1 July 2017

NEWSLETTERof the

Senior Men’s Club of Grosse PointeFESTIVITIES . . FUN . . FELLOWSHIP

VOLUME LVI, NO. 10 www. http://seniormensclubofgrossepointe.com July 2017

Program Chairman - Marty McMillan

President’s Message

Inside . . Inv. Club, Meeting , Meeting PixGet Well, Memorials, AttendanceSports News,GPHS Honor StudentsSub Club Note and UpdateThe Bridge ResultsThe Readers Membership ApplicationBirthdays and Raffle Calendar

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

The Detroit Library Foundation 150 years of shelving books

July 25, 2017

Tom Gage Nearly anything you want to know about Baseball

July11, 2017

The President must take a vacation...no Letter this month. Hence, the Editor has left a certain amount of blank space intentionally but regret-fully.

Robert Murphy, President

Continued on page 2

2 July 2017

Note that the Investment SubClub is now meeting on the fourth Tuesday of the month and in a new location, the Crystal Ballroom, eliminating the room fee. Blake McLellan replaced Joe Danley, both from Morgan Stanley, who will now supply future speakers. The Group thanked Joe for his support, and wished him continued success. The speaker was Scott Lindsay from Eaton Vance who indicated that history shows quite well that funda-mentals, and not politics, ultimately drive the mar-ket. 2016 data clearly suggested investors were too defensively positioned. A focus on defensive income rather than on growth ultimately curtailed many investors 2016 performance. Politics don't matter. 2/3 of stocks surged before election. Profits mean everything and balance sheets of companies! Scott feels that there is 0% chance of ending the bull run this year. Reported by Tom Bidigare

Investment Sub Club News

At left are sample photos, taken by Dick Dunlap, of the Princi-pal of South speaking about one of the seniors with Bob Murphy handing out the SMC Certificate of Achievement (top), the Princi-pal of North doing likewise (bot-tom), and the Principals and the Superintendant at lunch.

3 July 2017

Joseph Schneider313-882-6156

Get Well The Senior Men's Club extends good wishes for the recovery of all members who are confined by

illness. We miss you! Please advise our Chair, Joe Schneider at (313) 882-6156 if you have additions or changes. Cards are sent to confined members as we become aware of their illnesses. Many request that their names not be published in this space.

AttendanceCall anyone on the following attendance committee:

Steven ChanKen MaleitzkeMarty McMillanEd WhiteMike RyanJack Williams

(313) 885-3538(313) 343-6476(313) 550-9661(313) 647-9086

(313) 256-9207(313) 886-7813

Dalton E. Black 313-882=4185

MemorialsName: Frederick J. CurtoDied: May 28, 2017 (88)Born: March 3, 1929Joined: December 10, 1999 (25)Memorials: St. Vincent De Paul,

c/o St. Paul on the Lake Catholic Church

Mike Ryan 313-256-9207

All members and guests are welcome at our semi-monthly meetings. Please remember

to sign up in advance at our lunch meetings. Call in to make any additions or changes in

your reservation. Print your names clearly on the attendance record, and record your badge number, just why your editor has no idea!!

The Next MeetiNgs are July 11 aNd July 25 Your telephone calls are important by Monday, the day preceding the meeting if your plans change. This means everyone eats on time.

Name: Al La TurnoDied: June 26, 2017 (78)Born: August 20, 1938Joined: January 10, 2006 (11)Memorials: Capuchin Mission Association of

the Salvation Army

4 July 2017

It was that time of year for what has become a favorite of both Senior Men's Clubs, "ours" in Grosse Pointe and "theirs" in Birmingham: The Golf Scramble. It was held on June 20th.

Last year, the Birmingham Team "trounced", it might be fair to say, the Grosse Pointe Team. But the prior three years, Grosse Pointe came out on top. The Grosse Pointe Team certainly did win this year at Plumbrook Golf Club.

While your Newsletter Editor has not received the official write up from Bob Vogler, Bob did give him the following interesting statistics most of which he may not have gotten correctly. Correc-tions in the next Newsletter may be made: Grosse Pointe 97 points, B'ham 83 points 354 strokes 363 stroke

Star Performers: Chris Walsh and Ray Chown, 14 points Ron Vitale and Marty McMillan 15 points

SMC Golf News

Bob Vogler, above, with a Birthday Report...and perhaps a joke...photo by Dick Dunlap

Pictured are (from left to right): Front row – Ray Chown, Marty McMillan; Back row – Ron Vitale, Jim Regan, Bob Vogler, Plum Brook waitress, & Chris Walsh

Nick Sinacori, the speaker on May 9, pointing out the City of Fairview racetracks, the Jockey

Club house, and taking the streetcars to the track

5 July 2017

GPHS, South and North, Honor Students were guests at the May 23 Meeting, and presented with Certificates from former SMC President, Bob Hynes. Many parents of the students were also in attendance, along with the 2 High School Principals and the Superintendant of Schools

April SMC Speaker Grosse Pointe North student winners were: Front row, from left, Gowri Yerramalli, Aiyana Badih, Olivia Randazzo and Valerie Matula. Sec-ond row, from left, Casey Hedman, Annelise Hofman, Principal Kate Murray, Ashley Carroll and Sarah Corbett. Third row, from left, Benja-min Sosnowski, Eve Feldman, Megan Louwers, Olivia Allen and Mackenzie Simon. Fourth row, from left, Alex Batts, Wilson Moin, Benjamin Sli-winski, Steven Levick and Ryan Race

Grosse Pointe South student winners were: back row, from left, Charles Cal-caterra, Grace Monette, Joshua Adams, Adrian Iafrate, Kurt Huebner, Patrick Willard, Phillip Huettemann, Anthony Kolesky and Kaitlin Malley. Third row, from left, Madison Bonahoom, Abigail Reid, Claire Yeamans, Lauren Hunwick, Madeleine Paolucci, Kathleen Vern, Abbey Schuetze, Gabriella Gigante and Mary Shepard. Second row, from left, Kevin McShane, Hallie Williams, Kam-ryn Leonard, Katherine Shrader, Prin-cipal Moussa Hamka, Halle Mogk, Alexander Kalmar, Ethan Utley, Wil-liam Muawad and Jack Burgoyne. Front row, from left, Zoe Evans, Mya Vogel, Elizabeth Trost, Elizabeth Day, Erykah Benson, Noelle Shaheen and Audrey Doherty. Not pictured are Elaine Aro, Mary Hubbell, Frances Mackethan, Hai-ley McDonald and Madeline Thompson.

6 July 2017

SUB-CLUBS 2015-2016 Joseph Jennings (886-8286)

As of October 2015, the Board of Directors offi-cially recognized the following Sub-Clubs, Commit-tees and schedules. Please call Joe Jennings if there are any changes to be made. Any group of members interested in organizing a new Sub-Club may ask the Board of Directors to sanction its activity. Two Sub Clubs apparently have become inactive and will be deleted from the list of Sub Clubs with the next Newsletter. MUSIC MAKERS– Typical-ly play on the 3rd and 4th Wednesday of the month, at various times, at retirement homes, nursing homes, and for various other groups, and the CARD PLAY-ERS – Monday, 11:30 am to 4:00 pm., G.P. Woods Community Center, If anyone is still involved and wants them to continue, please contact Joe Jennings

BOWLING- Seasonal (early September through late April). Thursday, 11:45 a.m., Harbor Lanes, 25419 Jefferson, SCS (586-772-1200).Chm. Bob Vogler (882-9636), Treas. Delmar Harkenrider (884-3167). Secy, Don Leal

BRIDGE – CONTRACT – Monday, 12:30 pm., GP Woods Community Center, 20025 Mack, GPW (343-2408). Chmn. Dennis Rasch )885-7146). And Tuesdays after SMC Meetng, G.P. War Memorial.

BRIDGE – DUPLICATE – Friday, 12:00 noon G.P. Woods Community Center, 20025 Mack, GPW (343-2408) Chm. David Ruyle (586-799-4826)

CHORAL GROUP – Tuesday, 9:30 am., G.P. War Memorial, Lake Room, Pres, Jerry Partridge (313-331-2652)

FLORIDA SNOW BIRDS – Sometimes held in mid March. Luncheon at noon at University Park Country Club 7671 Park Blvd., University Park, FL (suburb of Sarasota) Host: Art Stefanski (586-294-9543)

GOLF – Seasonal (mid-April through mid_Sep-tember). Call ahead for all tee times.• Golden Hawk Golf Club: Typically Tues-day and Wednesday (other weekdays may also be available) with reserved tee times between 8:00 and 10:00, 9861 Meisner Lane, NE of 26 Mile and I-94 (586-727-4681)• Chandler Park Golf Club: Typically Mon-day, 12801 Chandler Pak Dive, Detroit (331-7755)• St. Clair Shores Golf Club: Thursdays, tee times between 7:30 ad 9:00. 22185 Masonic Blvd., SCS (586-294-2000). • Chm. Bob Vogler (882-9636), Treas. Nick Kondak (881-8750), Handicapper-Steve Shrader

INVESTMENT SEMINAR – Fourth Tuesday, 9:30 am., G.P. War Memorial, prior to the SMC Meeting. Chairman, Tom Bidigare, 313-882-4027. Blake McLellan, Morgan Stanley, Arranges for the speakers at each session (313-642-5911) POOL and/or BILLIARDS – Thursdays, 9:00 a.m. to noon, Mondays 11:00 am to 2:00 pm., Snookers Pool & Pub, 21901 Kelly Rd., Eastpointe (586-772-4990). Co-Chm. George Solomon (884-2464) and Carl Berger (881-9483).

THE READERS – Third Tuesday of the month, 5:00 pm., in the homes of the members. Contacts: David Morrow (640-9756) or davidmorrow@com-cast.net and Jack Cobau (885-1650).

TENNIS – From Labor Day to Memorial Day: Monday, Wednesday, Friday, 10:30 am to 12:30 pm., Wimbledon Racquet Club, 20250 Nine Mile Rd. SCS (586-774-1300).• From Memorial Day to Labor Day: also Monday, Wednesday and Friday, 10:00 am to noon, Elworthy Field (across from the Neighborhood Club on Waterloo, GP) Chm. Tom Roberts (331-3558), V-Chm. Fred Lenard (331-1267), Treas. and Secy. Roy Vorhees, III. (586-775-5388).

7 July 2017

Dennis C. Rasch 313-885-7146 Dave Ruyle 586-321-3045

Friday Duplicate Bridge Contract Bridge Monday at G.P Woods Community Center

April 28 1. Perkin/Reese 5-6. Tarnow/Lee 3. Cobau/Rizzo 7. Guest/Hines 4. W.Edwards/Devine 8. M. Edwards/Downing 5-6 Pappas/Bedsworth 9. Griffith/Rose

May 51. Pappas/Bedsworth 7. Mayer/LaFerte 2. Guest/Hines 8. W.Edwards/Devine 3-4 Tarnow/Lee 9. Deacon/Humeston5. Ruyle/Brown 10. Rose/Kordish6. Cobau/Rizzo

May 121. Ruyle/Brown 5. Deacon/Humeston 2-3.Guest/Hines 6. Tarnow/Lee2-3 Pappas/Bedsworth 7. Rose/Griffith4. Cobau/Griffith 8. W.Edwards/Devine 9. M. Edwards/Downing May 191. W. Edwards/Devine 5. Deacon/Humeston2. Ruyle/Mikhail 6. Tarnow/Lee3. Guest/Hines 7. Downing/M. Edwards4. Pappas/Bedsworth 8. Griffith/Rose

6/5/2017 Rod Guest Jack Ryan

6/12/2017 Rod Guest Dick Connell

6/19/2017Jim Hoekwater Dick Connell

6/26/2017 Jim Hoekwater John Barrett

8 July 2017

The Readers David Morrow 313-640-9756 Jack Cobau 313-885-1650

The Reading List

"The Hare With Amber Eyes: A Family’s Century of Art and Loss”, by Edmund de Waal, tells the story of the Ephrussi family over five generations from the 1850’s. The Ephrussi, a Jewish family originally from Poland, prospered in Odessa as grain traders and then established mercantile and banking operations across Europe, including Vienna and Paris. They were fre-quently compared with the Rothschild’s as their wealth and influence grew. The author is an Ephrussi on his mother’s side and one of the leading ceramicists in England. His book is part biography, part art history, and part memoir. “The Hare With Amber Eyes” received glowing re-views when published in 2010 and won several awards in Britain, was on the best books of the year list of “The Economist,” and was an Amazon Best of the Month book. The author inherited a collection of 264 Japanese carvings called netsuke, each no larger than a matchbox and including depictions of animals, fruits, peasants and other objects of Japan. He uses the netsuke to tie together the family story, following them from Paris to Vienna, Tokyo and London, where de Waal lives today. The netsuke were first acquired in Paris in the 1870’s by Charles Ephrussi. Charles was a discerning art critic, art historian and collector and could afford to indulge in the fashionable interest in all things Japanese. He mixed with the cream of Parisian society, including Impressionists such as Renoir, Degas, and Manet, and poets and authors, including Proust. He is found in the background of Renoir’s painting Luncheon of the Boat-ing Party, and served as model for Proust’s character Charles Swann. He authored a book on Dürer and wrote for, edited and then owned the leading arts journal in Paris. Despite his prominent position, he endured anti-Semitic attacks, especially after the Dreyfus Affair. In 1899, he sent the netsuke to his younger cousin Viktor in Vienna as a wedding gift. Viktor Ephrussi lived in the enormous Palais Ephrussi on the grandest boulevard in Vienna. Unlike

Charles, Viktor was required to work in the Ephrussi bank because his older brother had eloped with his father’s mistress and been disinherited. Viktor’s inter-est was in history and he built an extensive library of rare books. The netsuke and their large glass cabinet were relegated to the dressing room of his young bride Emmy. Emmy spent many hours in her dressing room with her maid Anna, changing into and out of the lat-est fashions for her busy social calendar. While she prepared for an evening out, her young children were allowed to play with the netsuke. Anti-Semitism was always present in Vienna as in Paris, but Viktor and his family were able to assimilate so completely that it was not a major issue until Hitler came to power in Germany. This seemed to unleash all the resentments against Jews in Austria and led to increased persecution. After the German annexation of Austria in 1938, the pressure intensified. Jews were ex-cluded from all professions, their businesses and assets were seized, they were prohibited from public places and transit and they were forced to buy an expensive permit to emigrate. Eventually, those who remained were sent to concentration camps. Although all of the Ephrussi property was seized, Anna managed to hide the netsuke in her mattress. After the war she returned them to Emmy’s daughter Elisabeth (the author’s grandmother.) Elisabeth passed them to Ignace, the author’s great-uncle, who took them to Tokyo in 1947, where they remained until they passed to the author in the early part of this century. Elisabeth, a lawyer and a poet, spent years seeking a return of the looted art and other property with very limited success. She received $30,000 in compensation for Palais Ephrussi after the war. It recently sold for a reported 65 million Euros. Some of the Readers found “The Hare With Amber Eyes” somewhat difficult to get into, but ultimately an interesting and rewarding read. The author started the book to preserve the story of the rise and fall of his family and it ended up taking over his life for years. The reviewer for the Booklist wrote “As today’s keeper

The Hare With Amber Eyes by Edmund de Waal

Continued on page 10

9 July 2017

Membership ApplicationSenior Men’s Club of Grosse Pointe, Inc.

A Social, Educational and Recreational Club for Men Over 55 Years of Age.

PLEASE PRINT

Name: ________________________________________ Name on Badge___________________________

No. & St.: ______________________________________ City: __________________________________

5+4 ZIP: __ __ __ __ __ - __ __ __ __ Birth Date: ____/____/_____ Spouse________________

E-Mail: _______________________________ Sig. Other________________Working___Retired______

Home Phone: (______) ____________________ Cell Phone: (______) ____________________

Hobbies: __________________________________Military Service_______________________________

Current or Prev. Occupation & Affiliation: _________________________________________________

Signature: _____________________________________________________ Date: _____________

One or More Sponsors

Print Name: ________________________________ Signature: _________________________________

Print Name: ________________________________ Signature: _________________________________

Please return completed application with $60 fee ($25 one-time initiation fee + $35 dues) payable to SMC of Grosse Pointe, and add $10 if you want a SMC membership lapel pin. For reinstatement, update application and submit annual fee of $35.Mail application and check to SMC Membership Chairman, Grosse Pointe War Memorial, 32 Lake Shore Road, Grosse Pointe Farms, MI 48236-3726

Office Use Only$_________ pd.Pin ___

SENIOR MEN’S CLUB OF GROSSE POINTE

CLUB MOTTO: FESTIVITIES ... FUN ... FELLOWSHIP

Purpose: To provide festivities, fun and fellowship for its members through social, educational and peer group association in its recreational and social activities. Sponsored sub-clubs: Other activities:BOWLING, GOLF, TENNIS, PROFESSIONAL BALL GAMESPOOL & BILLIARDS THEATER PERFORMANCESBRIDGE (CONTRACT AND DUPLICATE) DINNER CRUISESCHORAL GROUP FALL DINNER/DANCEFLORIDA SNOW BIRDSINVESTMENT SEMINARSREADERS GROUP

10 July 2017

SMC BIRTHDAY LIST for July

Raffle Winners

Henry Fischer 313-473-8625

May 23, 2017 Dave Buckley, once more! $40 William Muawad (Student) $40 June 13, 2017 Willie Wyatt (how does he do it?) $40 Bill Ball $40

June 27, 2017 Dan Ostrowski $41 Dave Buckley, and again!

Ackerman, Henry S. 23 Armbruster, Donald 27 - 85-89 Attar, Paul A. 30 - 80-84 Baker, Bert E. 20 - 85-89 Binder, Edward H. 10 - 90-94 Bloy, Frederick G. 23 - 85-90 Brooks, Louis 29 Buckley, David 5 Chavey, Russell 27 Collier, James 31 Daoust, James R. 3 - 85-89 Du Mouchelle, Larry 2 - 80-84 Durno, John D. 14 - 80-81 Fergle, Donald J. 27 - 85-89 Follis, Daniel 19 - 80-84 Halleen, Russell G. 4 - 80-84 Herrington, Hira M. 1 - 85-89 Higbee, Edward 11 - 90-94 Hillebrand, Frank X. 2 - 94-94 Hynes, J. Robert 11 - 85-89 Jogan, Robert 28 Johnson, Basil D. 21 - 90-94 Kachadourian, Dan 3 - 80-84 Katulic, Joseph J. 27 Kennedy, Bruce D. 8 - 90-94 Kohlberg, John 21 - 85-89

Kornmeier, Eugene J. 10 - 80-84 Krausmann, George R. 2 - 90-94 Kuypers, William T. 14 - 80-84 Maleitzke, Kenneth E. 18 - 85-89 Maxon, Robert J. 12 - 90-94 Mc Gann, Thomas F. 23 - 80-84 Mc Grail, John W. 3 Mikesell, David 19 - 80-84 Mokray, Ken 7 Montagne, Lionel 28 - 95-99 Nelson, John 28 - 90-94 Odell, James A. 29 Olzark, Roland L. 30 - 90-94 Perkins, Dennis 21 Redding, Foster K. 22 - 85-89 Rooney, William J. 22 - 80-84 Ruthenberg, Lester 17 Schroth, James L. 2 - 80-84 Solomon, George W. 15 - 85-89 Thomas, Alfred B. 14 - 80-84 Tranchida, Peter J. 19 Vanderwaerden, Gustaaf A. 13 - 85-89 Waugaman, William J. 14 - 85-89 Williams, James P. 30 - 85-89

A Total of 50 BIRTHDAYS in JULY with 37 Birthdays 80 & OVER

of the storied netsuke, famed artist and curator de Waal tells a spellbinding and perceptive tale of extraordinary accomplishment and loss, beauty and terror, reinvention and survival in an intricate-ly dimensional, profoundly involving first book, a sensitive and astute inquiry into culture and fam-

ily, inheritance and preservation, and the secret life of objects.”

The Readers will not meet in July. Join us on August 15th to discuss “A Gentleman in Moscow” by Amor Towles at the home of Jim Callahan at 618 Ri-vard, Grosse Pointe at 5 pm. RSVP to (313) 220-8315.

Continued from page 8

11 July 2017

MONDAY TUESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAYWEDNESDAY

SMC CALENDAR OF EVENTS

9:00am BILLIARDS

9:00am BILLIARDS

July 10 July 11 July 13 July 14

July 3 July 4 July 5 July 6 July 7

July 17 July 18 July 20 July 21

July 24 July 25 July 26 July 27 July28

July 31

August 7 August 8 August 9 August 10 August 11

10:00am TENNIS 11:00am BILLIARDS 12:00am CARD PLAYERS (CONTRACT BRIDGE) GPW City HallI

MEMORIAL DAY

10:00am TENNIS 11:00am BILLIARDS 12:00am CARD PLAYERS (CONTRACT BRIDGE) GPW City Hall

10:00am TENNIS 11:00am BILLIARDS 12:00am CARD PLAYERS (CONTRACT BRIDGE) GPW City Hall

10:00am TENNIS 11:00am BILLIARDS 12:00am CARD PLAYERS (CONTRACT BRIDGE) GPW City Hall

10:00am TENNIS 11:00am BILLIARDS 12:00am CARD PLAYERS (CONTRACT BRIDGE GPW City Hall

10:00am TENNIS 11:00am BILLIARDS 12:00am CARD PLAYERS (CONTRACT BRIDGE GPW City Hall

10:00am TENNIS 12:30pm BRIDGEer 7 (DUPLICATE) GPW City Hall

10:00am TENNIS 12:30pm BRIDGE (DUPLICATE) GPW City Hall

10:00am TENNIS 12:30pm BRIDGE (DUPLICATE) GPW City Hall

10:00am TENNIS 12:30pm BRIDGE (DUPLICATE) GPW City Hall

10:00am TENNIS 12:30pm BRIDGE (DUPLICATE) GPW City Hall

10:00am TENNIS 12:30pm BRIDGE (DUPLICATE) GPW City Hall

9:00am BILLIARD

9:00am BILLIARDS

9:00am BILLIARDS

10:00am TENNIS

8:45am MAIL NEWSLETTER

10:00am TENNIS

10:00am TENNIS

9:30am BOARD MEETING 9:30am CHORAL GROUP 11:00am SMC MEETING

July 3, 2017 to August 11, 2017

9:30am CHORAL GROUP 9:30am INVESTMENT CLUB 11:00am SMC MEETING

9:30am CHORAL GROUP 5:00pm THE READERS won't meet today

10:00am TENNIS

10:00am TENNIS

10:00am TENNIS

Go see some fireworks

9:00am BILLIARDS

August 1 August 2 August 3 August 4

July 12 9:30am CHORAL GROUP 9:30am BOARD MEETING 11:00am SMC MEETING

July 19

8:45am MAIL NEWSLETTER 9:30am CHORAL GROUP

12 July 2017

SENIOR MEN’S CLUB OF GROSSE POINTE, INC. 2016-2017

NEWSLETTER Editor: John Snyder (313-885-6388, jsnyder45@comcast.net); Photographer: Richard Dunlap Staff: Carl Berger, Andrew Cleek, Ched Fine, Henry Fischer, Al Thomas, Ed White Published monthly for $11.40 of the dues paid by each member. Periodical postage paid at Detroit, Michigan.

MAILING & ADDRESS CHANGES: (including email and phone) Henry A. Fischer, 313-473-8625 email: fischerh@ameritech.net H. George Arsenault, 586-773-2774, email: arsenault890@comcast.net

President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Immediate Past President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1st Vice President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2nd Vice President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Secretary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assistant Secretary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasurer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asst. Treasurer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Directors

July 2017

Robert E. MurphyJ. Robert Hynes

Martin D. McMillanChristopher M. Walsh

J. Gerard TeaganDaniel Ostrowski

David BuckleyWillie J. Wyatt

Term Ending September 30, 2018 Henry A. Fischere Salvatore Testa Clifford L. (Kip) Sadler Henry Sprague

Term Ending September 30, 2017 Dalton E. Black Daniel S. Follis Joseph N. Jennings Joseph A. Schneider

Mailed Tuesday, July 5, 2017NEWSLETTER (USPS 018-430) PERIODICAL POSTAGESenior Men’s Club of Grosse Pointe, Inc., PAID AT DETROIT, MI Grosse Pointe War Memorial, 32 Lakeshore Road,Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan 48236-3726

FORWARDING SERVICE REQUESTED

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Officers