.D students from GRC. The participants also had an opportunity to visit other beamlines at the SPring-8, including XFEL (a faculty of X-ray Free-Electron Laser at the SPring-8) under construction. A special excursion was organized to visit Nishi-Harima Astronomical Observatory where NAYUTA, the largest telescope in Japan, is open to the public.

Internship for high-temperature synthesis

Prof. Toshisuke Kawasaki of Graduate School of Science and Technology of Ehime Univ., a member of the global COE program, offered an opportunity for PhD students and postdoctoral fellows to learn high-temperature synthesis techniques on 12-15 January, 2010, as one of the internship programs. Details of the techniques in high-temperature exper iments under controlled oxygen fugacities were taught to the young scientists, mostly foreign PhD students of GRC, followed by a practice on electron microprobe analysis of the produced synthetic samples. The COE members of Ehime Univ. outside GRC (Profs. T. Kawasaki, I. Ohno, and A. Yamamoto) greatly contribute to the educational programs on the basic techniques relevant to Deep Earth Mineralogy.

An international session at JpGU 2010 Meeting

An international session entitled "Mineral physics and dynamics of deep mantle" will be held as one of the sessions of the Japan

Geoscience Union (JpGU) Meeting 2010 in Makuhari during the period of 23 - 28 May. This session aims at presentations and discussions relevant to mineral physics and geodynamics of the deep mantle, with special emphasis on (1) thermal/chemical structure, (2) behaviours of fluids and/or hydrous minerals, and (3) rheology of the deep mantle. Those who are interested in contributing to this session are encouraged to submit their abstracts by noon of 5 Febr uary (JST). We par t icularly encourage researchers/students of TANDEM laboratories to give talks in this session to enhance mutual communications and collaborations in Asian countries. Dr. M. Kameyama, Assoc. Prof. of GRC, will act as the main convener for this session. For further details, see JpGU website (ht tp://www.jpgu.org/) or directly contact with Dr. Kameyama ([email protected]).

International Frontier Seminer

13th (24 September)"Physical reasons for abandoning plastic deformation measures in plasticity and viscoplasticity theory"Lecturer : Prof. Miles B. Rubin (Israel Institute of Technology, Israel)

14th (5 October)"Behavior of Xe-SiO2 and Xe-Fe systems under the condition of the Earth's interior -Application to the "Missing Xenon Problem" Lecturer : Prof. Takehiko Yagi (Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Japan)

15th (14 January)"Let's creep! - Part II" Lecturer : Prof. Yanbin Wang （Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, USA)

News & Events

Forthcoming Events

The 3rd International Special Lecture

Lecturer: Dr. Catherine McCammon (Staff Scientist, Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, Germany)

Date: 9-10 February, Ehime Univ.

Lecture I (13:00-16:00, 9 February)"Transit ion metal chemistry and the

Earth's interior"　　　1. Introduction　　　2. Crystal field theory　　　3. Crystal chemistry of transition metal-bearing minerals　　　4. Trace element geochemistry　　　5. Mantle geochemistry 16th Internarional Frontier Seminar (17:00-18:00, 9 February)

"Effect of spin transitions on properties and dynamics of the lower mantle"

Lecture II (9:00-12:00. 10 February)"Oxygen fugacity and the Earth's interior"

　　　1. Introduction　　　2. Thermodynamics　　　3. Controlling oxygen fugacity　　　4. Measuring oxygen fugacity: experiment　　　5. Measuring oxygen fugacity: natural samples　　　6. Oxygen fugacity in the Earth's mantle

Global COE activity report meeting

A meeting will be held to review the activity of the global COE program on Deep Earth Mineralogy, attended by the president of Ehime Univ. and four distinguished professors of the evaluation committee outside GRC. The outline of the whole COE activity will be presented by the program leader, Prof. T. Irifune, followed by the reports on the achievements in education and research programs by Profs. T. Inoue and T. Tsuchiya, respectively. Then the leaders of seven major resea rch g roups , i n f ive exper imenta l and 2 computational sciences, of GRC will report the activities of the individual groups. The allied members of the global COE program will also give talks on their achievements during the past two years, as follows:

Date: 15 and 16 March, 2010Venue: 6th floor, Integrated Research Building, Ehime Univ., MatsuyamaTentative program(15 March) 9:00-10:40 Outline of the global COE activities11:10-15:15 Reports from individual groups (I)15:30-17:50 Poster session18:00-20:00 Reception(16 March) 8:30-15:10 Reports from individual groups (II)15:30-16:00 Discussion and concluding remarks

New Members

Af te r g raduat i ng f rom Sichuan University in June 2009, I have been a GRC student of the Novel Mater ial Synthesis Group for my PhD courses s t udy. I majored in High Pressu re Science and Tech nolog y with t he guidance of Prof. Duanwei He, one of t h e T A N D E M m e m b e r s , o n invest igat ion of the h igh pressu re behaviors of MgAl2O4 nanoceramics and/or high-pressure synthesis and characterization of superhard/hard materials of the B-C-N-O system. My current interests are focused on the study of high pressure behaviors of such mantle materials as Mg3Al2Si3O12- Mg3Cr2Si3O12 system. In the coming years, I will devote myself to studying this system with the guidance of Prof. Irifune and Dr. Shinmei.

I star ted studying at Ehime University as a PhD student in October 2009. Usually, I work at a sen ior h igh school of M i e - p r e f e c t u r e a s a physics teacher. I have continued studying the high-pressure properties of methane hydrate by using a diamond anvil cell. The high pressure phase of methane hydrate called "filled ice" is expected to exhibit symmetrization of the framework of hydrogen bonds. In my PhD study, I am going to try to confirm this experimentally. Also, I am interested in the pedagogy of science as I have tried to foster scientific interest for the youth at the high school where I am working.

Takehiko TANAKA (PhD student) Yongtao ZOU (PhD student)

Fulong WANG (PhD student)I m o v e d t o G R C i n

S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 9 a f t e r finishing my Master's Degree in h igh pressu re and h igh t e m p e r a t u r e s c i e n c e a t Sichuan University in July 2009. I majored in developing technology for large volume h i g h p r e s s u r e a n d h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e ( LV H PH T ) experiments. I have an extensive experimental background, and my Master's dissertation research focused on developing a new type of two-stage LVHPHT apparatus based on the hinge-type cubic-anvil press. The pressure can be taken up to 20 GPa using the phase transitions of Bi, Ba, Ge, Si, ZnS, and GaAs, and the temperature can be up to 2000 K. This is the f irst t ime to achieve such conditions in China. I'd like to continue this interesting research at GRC. In addition, the system MgO-FeO-SiO2 is fundamental to our understanding of its constituents and dynamics because the total amounts of MgO, FeO, and SiO2 make up more than 90 wt % of the bulk silicate Earth. Researching the MgO-FeO-SiO2 system, therefore, is also my current research interest.

Akihiro Yamada (COE postdoctoral fellow)

I v i s i t e d A d v a n c e d Photon Source in Argonne National Laboratory, which i s a t h i r d g e n e r a t i o n synchrotron radiation source in the US, on October 20th to 27th. We are working on a in-sit u obser vat ion of sil icate melt st ructure at h i g h p r e s s u r e a n d

temperature with a Paris-Edinburgh press using X-ray diffraction. The present experiment has been performed at sector 16 BMB beamline, which is operated by HPCAT, Geophysical Laboratory,

Carnegie institution of Washington. Members from GSECars, University of Chicago have also been collaborating with us. A Par is-Edinburgh press has a la rge advantage in the wide accessibility of 2θ angle due to the simple geometry of the device. At that beamtime, we successfully obtained X-ray diffraction patterns of NaAlSi3O8 melt up to 5.5 GPa and 1600 ºC. Very few experiments under such high temperature conditions using a Paris-Edinburgh press have been reported, so far. In particular, there is no work on the structure of silicate melt, which consists of low Z elements (requires large-volume sample). The present technique is promising for the neutron diffraction of silicate melt at high pressure and temperature as well. At last, I would like to say thank the faculty at GRC very much for their kind consideration in supporting my travel to Argonne National Laboratory.

Internship Report

I have joined to COE as a project lecturer at the Univ. of Tokyo from Jan 2009, after finishing a postdoc position in the Univ. of Edinburgh. My scientific specialty is X-ray and neutron crystallography for hydrous m i n e r a l s , h y d r o g e n b o n d e d material, and molecule crystals. I have a par ticular interest in the peculiar properties and structure of high pressure polymorphs of ice. I have enthusiastically joined the high pressure neutron research project collaborated with many high pressure or neut ron researchers in the world. My current work is the technical developments for high pressure neutron study, especially for installing the Paris-Edinburgh cells at J-PARC. I am also developing high pressure and high/low temperature X-ray diffraction systems in our laboratory using an X-ray focusing mirror, which allows us to take diffraction patterns under pressure without using a synchrotron. It's my pleasure to invite you to collaborate with us if interested in these studies or techniques.

Kazuki KOMATSU (Project Lecturer)

Hot Researches by Young ScientistsIntermolecular interactions in hydro-

gen hydrate under high pressure

Shinichi MACHIDA ( COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

Hydrogen hydrate is made of hydrogen-bonded water molecules forming cages or frameworks that include hydrogen molecules. In planetary sciences, hydrogen hydrate is thought to play an important role. Hydrogen hydrate has attracted attention as a material to trap hydrogen molecules into ice in interstellar space (Mao et al., 2002). Thus, hydrogen hydrate would help to store hydrogen in the planets, from which it could be a reservoir of hydrogen molecules proposed for formation and evolution. To understand the behavior of hydrogen hydrate in planets, the properties of hydro-

gen hydrate under high-pressure are very important.

A high-pressure structure of hydrogen hydrate, filled ice Ic structure (FIIcS), was reported to be maintained up to 60 GPa (Vos et al. 1996). The filled ice structures of many other gas-hydrates decompose below 6.5 GPa, thus, the FIIcS of hydrogen hydrate shows remarkable stability. But, the reasons for the stability of the FIIcS under higher pressures have not yet been explained. In my research, high-pressure experiments of the FIIcS for hydrogen hydrate were performed by using a diamond anvil cell. Then, the reasons for the stability were examined with regard to the intermo-lecular interactions between hydrogen and water molecules.

In the Raman measurements, a roton (rotation mode) revealed that the rotation of the hydrogen molecules seemed to be suppressed at around 20 GPa (Fig. 1). In the case of solid hydrogen, ordering of the rotation for hydrogen molecules was considered to require low temperatures, below 85K, and high pressures, above 110 GPa (Mao and Hemley 1994). Therefore, suppression of the rotation of hydrogen molecules observed in the FIIcS under low pressure indicated that the intermolecular interactions in the FIIcS were very remark-able. And, these intermolecular interactions

might induce the stability of the FIIcS for hydrogen hydrate.

Fig. 1. The representative photograph of the hydrogen hydrate in the diamond anvil cell at 27.0 GPa, and the Raman spectra of the roton (rotation mode) of the hydrogen molecules for hydrogen hydrate. The inten-sity of the roton decreased at 19.9 GPa.

Study on the silicate melt structure using Paris-Edinburgh press

Akihiro YAMADA(COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

We have been working on silicate melt structure at high pressure and temperature using synchrotron X-rays. I'm currently pursuing simultaneous measurement of the structure and physical properties (density) of silicate melt at high pressure. To achieve this project a Paris-Edinburgh press, which has simple geometry and the capacity for a large volume sample, is being used as the high pressure device. As the first stage of this project, we tried to establish the system for the melt(glass)-structure experiment. T h e p r e s e n t e x p e r i m e n t h a s b e e n performing at Sector 16 BMB beamline, which is operated at HPCAT (Carnegie institution of Washington) at Advanced Photon Sou rce of A rgon ne Nat ional Laboratory in the US. Members f rom GSECars, University of Chicago are also

collaborat ing with us. Polychromatic X-rays from a bending magnet with the energy range between 20 -150 keV is available at this beamline. Also, a very accurate stage for the solid state detector which can be set 2θ widely in the horizontal direction is available at this beamline. A Paris-Edinburgh press, which has been installed by GSECars, is put in the center of the stage. Despite the wide accessibility of the device, very few experiments under high temperature conditions such as the mel t i ng poi n t of s i l ica t e have been reported, so far. Particularly, there is no repor t of the work on the silicate melt st ructure due to the diff iculties of the experiment. Specif ically, not only the refractory property but light elements make the experiment challenging because it requires a large volume sample to get a good X-ray diffraction signal from the sample.

O ne of t he r e s u l t s of t he p r e se n t experiment, the radial distribution function (G(r)) of NaAlSi3O8 melt collected at 5.5 GPa and 1600 ºC, is shown in the Fig. 1. By taking advantage of the Paris-Edinburgh press, we successfully extended 2θ up to 37º, which allows us to get diffraction data up to ～22 Å-1. This is very effective for the improvement of the resolution of the radial distribution function, which can be derived by transformation of the structure factor. Previously, we obtained diffraction patterns up to 25º with DIA-type multianvil press (e.g., Yamada et al., 2007). A sharp peak at

～1.63 Å corresponds to the local structure of aluminum silicate melt which consists of a tetrahedral unit of SiO4 and AlO4 (shown in the Fig. 1). We cannot distinguish the peak position of Al-O from Si-O because both distances are very close to each other (Si-O=～1.6 Å, Al-O=～1.7 Å). If the coord inat ion number of the Al atom changes at a lower pressure than Si as previous studies have indicated, the we could see a spl it t ing of the T-O peak because the highly coordinated Al has a longer bond length (～1.9 Å). In order to investigate this structural change in the melt, I will try to obtain structural data at higher pressure conditions.

Fig. 1. Radial distribution function, G(r), of NaAlSi3O8 melt collected at 5.5 GPa and 1600 ºC. a pic t u re i n the f ig u re is a schematic illustration of TO4 tetrahedron (T= Si, Al), which is the local structure of aluminous silicate melt.


News & Events

Robert C. Liebermann (Former President of COMPRES)Distinguished Service Professor,

Department of Geosciences,Stony Brook University

For the past 6 ½ years [from August 2003 to January 2010], I have had the privilege of serving as President of the COnsortium for Materials Properties

Research in Ear th Sciences [COMPRES]. COMPRES is a community-based consortium whose goal is to enable Earth Science researchers to conduct the next generation of high-pressure science on world-class equipment and facilities. It facilitates the operation of beam lines, the development of new technologies for high pressure research, and advocates for science and educational programs to the various funding agencies.

Established in 2001 as the result of a proposal to the National Science Foundation Division of Earth Sciences by representatives of 18 academic institutions in the U. S., COMPRES has grown to be an international organization with 55 U. S. institutional members and 34 foreign affiliate members. See details at the website: www.compres.us.

One of the most remarkable signs of progress and expansion of the f ield of mineral physics has been the large number of faculty-level appointments in major academic institutions in the U. S. and the world during the COMPRES era. For example, from 2007-2009, there were 11 such appointments in U. S. universities

and 23 in foreign universities [including 8 at Ehime University in Matsuyama]. This is the clearest signal of the vitality of this scientific field.

We in COMPRES took special note of the format ion of TANDEM, the Asian Network in Deep Earth Mineralogy, as an international network in the Asian region for the advancement of experimental and computational studies on the physical properties, structures, dynamics, and evolution of the Earth's deep interior. Of the 20 TANDEM laboratories, 8 are foreign affiliate members of COMPRES; additional members are welcome to apply, using the procedures found at: http://www.compres.us/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2&Itemid=60.

COMPRES looks forward to increased cooperat ion and exchanges with the faculty, staff and students of the TANDEM laboratories in the future.

Message from COMPRES to TANDEM

A mineral physics session for WPGM at Taipei

A session related to Deep Earth Mineralogy, entitled "Structure and Composition of the Earth's Interior" will be held during the Western Pacific Geophysical Meeting (WPGM) in Taipei on 22-25 June. This session is convened mainly by the representative persons of TANDEM members (i.e. Baosheng Li, SUNY; Jennifer Kung, NCKU; Tetsuo Irifune, GRC; Ian Jackson, ANU; Eiji Ohtani, Tohoku U.), and solicits presentations from experimental and computational studies on physical and chemical processes inside the Earth's mantle and the core. We encourage the scientists of TANDEM members to submit papers to this session. The deadline for abstract submission is 25 February. For further details: http://www.agu.org/meetings/wp10/.

Special volume of Journal of Earth Sciences

A special volume of Journal of Earth Sciences (Springer) will be published for celebration of the career contribution of Prof.

Zhenmin Jin of China University of Geosciences (Wuhan). Zhenmin published over 110 scientific papers which highlight melt topology in partially molten mantle peridotite during ductile deformation, microfabrics in peridotite xenoliths of Eastern China, eclogite rheology, and physical properties of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks from China. He is a leading figure in high pressure Earth sciences of China, who contributes to broader scientif ic issues through his role as a senior CUG professor, member of the Chinese Academy of Science, and China NSF Advisory Committee. Zhenmin also plays as the representative of the TANDEM members in China, and will convene the second TANDEM symposium to be held in Wuhan in this Autumn. The deadline for article submission is 15 March 2010.

For further details, please contact following guest editors: Larissa Dobrzhinetsklaya ([email protected]) Tetsuo Irifune ([email protected]) Junfeng Zhang ([email protected]).

Internship Reports at GRC

Brief Communications

A visit to CHINA

I visited China University of Geosciences (Beijing) (CUGB), Peking University, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) (CUGW), and Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry (GIG) with an invitation from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources from November 7 to 16. This invitation was arranged by Prof. Shengrong Li of CUGB and Prof. Zhenmin Jin of CUGW. At these 4 organizations, I introduced GRC and the Global COE program of the GRC, and gave a talk on the two topics, "Discovery of natural silicate ilmenite and perovskite in the shocked meteorite" and "FeAlO3 substitution in MgSiO3 perovskite in the Earth's lower mantle - why is ferric iron more dominant than ferrous in the lower mantle?-". About 30 to 60 people, both students and researchers attended the presentations. It was impressive to me that the students gave me straightforward questions about the issues which might not be familiar to them. I also discussed with the researchers and the students various issues.

Although CUGB and CUGW are now a comprehensive university, their geosciences schools are still at a higher level than the other schools. CUGB seems to have a strong background in the traditional geoscience areas, while at CUGW the new areas such as mineral physics and rheology are also active. Geochemistry is also active at CUGW. At Peking University, Profs Xi Lie (having been

in Matsuyama) and Xiang Wu (having been in Misasa) are setting up a high pressure laboratory in the School of Earth and Space Sciences. At GIG, Prof. Hongping He arranged my stay, and here I met Prof. Xiande Xie who was once a president of IM A (International Mineralogical Association) after several years' absence. GIG belongs to the Chinese Academy of Science and has graduate-course students. It was equipped with new apparatuses related to geochemistry.

This was my first trip to China, and my impression is 'In China, everything is changing so rapidly'. (article by K. Fujino)

Cuiping YANG

I c a m e h e r e i n t h e m i d d l e o f September from China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), and I study here as an internship student. I am glad that I have the chance to study at the GRC and meet so many kind people. My research topic here is "Equation of state of antigorite and chlorite under high pressure and high temperature (HPHT)

determined by in-situ X-ray diffraction", and Prof. Inoue is my supervisor.

During this internship, I went to the Photon Factory (PF) to do my in-situ X-ray diffraction experiments for one week, and collected many diffraction data about antigorite and chlorite to draw the P-V-T path of these minerals, which is important because antigorite and chlorite are main hydrous minerals in subduction zones, and their equation of state controls their stability field at HPHT. Previous data on P-V-T of antigorite and chlorite were measured at room temperature and high pressure, which cannot represent the real situation in the earth's interior. This is my first experiment, and for tunately, with the help of Inoue-sensei, Yamada-san and Sogabe-san the result was quite successful.

After the experiment at PF, I attended the special internship program at SPring-8, to learn how to do synchrotron in situ X-ray diffraction experiments under high pressure and high temperature. From this program I learned a lot, about the synchrotron X-ray system, about the way to conduct an experiment well, and about team work and communication. I am proud to be one member of Team 3. During this internship, Funakoshi-san arranged sightseeing at the ast ronomical observatory in Harima, which is really interesting, and after that, we had a small party to celebrate this internship, every one of us had a lot of fun with that, and we appreciate this special internship indeed.

I like this beautiful and clean city, and my life here is enjoyable and the people here are kind and helpful. I hope next year I can come here and start my PhD course with these lovely people.

Chunyin ZHOU

I ' m v e r y h o n o r e d t o h a v e t h i s opportunity to study high-pressure and -temperature technology at the GRC from September (2009) to January (2010). There are developed facilities for me to carry out experiments in phase transitions of ( Mg 0 . 9 3 , Fe 0 . 0 7)SiO 3, wh ich i s a representative composition of pyroxene in harzburgite of subducted oceanic slabs. It will help to advance our knowledge of the

mineralogy of the mantle transition zone and geodynamics. So far I have obtained some high quality experimental results with multi-anvil apparatus of ORANGE 2000 in the ultra high pressure laboratory. And I've also learned many experimental skills in the laboratory. In addition, their teamwork at GRC impressed me very much. Young scientists from France, Germany, USA, and China cooperate and communicate with each other as an international scientific group.

Fortunately, I had a chance to take part in the beamtime at SPring-8 as part of the Global COE internship program. We visited the world famous scientific facilities and conducted in-situ X-ray diffraction experiments with synchrotron radiation at the BL04B1. The experience at SPring-8 is wonderful and very important to my career.

I'm so grateful to GRC faculties, particularly Prof. Irifune and Nishiyama-san for their creative advice and guidance. Yano-san and Wada-san taught me how to operate the machines and make parts for the cel l s . A nd Sh in mei-san helped me a lot with my experiments. Thanks are given to all the people above.

Hiroshima University was established in 1949 by combining the various preexisted higher educational institutions. It now has 11 faculties, 12 graduate schools, a research institute, a university hospital, and 11 attached schools. The numbers of students are ca. 10,980 and ca. 4,520 in undergraduate and graduate courses, respectively. Academic staffs are ca. 1,800. Hiroshima University has 2 campuses which are located in Hiroshima city, known as the International City of Peace and Culture, and Higashi-Hiroshima city. The latter is the main campus, covering 252 hectares in the verdant area, where we are located.

The main members of TANDEM at Hiroshima University are Drs. J. Ando and I. Katayama who are also visiting researchers at the Geodynamic Research Center of Ehime University. They belong to the Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science at Hiroshima University. This department currently has 14 faculty members, 5 post-docs, 13 PhD students, and 26 master-course students in addition to 25 x 4 undergraduate students. These members include a Chinese graduate student and a Korean post-doc. The department organizes 3 research/education groups named "Evolution of Earth and Planetary System", "Geodynamics", and "Environmental and Resource Science". The research/education activities of these groups cover a wide range of Earth sciences including sedimentology, paleontology, petrology, structural geology, mineralogy, geodynamics, seismology, geochemistry, cosmochemistry, and economic geology. In 2007, our department was selected for the program for improving graduate school education by JSPS. This educational program is designed to raise the academic level of our students through incorporation of the research results achieved in the field of basic science and those achieved in the field of science offering natural hazards.

"Rheology of the crust/mantle minerals" is a key term in our research. We have studied plasticity of olivine and garnet so far and recently focused on serpentine. To proceed with these interesting topics, we emphasize two research methods which are deformation experiments and microstructural observations. For the deformation experiments, we usually use a solid medium deformation apparatus which was designed to be able to generate up to 4 GPa pressure and 1400 ºC temperature conditions. This apparatus can conduct two types of deformation experiments, namely constant strain rate and creep tests. The microstructural observations of recovered samples and naturally deformed mantle rocks (peridotite and eclogite) are very impor tant to clar ify the deformation mechanism and deformation process in the real mantle. An important technique for the observation is TEM with 200 kV accelerating voltage. SEM, FTIR, and Laser-RAMAN are also useful analytical instruments for these experiments. These instruments are all installed in our department.

In addition to the solid medium deformation apparatus, our department has the following rigs; 1) High temperature biaxial frictional testing machine, 2) Rotary shear high velocity frictional testing machine, 3) High temperature high pressure deformation and f luid f low gas apparatus and 4) Intra vessel deformation and f luid f low apparatus. All these r igs are developed by Prof. Shimamoto who is one of our faculty members. The first machine is equipped with a furnace which can heat up to ca. 1000 ºC and a gear train loading system with 0.03 mm/yr to 1.5 mm/s in slip rate.

The second machine allows the reproduction of seismic slip rates of up to a few m/s and simultaneously measur ing mechanical properties of simulated faults. The third machine is a standard gas apparatus with 220 MPa maximum pressure, but equipped with a good servo-controlling system for pore pressure of either gas or liquid, which has been used for permeability measurements. The final machine is a high quality triaxial apparatus for deformation and fluid flow studies with 200 MPa maximum pressure.

Using these apparatuses, we can now conduct the various rheological studies of crust and mantle constituent rocks/minerals here. Moreover, our department focuses on the study of tectonics of the East Asia combined with a chronological study using Sensitive High Resolution Ion Micro-Probe (SHRIMP). This high quality instrument is also installed in our department. We'd like to welcome any members of TANDEM who are interested in the research areas of our department, not only "Rheology of the mantle minerals", to make future collaborations.

Correspondence:Jun-ichi ANDO ([email protected])Ikuo KATAYAMA ([email protected])

TANDEM Laboratories

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Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Hiroshima University





No. 5, May 21, 2010

News & EventsPredicted temperatures at CMB

Prof. T. Tsuchiya of the GRC and Dr. K. Kawai of a JSPS post-doc at Tokyo Inst. Te c h . a n d I P G P a r i s developed a comprehensive

model based on the radial variations of the shear velocity in the D" layer (the base of the lower mantle) and the elastic properties of major candidate minerals at high pressure and temperature, including the effects of post-perovskite phase transitions. This model shows a temperature profile in the lowermost mantle with a temperature of ~3800 K at the core-mantle boundary (CMB). They also concluded that lateral temperature variations of 200–300 K can explain much of the large velocity heterogeneity observed in the D" layer. A single-crossing phase transition model was also suggested to be more favorable in reproducing the observed seismic wave velocity structure than a double-crossing phase transition model. This result was reported in the Proceedings of National Academy of Science (PNAS), USA, issued on 29 December, 2009.

Measurements of hydrogen-ordering in ice XI

Hydrogen-ordering in water ice induces a dramatic change in its properties. Hydrogen atoms in normal ice (ice Ih) are distributed in two crystallographically equivalent sites along the O–O bond (Fig.(a)). In contrast, hydrogen atoms of ice XI, the hydrogen-ordered phase of ice Ih, are located at one site (Fig.(b)) and the crystal structure with ordered hydrogen atoms results in ferroelectricity. Mr. Arakawa (PhD student) and Prof. H. Kagi of Geochemical Lab, Univ. Tokyo, who are the members of the present COE, measured

the infrared absorption spectra of ice XI and clarified that the width of the libration mode of ice signif icantly narrowed with the transition from ice Ih to ice XI (Arakawa et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 184, 2009). Earlier studies suggested that ferroelectric ice (ice XI) may exist in Pluto and Charon, although no direct evidence for ice XI has been reported from astronomical observations. The present results demonstrate that the infrared observation is a potentially important method for searching ice XI in extraterrestrial environments.

New appointments at GRCDr. Matthew L. Whitaker, a former COE Postdoctoral Fellow, has

been appointed as a Jokyo (Assistant Professor) at the GRC. Dr. Whitaker has been work ing on ult rasonic sound velocity measurements at high pressure and temperature under the supervision of Prof. Baosheng Li of the Mineral Physics Institute (MPI), Stony Brook University, who is an official member of the present global COE program. Meanwhile, Dr. Arnaud Metsue arrived at the COE Postdoctoral Fellow position in February 2010, who received his PhD from Univ. Lille-Sciences and Technologies, supervised by Prof. Patrick Cordier, for his first-principles study on modeling of stacking faults. Also joining the GRC is Dr. Haruhiko Dekura, who gained his PhD from Osaka University in solid state physics, and took up the Postdoctoral Fellow position for the GRC branch of Senior Research Fellow Center, Ehime University, in April 2010. At the same time, Dr. Masayuki Nishi, a former PhD student f rom Kyushu University, joined the GRC as a JSPS Postdoctoral Fellow. Dr. Nishi has been working on kinetics of some high-pressure minerals included in natural diamonds to address the ascending speeds of diamonds in the deep mantle, supervised by both Profs. Takumi Kato and Tomoaki Kubo. The GRC now has 16 faculty staff members, including three COE professors and two tenure-track Senior Research Fellows, as well as 13 Postdoctoral Fellows (including one Research Fellow) working in the field of deep Earth mineralogy.

News & Events

Sound velocity measurement under lower mantle conditions

Dr. Y. Higo of JASRI, who is a former PhD student at the GRC, has set up a new system for measurement of elastic wave velocities at BL04B1, SPring-8. He successfully measured sound velocities at pressures exceeding 25 GPa and temperatures to 1500 K, using a combination of ult rasonic measurements and in situ X-ray observations in a large-volume multianvil apparatus. Some GRC members have been extensively working to synthesize high-quality sintered-bodies of various high-pressure phases, including MgSiO3 perovskite, and the ultrasonic technique, originally developed by the research group of SUNY at Stony Brook, will allow them to study the elastic properties of high-pressure phases under the pressure and temperature conditions of the Earth's lower mantle.

External evaluation of the COE program

The annual meeting for reporting activities of the present program on Deep Earth Mineralogy was held on the 15 and 16 of March, attended by the faculty staff members, post-doctoral and research fellows, and students of the GRC and the relevant laboratories, as well as the members of the internal and external evaluat ion commit tees, including the president of Ehime University. The outlines on the performance and outcomes from the program were summarized by Profs. T. Irifune, T. Inoue, and T. Tsuchiya of the GRC, followed by reports from the individuals and the principal investigators of each research group in oral and poster presentations. The external committee concluded that the present program has performed well overall in light of its original purposes, and made some constructive comments on future directions for the program, which will be taken into account in conducting the current program.

Spring school for high-pressure neutron studies

A joint school was held at the GRC on the topics relevant to the high-pressure neutron beamline ("PLANET"), which is currently

being constructed as one of the beamlines for neutron studies at J-PARC, sponsored by two nation-wide Kakenhi projects (P.I. Profs. T. Yagi and H. Kagi, respectively) and the present COE program. About 50 researchers and students attended the school, where a lecture by Dr. Hattori was given on the current status of the beamline construction and the new facility to be installed in PLANET, followed by an intensive discussion focusing particularly on the design of the new high-pressure apparatus. A visit to the factory of Sumitomo Heavy Industries Co. Ltd. was also organized by Prof. T. Inoue of the GRC, which was attended by many of the participants. Sumitomo is known as the manufacturer of the famous "Sumi-presses", including those at Stony Brook and Bayreuth, and is located in Niihama city, Ehime Prefecture, close to the GRC.

GRC team selected as PU at SPring-8

The GRC high-pressure experiment team was selected as one of f ive Power Users (PU) among hundreds of research groups working at SPring-8, to which intensive supports are given by JASRI. The main subjects to be studied during the appointed PU term of 5 years are: 1) rheological studies of mantle minerals, 2) sound velocity measurements under lower mantle conditions, 3) phase transitions and P-V-T studies using sintered diamond anvils, and 4) applications of ultra-hard nano-polycrystalline diamond ( N PD or H I M E -DI A) i nve nt e d by t he GRC t o va r iou s high-pressure apparatus. Some interdisciplinary studies, such as synthesis and character izat ion of new hard mater ials and high-temperature super-conductors, will also be conducted. The team is planning to replace the existing DIA-type guide block system of the 1500-ton multianvil apparatus (SPEED-MkII) with a new large deformation-DIA system (MADONNA) available at the GRC for such advanced studies at BL04B1 in the summer of 2010.

Long-term visiting PhD students from Edinburgh, UK

A PhD student from CSEC (Center for Science at Extreme Conditions), University of Edinburgh, UK, Mr. Shigeto Hirai, stayed and joined in experimental studies at the GRC for about a month from February to March, 2010. He made many successful high pressure and temperature (PT) runs using Kawai-type apparatuses installed at the GRC, Orange-2000 and Orange-3000, driven by 2000 and 3000 tons hydraulic rams, up to about 25 GPa and 1600 K. He succeeded in synthesizing novel materials with perovskite and post-perovskite structures. He also performed some high PT experiments using a diamond anvil cell to study the stability of the newly synthesized materials at higher pressures up t o a b ou t 6 0 GPa . He i s p l a n n i ng t o c a r r y ou t f u r t he r characterization and physical property measurements of the synthesized materials at CSEC, University of Edinburgh.

Completion of MADONNA-II at SOSEKI LAB

A new DIA-type apparatus, MADONNA-II, has been installed at the SOSEKI Lab, GRC, in February 2010, sitting next to a larger mult ianvil press, BOTCHAN-6000. The basic design of MADON NA-II is similar to that of it s or ig inal version, MADONNA-1500, but the former apparatus is aimed mainly at conducting high-pressure and temperature experiments under lower mantle conditions using sintered diamond anvils while the latter focuses on rheological studies utilizing its deformation-DIA mechanism. The other three multianvil apparatus at the GRC, ORANGE-1000, -2000, and -3000 are used for “ordinary” expe r i ment s a t p re ssu re s up to 30 GPa , a s wel l a s for collaborations with external users.

The 3rd International Special Lecture

The third COE International Lecture was given by Dr. Catherine McCammon of Bayerisches Geoinstitut (BGI), Germany, on 9 and 10 February 2010, attended by the students, post-docs, and staff members of the GRC and other relevant laborator ies. Dr. McCammon gave two 3-hour lectures entitled as "Transition metal chemistry and the Earth's interior" and "Oxygen fugacity and the Earth's interior", as well as a shorter talk on her recent study on Fe

spin-transitions as one of the COE Inter nat ional Front ier Seminar, followed by intensive discussion on these topics with the participants. GRC and BGI hold an agreement about mutual research collaborat ions and exchange of people, and a PhD student of BGI stayed at the G RC fo r f o u r m o n t h s fo r i n t e r n sh ip s b a s e d o n t h i s agreement last year. Dr. McCammon also enjoyed staying in Matsuyama for 10 days, visiting Kashima-island in the Seto inland sea and climbing Miyuki-hill behind the campus of Ehime University.

International Frontier Seminer 16th (9 Feburuary)

"Effect of spin transitions on properties and dynamics of the lower mantle"Lecturer : Dr. Catherine McCammon (Staff Scient ist , Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, Germany)

17th (19 March)"The role of mineral physics in modelling geodynamics of the lower mantle" Lecturer : Prof. David A. Yuen (University of Minnesota, USA)

18th (26 March)"Combined flexural and torsional oscillation methods for laboratory study of viscoelasticity and poroelasticity" Lect u rer : P rof. Ian Jackson ( R e s e a r c h S c h o o l o f E a r t h Sciences, Aust ral ian Nat ional University, Australia)

News & Events

Forthcoming Events

19th International Frontier Seminar

"Melting of peridotite to 160 GPa"Lecturer: Prof. Guillaume Fiquet (Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés, UMR CNRS 7590, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6) (Date: end of May, 2010)

2nd TANDEM Symposium at CUG, Wuhan

Following the first TANDEM symposium held in Matsuyama in 2008, the second symposium will be held at one of the National Key Laboratories of China University of Geoscience in Wuhan on 5-7 November 2010. Young scientists and faculty members from various laboratories of TANDEM will gather and have two-day presentations on their latest studies relevant to Deep Earth Mineralogy, followed by an excursion. At the moment, 26 laboratories of 5 Asian countries in this field join TANDEM to e n h a n c e r e s e a r c h c o l l a b o r a t i o n s a n d e x c h a n g e o f information/people among these laboratories. For further details on the Symposium, see the TANDEM pages of this issue.

An international session at JpGU 2010 Meeting on May 25

An international session entitled "Mineral physics and dynamics of deep mantle" will be held on May 25, as one of the sessions of the Japan Geoscience Union (JpGU) Meeting 2010 in Makuhari during 23 - 28 May. In this session, twenty-nine (22 for oral and 7 for poster) papers from various disciplines on mineral physics and geodynamics of the planetary interiors will be presented by researchers from many countries, with special focuses on (1) thermal/chemical structure, (2) behaviours of f luids and/or hydrous minerals, and (3) rheology of the deep mantle. Those who are interested in deep Earth mineralogy are greatly encouraged to join the discussions in this session. We particularly welcome researchers/students of TANDEM laboratories, to enhance mutual communications and collaborations in Asian countries. Dr. M. Kameyama, Assoc. Prof. of the GRC, will act as the main convener for this session. For further details, see the JpGU website (ht tp://www.jpgu.org/ ) or directly contact Dr. Kameyama ([email protected]).

I entered the Ph.D. course this April to begin research on t h e m a n t l e d y n a m i c s o f ter rest r ial planets by using computational f luid dynamics a f t e r rece iv i ng a Maste r 's degree in the Department of physics at Ehime University. The purpose of my Ph.D study is to clarify the differences in the internal st ructure of the observed mantle and simulated one. Recent studies of mantle convection showed that large scale convection can be developed by introducing pressure and temperature dependent viscosity and phase transitions. However, coefficients of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity were kept constant in many cases, though they may possibly affect the convection pattern. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a mantle convection simulation model using realistic physical properties of mantle materials, and this is the aim of my research.

I started my Ph.D. course s t udy in Apr i l 2010 af ter receiving a Master's degree at Ehime University in March of the same year. In my Master's research, I engaged in some technical developments for s y n t h e s i s o f l a r g e r nano-polycrystalline diamond (NPD) using a large-volume Kawai-type apparatus (BOTCHAN-6000), which was recently installed at SOSEKI LAB at the GRC. Synthesis of large NPD is an important issue in developing new high pressure technology because NPD has outstanding potential for high pressure anvils. I have succeeded in synthesizing large NPD rods with dimensions of 8mm both in diameter and length which is large enough for applications to various apparatus. I'm working on the challenge of synthesizing larger NPD over 1cm and would like to contribute to the advancement in high pressure technology.

Futoshi ISOBE (PhD student)Arata MIYAUCHI (PhD student)

Masayuki NISHI (JSPS Postdoctoral Fellow)My name is Masayuki Nishi and

I star ted working at the GRC in April 2010 as a JSPS postdoctoral fellow. I received a Ph.D. f rom Kyushu University in March 2010. My doctoral dissertation research f o c u s e d o n e x a m i n i n g t h e transformation kinetics of mantle minerals at high pressure and high t empe r a t u re cond i t ion s . T he e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e m a i n l y conducted using a mult i-anvil high-pressure apparatus and time-resolved in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements. The kinetic data obtained from these experimental studies were used for determination of metastable phase relations of a subducting plate and for the estimation of diamond ascent rate from the deep mantle. My current research interest is chemical diffusion of garnet at the mantle transition zone which is also important for understanding the mineralogy of a subducting plate. I would like to contribute to revealing various reaction processes of mantle minerals.

I j o i n e d t h e G R C i n February, after f inishing my Ph.D. in Materials Science at the University of Lille (France). My d i s s e r t a t io n r e s e a r ch focused on the dislocation core properties in mantle minerals. Dislocations are crystalline defects, responsible for the p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n o f materials. My research tool is ab initio calculations of atomic structure energies. During my stay at the GRC, I would like to develop new approaches in order to investigate the effects of single-point defects on the physical properties of minerals. My first interest is the study of the effect of iron on the thermodynamic and plastic properties of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite and post-perovskite phases, which are thought to be the predominant phases in the lowermost part of the mantle. My other interests focus on the discovery of Japanese culture and on the fabulous Japanese food!!

Arnaud METSUE (COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

New Members

The 3rd YESA Workshop in SeptemberThe 3rd Young Earth Scientist Association (YESA) workshop

will be held at the Geodynamics Research Center on 2-3 September, 2010. This workshop aims to have valuable presentation and discussion of recent researches in water and hydrogen. Nowadays, deep Earth water is studied by many research fields, particularly focusing on structure and properties of hydrated magma, and on phase transition of water and hydrogen-bearing substances. In this workshop, we will discuss the properties of hydrogen and water in the Earth and planetary interiors, based on high-pressure experimental studies and numerical simulations. We are still in the preparatory stage of the workshop, but we expect that new interpretations of the physical and chemical properties of hydrogen and water will be suggested, and that their implications for the internal dynamics and evolution in the Earth and planets are discussed at this work shop. We cordially invite many young researchers, including students, to join this workshop. (article by Shin'ichi MACHIDA, Leader of YESA this fiscal year 2010-1011)

COLUMN: Four seasons in MatsuyamaHiyoku-tsuka, the grave of lovers who died together, which is located

along the hill side near Ehime University, is famous for an old cherry tree standing aside the tomb, as well as a sad love story from ancient time. According to Kojiki, the oldest history book in Japan written in the 7-8th century, the first son of the 19th Emperor (Emperor Ingyo) of the 5th century fell in love with one of his younger sisters. The prince, Karuno-miko, was sent to Iyo (the old name of Ehime prefecture, where GRC locates) for banishment because of the forbidden love, and the sister, Sotoori-hime, followed Karuno-miko after having spent several years in the capital with great patience. However, they finally killed themselves s t abbing each other at the place where the H i yo k u - t s u k a w a s l a t e r constructed. This area is also called Hime-bara (the field of princess), and the cherry tree will be in full bloom in early April, showing its beautiful shape like the incarnation of the pretty princess who died for the tragic love.


Simulation of core forming processin the magma ocean

Hiroki ICHIKAWA(COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

We have made 1D numerical simulations of iron rain in the whole magma ocean. Separation of the metal phase from the silicate phase is calculated based on fluid dynamics. The model simultaneously treats partitioning of thermal energy produced from the release of gravitational energy and siderophile elements such as Ni, Co, Mn, Cr, etc. into the mantle and core. It has long been known that the formation of the core transforms gravitational energy into heat and is able to heat up the whole Earth by about 2000 K. However, the distribution of this energy within the Earth is still debated.

Iron rain at the surface magma ocean is supposed to be the first mechanism of separation for large planets; iron then coalesces to form a pond at the base of the magma ocean. The time scale of the separa-tion can be estimated from the falling velocity of the iron phase, which is estimated to be about 10 cm/s with iron droplets on the cm-scale.

This process had not been dealt with by numerical simulation because of the large discrepancy between the size of the Earth and the iron droplets.

Any Earth-sized numerical model cannot directly incorporate the effect of iron droplets. We made a parameterization based on a direct numerical simulation of a 10cm-scale emulsion of liquid iron in liquid silicates [Ichikawa et al., 2010] and incorpo-rated it into our Earth-sized model. The evolution of the thermal and chemical structure during the separation of the iron phase is calculated by using this model.

As a result, the maximum temperature, which exceeds the peridotite melting temperature by several thousand Kelvin, is obtained at the boundary between the metal ponds (or the core if the whole planet is liquid) and the silicate layer. This result indicates the chemical equilibrium between metal and silicate would take place at a much hotter condition than the silicate

melting temperature. These results are consistent with P-T conditions where silicate equilibrated with metal that is estimated from the partitioning of sidero-phile elements [Wade and Wood, 2005]. Furthermore, we estimated the depth of the magma ocean as 2000-3000km by chemical distribution.

Fig. 1. The relation between metal-silicate bulk partition of V, Cr, and Mn and the depth of the magma ocean. The shaded regions in the figure denotes the likely range for each element evaluated from core-mantle bulk partitioning. The results of a 2000-3000km magma ocean depth are consistent with the core-mantle bulk partition.

Simple-shear deformation of olivine under the upper mantle conditions

Tomohiro OHUCHI(COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

Plastic deformation of olivine plays an important role in controlling the dynamics in the upper mantle. The lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) of olivine developed by dislocation creep is known to be the cause of the anisotropic elastic properties of upper mant le mater ia ls . It has been reported that water has significant effects on the LPO of olivine (e.g., Jung and Karato, 2001). Recently, Raterron et al. (2007) conducted a series of deformation experiments on forsterite single crystals at pressures of 2.1−7.5 GPa and temperatures of 1373−1677 K, and reported that the

dominant slip direction changes from b = [100] to [001] at > 5 GPa. Both pressure and water, therefore, is expected to affect the LPO of olivine in the deeper upper mantle. However, the influence of pressure and water on the LPO of olivine (and other minerals) has not been fully evaluated at pressures of > 4 GPa.

In order to explore the pressure-induced fabric transition of minerals and the effect of water on the LPO of minerals at high pressures, we have initiated a series of exper imental studies on the effect of pressure and water on the LPO of olivine under upper mantle conditions using the multi-anvil assembly 6-6 (MA6-6) system combi ned w i t h a defor mat ion -DI A apparatus. We successfully conducted the e x p e r i m e n t s o f t h e s i m p l e - s h e a r deformation of anhydrous and hydrous olivine at P = 3−7 GPa and T = 1473−1773 K for a range of shear strain rates 1E-5 to 1E-4 /s (Fig. 1).

Our experimental results showed that the type-A LPO of olivine, where the olivine [100] axis and (010) plane are subparallel to the shear direction and the shear plane, respectively, was dominant under anhydrous conditions (Fig. 1). The t y p e - B L P O o f o l i v i n e , w h i c h i s characterized by the olivine [001] axis subparallel to the shear direction and the (010) plane subparallel to the shear plane, was dominant under hydrous conditions (Fig. 1). These observations suggest that

water content is one of the most important parameters controlling the fabric transition of olivine not only in the uppermost mantle but also in the deeper part of the upper mantle.

Fig. 1. (a) A representative backscattered elect ron image of a deformed olivine sample. Note that the strain marker was rotated ~50º (i.e., shear strain of ~120%). Arrows represent the shear direction. (b) Pole figures showing the LPO of deformed olivine samples at 5 GPa and 1573 K under dry and wet conditions.


News & EventsThe 2nd TANDEM Symposium

on Deep Earth Mineralogy

Date: 5-7 November, 2010Venue: China University of 　Geosciences (Wuhan), ChinaRegistration: ~30 September

We are delighted to invite you to a t t end the sy mposiu m du r ing November 5-7, 2010 in Wuhan, China. We look forward to your participation at this meeting and the reports of your recent interesting r e s e a r c h r e s u l t s . D e t a i l e d information and important dates can be found in the First Circular. Please mark your calendar and distribute the information to the colleagues, students and postdocs in your laboratory/institution who might be interested. We had a very successful 1st symposium in Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan two years ago. We will make the 2nd symposium a joyful reunion for all TANDEM members and friends in Wuhan.

Now the 1st circular and the abstract format are distributed via TA M DEM mai l i ng l i s t and can be seen on the website , http://deep-earth-mineralogy.jp/tandem/index.html.

Second circular including updated information about the conference will be advertised in the summer of 2010 in the web site above and the mailing list.

Organizing Committee:Zhenmin JIN, China Univ. of Geosciences, Wuhan, ChinaTetsuo IRIFUNE, Ehime Univ., JapanYuansheng DU, China Univ. of Geosciences, ChinaChangqian MA, China Univ. of Geosciences, ChinaYanbin WANG, GSECARS, Univ. Chicago, USAShan GAO, China Univ. of Geosciences, Wuhan, ChinaLaishi ZHAO, China Univ. of Geosciences, Wuhan, ChinaHongfei ZHANG, China Univ. of Geosciences, Wuhan, ChinaJunfeng ZHANG, China Univ. of Geosciences, Wuhan, China

Call for internships at GRC, Ehime Univ.The GRC of Ehime University will invite a few master-course (or

equivalent) students for long-term internship program (up to about two months) in deep Earth mineralogy. Successful applicants should have a strong intention to enroll in either the special PhD course in Deep Earth Mineralogy (for Asian students) at the GRC or the ordinary PhD course in the Graduate School of Science and Technology, Ehime University for this and next fiscal year (the entrance exams will be held this coming August, May 2011, and August 2011). Most of the students in both of these PhD courses

will be financially supported (up to about 140000 yen/month) and exempted from the tuitions and the enrollment fee. The successful applicants can choose one of the following topics for internships to be conducted during the period from early August to late March 2011: 1) High-pressure experiments using the multianvil apparatus or diamond anvil cell, 2) Numerical simulations in mineral physics using first-principles calculations and those in geodynamics based on f luid dynamics theory, which are supervised by the faculty members of the GRC. The GRC will financially support the travel and living expenses during the period of the internship. For further details: contact Dr. Akira Yamada ([email protected]).

Visits of TANDEM lab representatives to GRC

Prof. Zenmin Jin, the representative of the National Key Lab, CUG in Wuhan, visited the GRC during the period of 12-15 March, accompanied by his wife and Dr. Yao Wu of the same laboratory. Prof. Jin and Dr. Wu discussed with some of the faculty staff members of the GRC about the details of the second TANDEM symposium to be held in Wuhan th is coming November. Meanwhile, Prof. Ian Jackson, the representative of RSES, ANU, also visited the GRC on 25-27 March and gave a talk as one of the International Frontier Seminars. Dr. Yoshio Kono, a COE Research Fellow at GRC, will visit Prof. Jackson's lab for a few m o n t h s b a s e d o n t h e m u t u a l agreement of exchange of people be t ween t he t wo i ns t i t u t e s and suppor ted by the COE long-term overseas internship program.

Keynote lecture at NDNC2010 in SuzhouProf. T. Irifune of the GRC was invited as a keynote lecturer at

the 4th International Conference on New Diamond and Nano Carbons (NDNC2010) held in Suzhou, near Shanghai, China. This conference is held for presentations and discussions on sciences and technologies on diamond and various nano-carbons (nanotubes, grapheme, f luerene, etc), as well as on diamond-like carbons and other hard materials. Prof. Irifune gave a 30-minute keynote talk on the nature and application of nano-polycrystalline diamond (HIME-DIA), firstly synthesized at the GRC.

TANDEM Laboratories

Experimental Research in Earth Materials at the Australian National University

Experimental research into chemical and mechanical aspects of the behaviour of geological mater ials is under taken by the experimental petrology and rock physics groups within the Research School of Ear th Sciences. Exper imental faci l it ies include piston-cylinder, multi-anvil, hydrothermal and internally heated gas apparatus for high-pressure-temperature studies of phase equilibria, rheology and seismic properties, along with controlled atmosphere furnaces. Analytical capability includes an electron microprobe, laser ICPMS, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and light and electron microscopy, including SEM-based electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and TEM. The research activities involve a substantial number of Ph. D and undergraduate students and are supported by specialised technical staff. The current interests of the senior research staff are summarised in the following paragraphs.

Joerg Hermann is experimentally investigating the nature and composition of subduction zone f luids, taking advantage of new developments such as the UHP piston cylinder technique (up to 6.5 GPa) and large, cold sealed silver capsules for hydrothermal experiments at very high pressures. Special emphasis is placed on the influence of accessory phases on the trace element compositions of subduction zone f luids, which are analysed in the experimental runs by Laser-Ablation ICP-MS. Other experimental studies focus on different ways how volatiles (H2O, CO2, Cl and F) are recycling through subduction zones.

Greg Yax ley i s work ing on const ra in ing the nat u re of metasomatic processes operating in the deep cratonic mantle, the s t a b i l i t y o f d i a m o n d , a n d t h e p e t r o g e n e s i s o f h ig h l y silica-undersaturated magmas such as kimberlites. Based on studies of spinel and garnet peridotite xenoliths, the oxygen fugacity of the Earth's upper mantle is heterogeneous. There is an observed overall decrease from values within 1 or 2 log units of FMQ in the upper most lithosphere to several log units below FMQ near the base of the cratonic lithosphere at 150 - 200 km depth. Such low values in the deep cratonic mantle are consistent with diamond and CH4-rich fluid stability. However, superimposed on this overall trend is frequently observed evidence of oxidation associated with metasomatism, which may be of sufficient magnitude to destabilise diamond. Dr. Yaxley's experimental program aims to investigate the nature of partial melting of peridotite in the presence of CHO under the reduced oxygen fugacities near the base of the cratonic lithosphere, using ƒO2 buffering techniques and analysis of experimental fluids by gas chromatography.

John Mavrogenes' research is broadly focussed on the chemical

processes responsible for the formation of ore deposits, including 1) Evolution of high-temperature volcanic gases: metal (Au, As, Sb, Se) solubilities and speciation (complexes of S and Cl); entrapment and analysis of low-density synthetic f luid inclusions; formation of enargite gold deposits, 2) Formation and modification of PGE deposits: diffusive re-equilibration and evolution of PGE-bearing sulf ide melts dur ing cooling, 3) The pet rochemist ry of the Windimurra-Narndee (Western Australia) layered mafic intrusions, 4) Evolution of polymetallic melts in high grade metamorphic terranes, including the effects of halogens on sulfide melting, and 5) Analysis of magnetites in support of the bornite model.

Hugh O'Neill's research focuses on applying physical chemical measurements to understanding the origin and evolution of the Earth and the terrestrial planets. He is especially concerned with studying the accretion and early differentiation of the Earth and how this inf luences the Earth's composition, and the subsequent mantle processes that lead to partial melting and the production of basaltic magmas. His longstanding interest in measuring the thermodynamic properties of minerals and melts at high temperatures and pressures has recently been extended to experimental measurements of trace-element partitioning and diffusion.

Ian Jackson and John Fitz Gerald are continuing to collaborate in the use of seismic-frequency torsional forced oscillations to measure shear wave speeds and at tenuation in upper-mantle materials. Particular emphasis is currently being given to the inf luence of dislocations (Ph. D. student Robert Farla) and water, improvements to exper imental technique, and more robust modelling of the variations of shear modulus and attenuation resulting from high temperature viscoelastic relaxation. This work has a vital microstructural dimension involving light microscopy, SEM-based EBSD, TEM, and FTIR. Collaborative work with Uli Faul (Boston University) involves the influence of trace elements on the rheology of fine-grained polycrystalline olivine prepared in house from synthetic (sol-gel) precursors. Another major project is the development of complementary flexural-oscillation methods for the measurement of Youngs modulus and associated strain energy dissipation. This approach, being undertaken in collaboration with Doug Schmitt and Ph. D. student Heather Schijns of the University of Alberta, is being pursued primarily for studies of cracked and f luid-saturated crustal rocks but is also potentially applicable to phase-transforming materials including partial molten rocks.

Correspondences:Ian Jackson ([email protected])Hugh O'Neill ([email protected])

From left to right: Joerg Hermann, Guilherme Mallmann, Hugh O'Neill, Cassian Pirard (Ph. D. student), Kay Provins (administrator), David Buchs (visitor), Anja Rosenthal (Ph. D. student), David Green (visitor), Dean Scott (technician) and Aleksey Sadekov (Ph. D. student). Missing: Greg Yaxley, John Mavrogenes, Laure Martin, Oliver Nebel, Robert Rapp, David Clark (technician) and Ph. D. students Jeremy Wykes, Huijuan Li, and Jesse Jones.

Lunch-time gathering of staff and students involved in experimen-tal research in rock physics group. From left to right: Harri Kokkonen (technician), John Fitz Gerald, Ian Jackson, Robert Farla (Ph. D. student), Heather Schijns (Ph. D. student), Emeritus Professor Mervyn Paterson, Hayden Miller (technician).

TANDEM Laboratories

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The Research Group of the Physics of the Earth's Interior (HACTO), Institute for Study of the Earth's

Interior, Okayama University

Institute for Study of the Earth's Interior (ISEI) is one of the research centers of Okayama University located in the small town, Misasa in Tottori prefecture, Japan, and it was reconstructed in 1985 from the Institute for Thermal Spring Research. The Research group of the physics of the Earth's interior (HACTO, Highly Advanced Compression for Terrestrial Objects) aims to study the structure, dynamics, and evolution of the solid Earth through experimental studies for the constituents of the Earth's interior. In order to understand more accurately the Earth's interior, we are determining the various physical properties of the mantle and core materials and results are compared with geophysical observations. We are focusing on the following topics: 1) Equation of the state and phase equilibria of mantle minerals; 2) Determination of the electrical properties of mantle minerals; 3) Technical development for ultra high-pressure generation; 4) Determination of the elastic and plastic properties of the materials in the Earth's interior.

Our group is one of the oldest multi-anvil labs in Earth science since 1969. During its long history, we contributed to the high-pressure Earth science field, for example, the first attempt of synthesizing a large-sized perovskite crystal, determinations of spinel-postspinel and alpha-beta phase boundaries in olivine, electrical conductivity measurement under high pressure, ultra high-pressure generation using sintered diamond anvils. We have the current world record of high pressure generation using a Kawai-type multianvil press at nearly 100 GPa. We have published 6 Nature and 5 Science papers through its history. We also have developed some special techniques to measure elasticity, plasticity and thermal conductivity.

In our lab, we installed several high pressure apparatus, such as: USSA-5000 split sphere press, USSA-1000 split sphere press, UHP-2000/20 DIA-type press, piston cylinder apparatus, and the “6-axis” press.

With the USSA-5000 press, we can apply the maximum press load to 2000 tonf at present and we are now trying to expand it to more than 3000 tonf. By using 46 mm tungsten carbide cubes as second stage anvils for the octahedral high pressure assembly, we are able to generate pressures and temperatures up to ~25 GPa and 2500 K. By using this technique, we successfully synthesized a large single crystal (>1 mm) of MgSiO3 perovskite.

The concept of the USSA-1000 press is the same as that of the USSA-5000, except the second stage anvil size is fixed to 32 mm. Therefore, sample size in USSA-1000 press is much smaller than that

in USSA-5000 press al though the maximum pressure and temperature conditions are almost identical. USSA-5000 and 1000 presses are mainly used for synthesis of high pressure materials, determination of phase boundaries, observation of phase equilibrium, measurement of rheological properties, electrical properties, and thermal properties.

In the UHP-2000/20 DIA-type press, a unique system for deformation is equipped to the normal DIA-type press. By using this press, we can deform the samples at high pressure and temperature (to ~3 GPa and 2000 K) by driving a cylindrical piston which is set in the bottom anvil of a DIA type guide block. We measure electrical conductivity coupled with rheological properties under the deviatric stress field.

The new “6-axis” apparatus was developed 1) to achieve an ideally uniform compression of the cubic anvil assembly and 2) to minimize frictional loss of applied load in the guide block. The movement of the six anvils is monitored and controlled by the servo system. Therefore, it is possible to keep the cubic space (ex. Kawai-type high pressure assembly) within accuracy of 1 μm during compression and decompression. This press is mainly used for experiments higher than ~50 GPa employing sintered diamond cubes as second stage anvils. We are expected to generate pressure higher than 100 GPa with further technical development and study for mineral physics applicable to the lowermost mantle.

In addition to the research at our own laboratory, we frequently use the synchrotron facility, SPring-8, to conduct in situ X-ray observation at high pressure and temperature to clarify the pressure effect on the physical properties of high pressure materials, determine phase equilibria of unquenchable phases, and so on.

We have carried out collaboration research programs with researchers from Kyoto University, Hiroshima University, Toyama University, Tokyo Institute for Technology, Okayama University of Science, and University of Hyogo. Moreover, we are building our l a b o r a t o r y t o b e a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a b o r a t o r y . A l o t o f scientists/students from all over the world, China, Chinese Taipei, France, Korea, Russia, etc. have visited our laboratory for research and our members (including students) are/were also from foreign countries, e.g., Bangladesh, China, France, Russia and Sri Lanka. Currently our group is composed of 4 faculty (including a professor emeritus), 2 post-doctors, 4 graduate students and technical staffs.

We appreciate cooperation with the members of TANDEM, and welcome researchers and students to visit our laboratory and work together.

Correspondences:Akira Yoneda ([email protected])Daisuke Yamazaki (dy@ misasa.okayam-u.ac.jp)Takashi Yoshino ([email protected])

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